This document summarizes a student project to design and build an electric lawn mower. It includes sections on the idea, design, parts, specifications, expenses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of an electric lawn mower. The design uses a 36 volt motor powered by rechargeable batteries to drive the cutting blades. The main parts are the blades, frame, wheels, handle, and battery pack. The estimated total cost is 3,350 rupees. Electric mowers have less pollution and noise than gas mowers but higher initial costs and need recharging. The mower is intended for small residential lawns and gardens.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Agricultural Machinery - Selection Guide and Factors AffectingKhetigaadi
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting agricultural machinery for a farm. It lists 10 key factors, including land holding size to determine the appropriate scale of machinery, soil type to select lighter or heavier equipment, nearby repair availability, total costs versus resale value, brand reputation, machine design, spare parts availability, ease of operation, adaptability for long work hours, and operator comfort. Selecting machinery that appropriately fits these considerations will help ensure efficient farm operations and productivity.
Day 10 Calibration, Adjustment of Seed Drill, Planter and Sprayer LectureSuyog Khose
The document provides information about a lecture on calibration and adjustment of seed drills, planters, and sprayers. It discusses the functions of planters and different aspects of seed metering. It describes common components of seeding devices and seed drill metering mechanisms. It also covers planter metering mechanisms, components of planters, and types of transplanters. The document provides details about calibrating seed drills and evaluating planter performance. It discusses troubleshooting issues in sowing operations and the use of sprayers for chemical weed control.
IRJET- Design and Modification of Chaff Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
1) Students at D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology designed and modified a manually operated chaff cutting machine to address issues with existing electric powered machines.
2) The new design replaces the electric motor with a torsion spring mechanism that stores energy from pedaling and transmits it to the flywheel via a chain drive, eliminating the need for electricity.
3) Testing showed the modified machine can cut 2kg of feed per minute using only 14-15 pedals to twist the spring, providing a low-effort option for small farmers.
The document discusses farm tractors and power tillers. It describes the key components and functions of tractors, including how they developed over time with the introduction of gasoline and diesel engines. It also covers the classification of tractors based on design and purpose. Power tillers are introduced as a walking type tractor operated by an individual walking behind it. The main components and operation of power tillers are explained. Tractor selection considerations like land area, cropping patterns, and soil/climate conditions are outlined.
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
This document summarizes information about power take-off (PTO) systems on tractors and the hazards associated with them. It notes that PTOs transfer power from tractors to farm implements like augers, spreaders, and mowers. The document then discusses how PTOs operate at high speeds and can be dangerous if not properly shielded. It provides statistics showing that most PTO incidents involve stationary equipment and occur when the PTO is left engaged without the equipment moving.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build an electric lawn mower. It includes sections on the idea, design, parts, specifications, expenses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of an electric lawn mower. The design uses a 36 volt motor powered by rechargeable batteries to drive the cutting blades. The main parts are the blades, frame, wheels, handle, and battery pack. The estimated total cost is 3,350 rupees. Electric mowers have less pollution and noise than gas mowers but higher initial costs and need recharging. The mower is intended for small residential lawns and gardens.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Agricultural Machinery - Selection Guide and Factors AffectingKhetigaadi
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting agricultural machinery for a farm. It lists 10 key factors, including land holding size to determine the appropriate scale of machinery, soil type to select lighter or heavier equipment, nearby repair availability, total costs versus resale value, brand reputation, machine design, spare parts availability, ease of operation, adaptability for long work hours, and operator comfort. Selecting machinery that appropriately fits these considerations will help ensure efficient farm operations and productivity.
Day 10 Calibration, Adjustment of Seed Drill, Planter and Sprayer LectureSuyog Khose
The document provides information about a lecture on calibration and adjustment of seed drills, planters, and sprayers. It discusses the functions of planters and different aspects of seed metering. It describes common components of seeding devices and seed drill metering mechanisms. It also covers planter metering mechanisms, components of planters, and types of transplanters. The document provides details about calibrating seed drills and evaluating planter performance. It discusses troubleshooting issues in sowing operations and the use of sprayers for chemical weed control.
IRJET- Design and Modification of Chaff Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
1) Students at D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology designed and modified a manually operated chaff cutting machine to address issues with existing electric powered machines.
2) The new design replaces the electric motor with a torsion spring mechanism that stores energy from pedaling and transmits it to the flywheel via a chain drive, eliminating the need for electricity.
3) Testing showed the modified machine can cut 2kg of feed per minute using only 14-15 pedals to twist the spring, providing a low-effort option for small farmers.
The document discusses farm tractors and power tillers. It describes the key components and functions of tractors, including how they developed over time with the introduction of gasoline and diesel engines. It also covers the classification of tractors based on design and purpose. Power tillers are introduced as a walking type tractor operated by an individual walking behind it. The main components and operation of power tillers are explained. Tractor selection considerations like land area, cropping patterns, and soil/climate conditions are outlined.
Power Tiller is a walking tractor that is commonly used for soil cultivation. Power Tiller is the best choice for small & medium scale farmers. It helps to reduce animal and man power. It is a machine compiled with a powerful engine & designed to push forward or backward.
Power Tiller is a very capable machine to perform various operations in farm like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc & thresher. One of the most important functions of the Power Tiller is that it correctly seeds the crop to be planted and warms the soil before planting by burying the ruminant in it. Because of controlling weeds it helps to crops growth.
This document summarizes information about power take-off (PTO) systems on tractors and the hazards associated with them. It notes that PTOs transfer power from tractors to farm implements like augers, spreaders, and mowers. The document then discusses how PTOs operate at high speeds and can be dangerous if not properly shielded. It provides statistics showing that most PTO incidents involve stationary equipment and occur when the PTO is left engaged without the equipment moving.
This document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on wind energy. It provides background on wind energy and how wind turbines work, including their anatomy and operation. It also discusses wind farms and the development and impacts of wind energy technology and installations.
SYSTEMS OF IC ENGINE- Power transmission system.pptxAjay Singh Lodhi
This document discusses the power transmission system of an internal combustion engine. It describes the key components that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the clutch, transmission gears, differential, final drive, rear axle, and rear wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects the engine from the transmission and can be friction, dog, or fluid types. Gears provide various speed ratios to suit field conditions. The differential allows the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns.
The rotavator is used for primary and secondary tillage to a depth of 6 inches, conserving soil moisture. It prepares land for sowing without overturning soil. It eradicates weeds and mixes manure or fertilizer into soil. The rotavator enhances soil fertility by mixing crop residues and is efficient for puddling in dry or wet soils. It saves time and fuel compared to other tillage implements.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
This document discusses maintaining farm machinery. It emphasizes the importance of keeping logs for each tractor that record usage details like hours worked, fuel consumed, and repairs. A proper maintenance schedule is recommended to minimize breakdowns and lower costs. The capacity and efficiency of farm equipment is also addressed, showing how to calculate theoretical and effective field capacities based on width, speed, and other factors. Matching the appropriate power unit to farm implements is also covered.
The document discusses the construction and working of air cleaners and fuel filters. It describes:
1. Different types of air filters including pleated paper, oil-wetted foam, cotton gauze, and stainless steel mesh which are used in engines and cabins.
2. How air filters work by trapping particles to prevent wear and contamination of engines. Oil bath and water bath air cleaners are also discussed.
3. Fuel filters screen out dirt and rust to prevent wear of fuel pumps and injectors, and need regular maintenance by replacement or cleaning. Some have bowl designs and sensors to detect water in diesel.
The document discusses the components and design of a solar-powered grass cutter. It has rechargeable batteries that power a DC motor to spin the 3 cutting blades at high speed. It can efficiently cut grass in lawns and sports fields without fuel consumption. The grass cutter provides a portable and low-cost alternative to gasoline lawn mowers.
Power Transmission units in agricultural Tractors and their design conceptschelpuri Ramu
Power Transmission Units in Agricultural Tractors and their Design Concepts
1. The power transmission system in agricultural tractors functions to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels, reduce the engine speed for field operations, and allow altering the speed ratio to suit field conditions.
2. Common types of gears used include helical, spur, and bevel gears. Gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh types. Planetary gear systems are becoming more common for the final drive due to their compact size and even load distribution.
3. Typical gear reduction ratios range from 1:175 for lower gears to 1:12 for higher gears. Design considerations for gearboxes include minimizing sizes, using
1. The document discusses types of tractors including wheel, crawler, and walking tractors and provides details on their characteristics and uses.
2. It also describes the main components that make up the power transmission system of a tractor including the clutch, transmission gears, differential unit, final drive, and PTO.
3. Factors to consider when selecting a tractor are discussed such as land size, cropping pattern, soil and climate conditions, and repair facilities.
This document discusses various types of harvesting machines and their components. It describes harvesting operations as separating seeds from stalks when crops are ripe. Manual harvesting with sickles is time-consuming compared to machine harvesting. A vertical conveyor reaper cuts crops and conveys them vertically for binding. It has components like a cutter bar, star wheels, and conveyor belts. A reciprocating mower has a knife that reciprocates against stationary fingers to cut forage crops. Root crop harvesters perform operations like cutting tops, loosening crops from soil, cleaning, and depositing crops.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery to support and enhance farming operations. Over the past few centuries, but particularly in the last 300 years, agricultural techniques have increasingly relied on mechanization to boost productivity and efficiency. The introduction of steam and gasoline-powered machines in the early 1900s drove a rapid decline in the percentage of the US workforce engaged in farming, from 38% to just 3% by century's end. Key farm equipment includes tractors for plowing and hauling, tillage implements for soil preparation, spraying devices for crop protection, combines for harvesting grains, and planters/seeders for establishing crops. Mechanization provides benefits like substituting for expensive labor and compensating for seasonal workload variations,
This document discusses different types of sprayers used in agriculture. It describes the basic components and functions of sprayers, including tanks, nozzles, and pressure systems. The document outlines different types of nozzles that sprayers can use to apply liquids, such as fan and cone nozzles. It also categorizes sprayers based on liquid volume handled and use, such as hand sprayers, knapsack sprayers, and power sprayers, providing details on their specifications and applications.
This is based on a research study on the application of drone technology in India and showcase the benefits of its applicability to the agricultural sector in rendering services which in the past tends to be very tedious in executing.
This document summarizes the ignition system of internal combustion engines. It discusses the four main ignition systems used: spark ignition, compression ignition, hot tube ignition, and open flame ignition. It focuses on describing the components and working of spark ignition systems, which use a battery or magneto to generate sparks in the spark plugs. The key components discussed are the ignition coil, distributor, condenser, spark plugs, ignition switch, dynamo, and storage battery. It explains how these components work together to provide properly timed sparks to ignite the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder.
The document discusses the history and development of lawn mowers, beginning with the invention of the first lawn mower in 1830 by Edwin Budding in England. It then discusses improvements over subsequent decades that led to steam-powered and gasoline-powered models. The document also covers the development of rotary mowers in the 1920s-1930s and commercial successes like the Victa mower in Australia in the 1950s. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the key innovations and milestones in lawn mower technology from the 1830s to the 1950s.
Harvesting and threshing equipment are important for removing crops from fields. Sickles are manually operated tools used to harvest crops like rice. Mowers cut herbage crops using cylinders, reciprocating blades, or rotary knives. Self-propelled harvesters reduce labor needs and increase coverage area for harvesting rice. Combine harvesters integrate harvesting, threshing, cleaning, and collection in a single machine to process multiple crops. Threshers separate grains from harvested crops using cylinders fitted with spikes, hammers, or wire loops along with concaves and sieves to minimize loss.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BATTERY OPERATED MULTICROP WEEDER MACHINEIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a battery-operated multicrop weeder machine. Key aspects include:
1. The machine uses a battery panel and two DC motors powered by batteries to drive wheels and rotating weeder blades via a chain sprocket mechanism.
2. The blades are designed to uproot weeds while minimizing damage to crops. Handles allow for steering.
3. The aim is to develop an affordable weeder that reduces labor needs and improves efficiency of weeding operations for small farmers.
The document discusses Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) and Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine technologies. MPFI engines have a fuel injector for each cylinder, allowing precise fuel delivery controlled by a computer. Sensors provide data to optimize fuel injection. Benefits include efficient fuel use, low emissions, and responsiveness. CRDI engines use high-pressure fuel rails to store fuel at pressures over 2,000 bars. Computer-controlled injectors precisely time and quantity fuel delivery for each cylinder, allowing lower noise and emissions than older systems. The high pressure allows better fuel atomization and multiple injection events.
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
1. The document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle. This cycle was designed to provide a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to tractors for small-scale farmers.
2. Key features of the design include adjustable height tools for plowing, seeding, and soil covering. The cycle is human-powered via a chain and gear transmission system for low-cost operation without fossil fuels.
3. Testing showed the prototype could plow to a depth of 7cm, space seeds 9.81cm apart, and cover soil to a depth of 0.5cm, providing multiple farming functions in a single affordable and sustainable device.
This document provides a main project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It summarizes their design of a solar-powered grass cutter. The report includes an abstract, index, and chapters on introduction, design, selection and mounting, theoretical analysis, results, and conclusions. The design aims to create a portable, durable, easy to use and maintain self-powered grass cutter that runs on a 12V battery charged by a 5W solar panel, eliminating the need for gasoline. It describes the components, circuit diagram, and technical specifications.
This document provides a timeline summary of key events in Jacobsen's history from 1921 to 2012 including the following:
- In 1921, Jacobsen tests one of its first power lawn mowers called the 4-Acre Mower intended for estates of millionaires.
- During World War II in 1942, Jacobsen's production shifted to manufacturing military equipment like generators and tank heaters.
- In 1968, Jacobsen introduced the first riding greens mower called the Greens King which became the standard in the turf maintenance industry.
- Recent innovations include the ECLIPSE® 322 in 2009 as the industry's first triplex greens mower without hydraulics, allowing independent control of cutting functions.
This document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on wind energy. It provides background on wind energy and how wind turbines work, including their anatomy and operation. It also discusses wind farms and the development and impacts of wind energy technology and installations.
SYSTEMS OF IC ENGINE- Power transmission system.pptxAjay Singh Lodhi
This document discusses the power transmission system of an internal combustion engine. It describes the key components that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the clutch, transmission gears, differential, final drive, rear axle, and rear wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects the engine from the transmission and can be friction, dog, or fluid types. Gears provide various speed ratios to suit field conditions. The differential allows the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns.
The rotavator is used for primary and secondary tillage to a depth of 6 inches, conserving soil moisture. It prepares land for sowing without overturning soil. It eradicates weeds and mixes manure or fertilizer into soil. The rotavator enhances soil fertility by mixing crop residues and is efficient for puddling in dry or wet soils. It saves time and fuel compared to other tillage implements.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
This document discusses maintaining farm machinery. It emphasizes the importance of keeping logs for each tractor that record usage details like hours worked, fuel consumed, and repairs. A proper maintenance schedule is recommended to minimize breakdowns and lower costs. The capacity and efficiency of farm equipment is also addressed, showing how to calculate theoretical and effective field capacities based on width, speed, and other factors. Matching the appropriate power unit to farm implements is also covered.
The document discusses the construction and working of air cleaners and fuel filters. It describes:
1. Different types of air filters including pleated paper, oil-wetted foam, cotton gauze, and stainless steel mesh which are used in engines and cabins.
2. How air filters work by trapping particles to prevent wear and contamination of engines. Oil bath and water bath air cleaners are also discussed.
3. Fuel filters screen out dirt and rust to prevent wear of fuel pumps and injectors, and need regular maintenance by replacement or cleaning. Some have bowl designs and sensors to detect water in diesel.
The document discusses the components and design of a solar-powered grass cutter. It has rechargeable batteries that power a DC motor to spin the 3 cutting blades at high speed. It can efficiently cut grass in lawns and sports fields without fuel consumption. The grass cutter provides a portable and low-cost alternative to gasoline lawn mowers.
Power Transmission units in agricultural Tractors and their design conceptschelpuri Ramu
Power Transmission Units in Agricultural Tractors and their Design Concepts
1. The power transmission system in agricultural tractors functions to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels, reduce the engine speed for field operations, and allow altering the speed ratio to suit field conditions.
2. Common types of gears used include helical, spur, and bevel gears. Gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh types. Planetary gear systems are becoming more common for the final drive due to their compact size and even load distribution.
3. Typical gear reduction ratios range from 1:175 for lower gears to 1:12 for higher gears. Design considerations for gearboxes include minimizing sizes, using
1. The document discusses types of tractors including wheel, crawler, and walking tractors and provides details on their characteristics and uses.
2. It also describes the main components that make up the power transmission system of a tractor including the clutch, transmission gears, differential unit, final drive, and PTO.
3. Factors to consider when selecting a tractor are discussed such as land size, cropping pattern, soil and climate conditions, and repair facilities.
This document discusses various types of harvesting machines and their components. It describes harvesting operations as separating seeds from stalks when crops are ripe. Manual harvesting with sickles is time-consuming compared to machine harvesting. A vertical conveyor reaper cuts crops and conveys them vertically for binding. It has components like a cutter bar, star wheels, and conveyor belts. A reciprocating mower has a knife that reciprocates against stationary fingers to cut forage crops. Root crop harvesters perform operations like cutting tops, loosening crops from soil, cleaning, and depositing crops.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery to support and enhance farming operations. Over the past few centuries, but particularly in the last 300 years, agricultural techniques have increasingly relied on mechanization to boost productivity and efficiency. The introduction of steam and gasoline-powered machines in the early 1900s drove a rapid decline in the percentage of the US workforce engaged in farming, from 38% to just 3% by century's end. Key farm equipment includes tractors for plowing and hauling, tillage implements for soil preparation, spraying devices for crop protection, combines for harvesting grains, and planters/seeders for establishing crops. Mechanization provides benefits like substituting for expensive labor and compensating for seasonal workload variations,
This document discusses different types of sprayers used in agriculture. It describes the basic components and functions of sprayers, including tanks, nozzles, and pressure systems. The document outlines different types of nozzles that sprayers can use to apply liquids, such as fan and cone nozzles. It also categorizes sprayers based on liquid volume handled and use, such as hand sprayers, knapsack sprayers, and power sprayers, providing details on their specifications and applications.
This is based on a research study on the application of drone technology in India and showcase the benefits of its applicability to the agricultural sector in rendering services which in the past tends to be very tedious in executing.
This document summarizes the ignition system of internal combustion engines. It discusses the four main ignition systems used: spark ignition, compression ignition, hot tube ignition, and open flame ignition. It focuses on describing the components and working of spark ignition systems, which use a battery or magneto to generate sparks in the spark plugs. The key components discussed are the ignition coil, distributor, condenser, spark plugs, ignition switch, dynamo, and storage battery. It explains how these components work together to provide properly timed sparks to ignite the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder.
The document discusses the history and development of lawn mowers, beginning with the invention of the first lawn mower in 1830 by Edwin Budding in England. It then discusses improvements over subsequent decades that led to steam-powered and gasoline-powered models. The document also covers the development of rotary mowers in the 1920s-1930s and commercial successes like the Victa mower in Australia in the 1950s. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the key innovations and milestones in lawn mower technology from the 1830s to the 1950s.
Harvesting and threshing equipment are important for removing crops from fields. Sickles are manually operated tools used to harvest crops like rice. Mowers cut herbage crops using cylinders, reciprocating blades, or rotary knives. Self-propelled harvesters reduce labor needs and increase coverage area for harvesting rice. Combine harvesters integrate harvesting, threshing, cleaning, and collection in a single machine to process multiple crops. Threshers separate grains from harvested crops using cylinders fitted with spikes, hammers, or wire loops along with concaves and sieves to minimize loss.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BATTERY OPERATED MULTICROP WEEDER MACHINEIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a battery-operated multicrop weeder machine. Key aspects include:
1. The machine uses a battery panel and two DC motors powered by batteries to drive wheels and rotating weeder blades via a chain sprocket mechanism.
2. The blades are designed to uproot weeds while minimizing damage to crops. Handles allow for steering.
3. The aim is to develop an affordable weeder that reduces labor needs and improves efficiency of weeding operations for small farmers.
The document discusses Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) and Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine technologies. MPFI engines have a fuel injector for each cylinder, allowing precise fuel delivery controlled by a computer. Sensors provide data to optimize fuel injection. Benefits include efficient fuel use, low emissions, and responsiveness. CRDI engines use high-pressure fuel rails to store fuel at pressures over 2,000 bars. Computer-controlled injectors precisely time and quantity fuel delivery for each cylinder, allowing lower noise and emissions than older systems. The high pressure allows better fuel atomization and multiple injection events.
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
1. The document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle. This cycle was designed to provide a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to tractors for small-scale farmers.
2. Key features of the design include adjustable height tools for plowing, seeding, and soil covering. The cycle is human-powered via a chain and gear transmission system for low-cost operation without fossil fuels.
3. Testing showed the prototype could plow to a depth of 7cm, space seeds 9.81cm apart, and cover soil to a depth of 0.5cm, providing multiple farming functions in a single affordable and sustainable device.
This document provides a main project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It summarizes their design of a solar-powered grass cutter. The report includes an abstract, index, and chapters on introduction, design, selection and mounting, theoretical analysis, results, and conclusions. The design aims to create a portable, durable, easy to use and maintain self-powered grass cutter that runs on a 12V battery charged by a 5W solar panel, eliminating the need for gasoline. It describes the components, circuit diagram, and technical specifications.
This document provides a timeline summary of key events in Jacobsen's history from 1921 to 2012 including the following:
- In 1921, Jacobsen tests one of its first power lawn mowers called the 4-Acre Mower intended for estates of millionaires.
- During World War II in 1942, Jacobsen's production shifted to manufacturing military equipment like generators and tank heaters.
- In 1968, Jacobsen introduced the first riding greens mower called the Greens King which became the standard in the turf maintenance industry.
- Recent innovations include the ECLIPSE® 322 in 2009 as the industry's first triplex greens mower without hydraulics, allowing independent control of cutting functions.
project on Design & fabrication of grass cutting machine.pptSHYAM DEV PRAJAPATI
This document presents the design and fabrication of a grass cutting machine. It includes an introduction describing the history of lawn mowers. The main components of the grass cutting machine are then outlined, including a 1 AC motor, differential housing, nylon cutter, hollow tube, shaft, handle, and bearing. Calculations are shown for the motor specifications, power, angular speed, and torque. Advantages of the machine include no noise pollution, no gas or oil usage, cost savings, and easier use compared to traditional gas-powered mowers. The project scope is to construct the mechanical parts in the first stage and then adapt it for autonomous operation in the second stage.
This document discusses wind turbines and dynamic turbines. It provides information on:
- The main components of a horizontal axis wind turbine, including blades, generator, and gearbox.
- How wind turbines generate electricity by converting wind power into rotational mechanical power using lift-type blades, which is then converted to electrical power by the generator.
- The typical operation of wind turbines at different wind speeds, including cut-in, rated, and cut-out speeds.
- Advantages of wind energy such as being clean, renewable, and potentially cost effective, as well as disadvantages like reliability issues and potential threats to wildlife.
- Different types of dynamic turbines including impulse and reaction turbines.
Design and Fabrication of Rotary Tiller BladeIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and fabrication of rotary tiller blades. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goals of optimizing blade parameters to reduce tillage energy requirements. It then provides background on rotary tillers and defines different types. The key sections analyze the geometry and equations that govern blade shape, including the cutting angle. Design calculations and specifications are provided for existing and new blade models. Tables compare performance metrics like peak torque across different blade designs. The document concludes by defining the specific work method for determining a rotary tiller's work output per soil volume tilled.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides background on how wind energy works, the history of windmill usage dating back to 2000 BC, and the components and functioning of modern wind turbines. Today, wind turbines can generate 250-300 kW of power from the same size that traditional European windmills produced. Wind energy is a renewable resource that can be used to generate electricity, though it has intermittent availability.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides a history of wind power generation and describes modern wind turbines. It discusses how wind is formed from solar energy and uneven heating of the Earth. The earliest uses of wind date to ancient Egypt and Babylon. Modern utility-scale wind turbines were developed in the late 1930s but declined until renewed interest in the 1970s. The key components of modern horizontal axis wind turbines are described, including blades, generators, transmissions and towers. Vertical axis designs are also discussed. The optimal cut-in, rated, and cut-out wind speeds for operation are defined. Wind power available is proportional to the cube of wind speed based on kinetic energy calculations.
The document provides a history of wind power and windmills. It discusses how ancient civilizations like Egyptians and Babylonians first used sailboats and early windmills to grind grain. Modern wind turbines were developed in the late 19th century on farms in the US and Europe. The document then describes the basic components of modern wind turbines, including the rotor, blades, generator, and transmission system. It explains the differences between horizontal and vertical axis turbines, as well as lift and drag blade designs. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the development and technical aspects of wind power technology.
The document describes the design and construction of a motorized grain milling machine. It discusses traditional grain milling techniques and the need for a more efficient motorized machine. The machine was designed using CAD software and constructed locally with a frame, petrol engine, milling compartment, and hopper. It operates by rotating hammers inside the milling compartment that grind grain placed in the hopper. The total cost to produce the machine was about $160, making it affordable for small-scale farmers and local processors compared to commercial machines that cost over $1000. The machine is recommended to satisfy milling needs of rural populations.
This document provides information about a multi-way power hacksaw machine. It begins with an introduction that explains how this machine can cut four metal bars simultaneously, achieving high production rates. It then discusses the scotch yoke mechanism that converts linear motion to rotational motion. Various types of hacksaw machines are described, including power hacksaw machines, hydraulic hacksaw machines, circular band saw machines, and more. The construction of hacksaw machines is explained, covering components like the bed, saw frame, and drive system.
The document is a catalogue from Swardman that describes their passion for perfectly cut, English-style lawns and cylinder mowers. It discusses their goal of producing the best cylinder mowers in the world from their Czech facility. It highlights key advantages of cylinder mowers such as their quiet operation, striped cutting pattern, and interchangeable cartridges that allow for versatile lawn care functions. Basic lawn care rules are also provided, such as regular mowing, using the right seed mixtures, and organic fertilization. The Swardman Edwin 2.0 model is specifically discussed as the quietest petrol-powered mower that provides a clean cut and versatile functions through its interchangeable cartridge system.
Lester Rose converted an old riding mower into a motorized dump cart by removing the front section and mounting the engine, transmission, and gearbox to a new frame with a dump box and handlebars. The cart works well for hauling rocks off his hillside property in Arkansas.
The document provides a history of windmills and wind turbines. It discusses how early windmills dating back thousands of years were used to grind grain and later to pump water. Modern wind turbines generate electricity and have horizontal or vertical axes. They consist of rotor blades, a generator, tower, and other components. The power output of a wind turbine increases with wind speed up to its rated speed, then levels off before the turbine cuts out at very high winds to avoid damage.
rotary cutting instruments in conservative dentistryVasundhara naik
This document provides a history of the evolution of rotary cutting instruments in dentistry from ancient times to recent developments. It discusses key milestones like the introduction of the dental drill and handpiece in the 1830s-1840s and developments that enabled higher rotation speeds. The document also classifies rotary instruments according to speed, discusses characteristics like speed, pressure and heat generation, and outlines factors to consider when selecting an appropriate speed for different procedures.
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Lawnmower
1. 1
CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
A lawn mower (mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving
blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. The height of the
cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally
is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or
by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. The
blades may be powered by muscle, with wheels mechanically connected
to the cutting blades so that when the mower is pushed forward,
the blades spin, or the machine may have a battery-powered or plug-
in electric motor. The most common power source for lawn mowers
is a small (typically one cylinder) internal combustion engine.
1.1. HISTORY
The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 in
Thrupp, just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire, England. Budding's mower
was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports grounds and
extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was
granted a British patent on August 31, 1830.
Budding's first machine was 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame
made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind. Cast-iron
gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the cutting
cylinder, allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting
cylinder; the ratio was 16:1. Another roller placed between the cutting
cylinder and the main or land roller could be raised or lowered to
alter the height of cut. The grass clippings were hurled forward into
a tray-like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle
was needed in front to help pull the machine along. Overall, these
machines were remarkably similar to modern mowers.
Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park
Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. In an agreement
between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated May 18, 1830,
Ferrabee paid the costs of enlarging the small blades, obtained letters
of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other
manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Without patent, Budding
and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other companies to build
copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these
being Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as
1832.
His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style
sporting ovals, playing fields (pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to
the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football,
lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.
2. 2
Figure. 1.1- Budding’s mower
1.2. FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine
that could be drawn by animals, and sixty years before a steam-
powered lawn mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas Green & Son
of Leeds introduced a mower called the Silens Messor (meaning silent
cutter), which used a chain drive to transmit power from the rear
roller to the cutting cylinder. These machines were lighter and quieter
than the gear-driven machines that preceded them, although they were
slightly more expensive. The rise in popularity of lawn sports helped
prompt the spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more
efficient alternative to the scythe and domesticated grazing animals.
Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. By 1862, Ferrabee's
company was making eight models in various roller sizes. He
manufactured over 5000 machines until production ceased in 1863. The
first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the
1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered
lawn mower in 1893. His machine burned petrol and/or paraffin
(kerosene) as fuel. These were heavy machines that took several hours
to warm up to operating pressure. After numerous advances, these
machines were sold by the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company
of Manchester and Sumner. The company they both controlled was
called the Leyland Steam Motor Company.
Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the
Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models. Numerous
manufacturers entered the field with petrol (gasoline) engine-powered
mowers after the start of the 20th century. The first was produced
by Ransomes in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World
War I, produced a range of very popular chain-driven mowers. About
this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled the large
machines. These were the first riding mowers.
The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted
to Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of
Richmond, Indiana designed a human-pushed lawn mower, which was
very lightweight and a commercial success. John Burr patented an
3. 3
improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement
altered for better performance.
Figure. 1.2 – Reel lawn mower
In the United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first
manufactured in 1914 by Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan,
based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. Ideal Power Mower also
introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922,
known as the "Triplex". The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very
little since around 1930. Gang mowers, those with multiple sets of
blades to cut a wider swath, were built in the United States in
1919 by the Worthington Mower Company.
4. 4
CHAPTER 2
2. TYPES OF LAWN MOWERS
There are different types of lawn mowers depending upon the working
and energy source used.
2.1. BY ROTATION
2.1.1. Cylinder or reel mowers
A cylinder mower or reel mower carries a fixed, horizontal cutting
blade at the desired height of cut. Over this is a fast-spinning reel
of blades which force the grass past the cutting bar. Each blade in
the blade cylinder forms a helix around the reel axis, and the set
of spinning blades describes a cylinder.
Of all the mowers, a properly adjusted cylinder mower makes the
cleanest cut of the grass, and this allows the grass to heal more
quickly. The cut of a well-adjusted cylinder mower is straight and
definite, as if cut with a pair of scissors. This clean cut promotes
healthier, thicker and more resilient lawn growth that is more resistant
to disease, weeds and parasites.
There are many variants of the cylinder mower. Push mowers have
no engine and are usually used on smaller lawn areas where access
is a problem, where noise pollution is undesirable and where air
pollution is unwanted. As the mower is pushed along, the wheels
drive gears which rapidly spin the reel. Typical cutting widths are 10
to 16 inches (250 to 410 mm).
2.1.2. Rotary mowers
A rotary mower rotates about a vertical axis with the blade spinning
at high speed relying on impact to cut the grass. This tends to
result in a rougher cut and bruises and shreds the grass leaf
resulting in discolouration of the leaf ends as the shredded portion
dies. This is particularly prevalent if the blades become clogged or
blunt. Most rotary mowers need to be set a little higher than cylinder
equivalents to avoid scalping and gouging of slightly uneven lawns,
although some modern rotaries are fitted with a rear roller to provide
a more formal striped cut. These machines will also tend to cut
lower (13 mm) than a standard four-wheeled rotary.
Figure. 2.1.2 – Rotary mower
5. 5
2.2. BY ENERGY SOURCE
2.2.1. Gasoline (petrol)
Extensive grass trimming was not common before the widespread
application of the vertical shaft single cylinder gasoline/petrol engine.
In the United States this development paralleled the market penetration
of companies such as the Briggs and Stratton Company of Wisconsin.
Most rotary push mowers are powered by internal combustion engines.
Such engines are usually four-stroke engines, used for their greater
torque and cleaner combustion (although a number of older models
used two-stroke engines), running on gasoline (petrol) or other liquid
fuels. Internal combustion engines used with lawn mowers normally have
only one cylinder. Power generally ranges from four to seven horsepower.
The engines usually have a carburettor and require a manual pull
crank to start them, although an electric starter is offered on some
models, particularly large riding and commercial mowers. Some mowers
have a throttle control on the handlebar with which the operator can
adjust the engine speed. Other mowers have a fixed, pre-set engine
speed. All are equipped with an air vane style of governor to
maintain the pre-selected speed when the force needed to cut the
thicker or taller grass is encountered. Gasoline mowers have the
advantages over electric mowers of greater power and distance range.
They do create a significant amount of pollution due to the
combustion in the engine, and their engines require periodic maintenance
such as cleaning or replacement of the spark plug and air filter,
and changing the engine oil.
Figure. 2.2.1 - Rotary push mower with petrol/gasoline engine
2.2.2. Electricity
Electric mowers are further subdivided into corded and cordless electric
models. Both are relatively quiet, typically producing less than 75
decibels, while a gasoline lawn mower can be 95 decibels or more.
Corded electric mowers are limited in range by their trailing power
cord, which may limit their use with lawns extending outward more
than 100–150 feet (30–45 m) from the nearest available power outlet.
6. 6
There is the additional hazard with these machines of accidentally
mowing over the power cable, which stops the mower and may put
users at risk of receiving a dangerous electric shock. Installing a
residual-current device (GFCI) on the outlet may reduce the shock
risk.
fff
Cordless electric mowers are powered by a variable number (typically
1–4) of 12-volt, 56-volt, and 80-volt rechargeable batteries. Typically,
more batteries mean more run time and/or power (and more weight).
Batteries can be in the interior of the lawn mower or on the
outside. If on the outside, the depleted batteries can be quickly
swapped with recharged batteries. Cordless mowers have the
manoeuvrability of a gasoline-powered mower and the environmental
friendliness of a corded electric mower, but are more expensive and
come in fewer models (particularly self-propelling) than either. The
eventual disposal of worn-out batteries is problematic (though they can
be recycled), and the motors in some cordless mowers tend to be
less powerful than gasoline motors of the same total weight (including
batteries).
Figure. 2.2.2.2 – Cordless electric mower
Figure. 2.2.2.1 – Corded electric
mower
7. 7
2.2.3. By Hand
While considered antiquated in modern times, the original type of
push-powered reel mowers are still available. The reel is attached to
the mower's wheels by gears, so that when the mower is pushed
forward, the reel spins several times faster than the rubber-tired wheels
turn. These types of reel mowers offer the benefit of zero pollution
being produced. Since all of the energy necessary comes from the
user however, this method of mowing is the most strenuous and is
not recommended for large lawns. Depending on the placement of the
reel, these mowers often cannot cut grass very close to lawn
obstacles, like trees, driveways, edging, etc., and also require a very
smooth lawn surface to operate properly without bottoming out the
cutter bar.
Figure. 2.2.3 – Push powered Reel mower
2.3. BY OPERATION
2.3.1. The Original Push Reel Mower
This is a traditional push lawn mower that was invented in 1830.
Push reel mowers are simple machine, the gears of which spin a
whorl of between five and eight spiral-shaped blades that pass by a
stationary blade at the rear of the mower. The two, working together,
slice the blades of grass to provide a smooth, fine grass surface.
Push reel mower is easy and safe to use. You can see their blades
and it stops cutting when you stop pushing. Moreover, it is quite to
use as it does not use engine to operate. Push reel mowers, however,
have limited cutting ability and is not suitable to large and uneven
lawns.
8. 8
Figure. 2.3.1 – Traditional lawn mower
2.3.2. The Popular Walk Behind Power Lawn mower
This type of lawn mower are either rotary or reel. This type of
lawn mower is the most popular lawn mowers found around the
world. It comes in either gas or electric. The most common power
lawn mower is the rotary lawn mower.
Rotary lawn mowers became more popular than the reel mower for
several reasons. First, rotary mowers are less expensive and require less
maintenance than its reel counterpart. The second reason is that fact
that rotary mowers have the capability to cut tall swards. They mow
through tall grasses and weeds with ease.
Rotary mowers operate either on gas or electricity. Further, small
electric powered mowers are either corded or cordless that runs on
rechargeable battery.
Figure. 2.3.2 – Walk behind power lawn mower
2.3.3. Riding Lawn Mowers or Ride-on Lawn Mowers
These types of lawn mowers became in demand as the lawns became
larger. These lawn mowers are fitted with seat and controls where the
operator can settle and control the lawn mower. They are basically in
between the normal lawn mowers and tractors. Most of these lawn
mowers have manual transmission though there are certain types that
have hydrostatic transmission. Hydrostatic transmissions are more expensive
than mechanical transmissions but they are easier to use and can
transmit greater torque to the wheels as compared to a typical
9. 9
mechanical transmission. The least common drive type, and the most
expensive, is electric.
Figure. 2.3.3 – Ride-On lawn mower
2.3.4. Hover mowers
These are powered rotary push lawn mowers that utilize an impeller
above the spinning blades to push air downwards, thereby creating
an air cushion that lifts the mower above the ground. The lawn
mower then can be easily moved as it floats over the grass. Hover
mowers are light in order to achieve enough lift so typically they
have plastic bodies with an electric motor. The most significant
downside, however, is the cumbersome usability in rough terrain or
on the edges of lawns, as the lifting air-cushion is destroyed by
wide gaps between the chassis and the ground. Hover mowers are
built to operate on steep slopes, waterfronts, and high-weeded areas,
so they are often used by golf courses and commercial landscapers.
The quality of cut can be inferior if the grass is pushed away
from the blade by the cushion of air.
Figure. 2.3.4 – Hover mower
2.3.5 . Robotic mower
Robotic mowers can mow the lawn unsupervised. Simply turn it on
and let it wander around your lawn cutting the grasses. It is contained
by a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be
mowed. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area
to be trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. These
types of lawn mowers are becoming popular specially to those who
cannot spare time for mowing their lawn.
11. 11
CHAPTER-3
3. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3.1. Blade
Consist of blades that are attached to a vertically rotating shaft, to the
downward direction. The blades rotate, creating a cutting motion.
It’s important to cut lawn, with a sharp blade as blunt blades can rip
or tear grass from the roots, damaging our greenery and causing our lawn
to become patchy over time.
Size: 5 inches, Metal: The blade is made of Steel
3.2. Body frame
The main structural frame of the mower onto which the other parts
of the mower are mounted.
The frame is that provides a base unit that all of the components/subsystems
are mounted on. The frame will be designed to provide adequate sectioning
for the separate subsystems. The rear wheel motors are mounted to
the rear exterior section of the frame. The Batteries will have a separate
compartment for mounting and secured safely.
Figure 3.1 - Blade
Figure. 3.2 - Frame
12. 12
3.3. DC Motors
We need four torque motors and one speed motor. The torque motors
will help to move the vehicle in lawns and speed motor is used
for cutter blade to cut the grass.
Specifications: 200RPM
3.4. Battery
We use a battery to run the four torque motors and one speed motor.
We can use the battery depending upon the design of the mower frame
and capacity.
Specification: 12v, 4Ah
Figure. 3.4 - Battery
3.5. Other Hardware Specifications
Fig 3.5.1 - Wheels Fig 3.5.2–Remote Fig 3.5.3 – Arduino
Figure. 3.3 – DC Motor
13. 13
CHAPTER-4
4. ARDUINO
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects
that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's
products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which
are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards
are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself
kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields)
and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing
language project.
The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at
the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide
a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators.
Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
Figure. 4.1 - Arduino Figure. 4.2 - Wiring
14. 14
CHAPTER-5
5. RC LAWN MOWER
This is the mower which will control by remote controller, and also
we incorporate solar panel for charging the battery which will run
the motors to cut the grass in lawns. Due to presence of electricity
as energy resource there is no impact on environment which becomes
eco friendly vehicle.
5.1 .WHY RC LAWN MOWER?
A 2001 study showed that some mowers produce the same amount
of pollution (emissions other than carbon dioxide) in one hour as
driving a 1992 model vehicle for 650 miles (1,050 km). Another
estimate puts the amount of pollution from a lawn mower at four
times the amount from a car, per hour, although this report is no
longer available. Beginning in 2011, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency set standards for lawn equipment emissions and
expects a reduction of at least 35 percent.
Mowers also create significant noise pollution, and could cause hearing
loss if used without hearing protection. This can be avoided through
the use of reel mowers or by using cheap, easily obtainable hearing
protection such as earplugs or earmuffs.
To overcome all this issues we choose RC Lawn Mower to reduce
pollution, health issues caused by the mowers
5.2. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR ASSEMBLING OF LAWN MOWER
1) First we are cut the frame material, and then welded together at an angle of 90˚
between each other. (1.5× 2 feet’s, Base of the main frame).
2) Now, four wheels are attached to the frame.
Figure. 5.1 – RC lawn mower
15. 15
3) Assemble the wheels:-
(a) Put the wheels, and the screws on the Mower.
(b) Pull the screws using the supplied Screwdriver to tighten.
4) A wooden ply are placed and fitted on the base frame of size 1.5 × 2 feet’s.
5) Now, the 24v Electric DC motored are placed and fitted by the supporters, at the
center of the wooden ply.
6) Assemble the Blade: - Now, Blade are fitted at the bottom side of the lawn mower,
to the shaft of the motor. These blade is fitted by the bolts
7) Assemble the battery: - The 12v Lithium ion battery is assembled at the rear wheels
of the wooden ply.
8) Installing Arduino :- The Arduino is installed and give proper connections with
remote control and receiver
9) Now, the battery and the motor is attached for giving electric power to the motor.
10) The switch is attached to the battery for ON/OFF the power supply.
11) Now, testing the Lawn Mower on the ground.
17. 17
APPENDICES
1. Lawn Mower-a machine for cutting the grass on a lawn.
2. Ransomes, Sims and Jefferies Limited – It was a major British agricultural
machinery maker also producing a wide range of general engineering products
in Ipswich, Suffolk including traction engines, trolleybuses, ploughs, lawnmowers,
combine harvesters and other tilling equipment. They manufactured aeroplanes
during the First World War. Their base, specially set up in 1845, was named
Orwell Works.
3. Remote Control- Control of a machine or apparatus from a distance by means
of radio or infrared signals transmitted from a device
4. Arduino – it is an open source computer hardware and software company,
project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world