1. PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION:
A Process by which individual Organize and
Interpret
their Sensory Impressions
in order to Give Meaning
to their Environment

2. PERCEPTION
 Perception involves the
SELECTION and ORGANIZATION
of STIMULI
by an INDIVIDUAL
 The individual
Selects, Organizes, and Interprets
all environmental Stimuli
through their SENSES

3. PERCEPTION
 It is influenced by individual’s
Characteristics, such as;
-Attitudes, Values, Personality,
Responsibility, Needs,
Expectations…
 Thus People often Encounter the
Same thing (Stimuli) but Perceive
it Differently

5. PERCEPTION
 What one Perceives can be
substantially Different from Objective
Reality.
 People’ behavior is based on their
Perception of what Reality is , and
Not on Reality itself.

6. FACTORS INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION
There are number of Factors which
SHAPE or DISTORT Perception.
These factors can be in the;
1. Perceiver
2. The Object of Target being perceived
3. In the Context of the Situation in
which the perception is made

7. FACTORS INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION
 1. Perceiver:
Personal Characteristics that affect
perception are;
Attitudes,
Personality,
Motives,
Interests,
Past Experiences,
Expectations

8. PERSON PERCEPTION
Making Judgments About Others
 ATTRIBUTION THEORY:
Explains the Ways in which we Judge people
differently depending on what meaning we
Attribute to a
given Behavior.
 When we Observe any Individual’s
Behavior we attempt to determine
whether it was
INTERNALLY or EXTERNALLY CAUSED

9. PERCEPTION:
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Internally Caused behavior-
Under the Personal Control of Individual.
Externally Caused behavior-
Resulting from the External Causes; being forced
into the behavior by the situation
THREE DETERMINING FACTORS:
1. DISTINCTIVENESS
2. CONSENSUS
3. CONSISTENCY

10. PERCEPTION:
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
If X arrived late today for the first time.
How would you recognize this behavior?
…… Internal or External Attribution
1. DISTINCTIVENESS:
It refers to whether an individual
displays different behavior in different
Situations.
Here we look for the UNUSUAL or
NOT UNUSUAL behavior.
Unusual Behavior----External Attribution
Not Unusual Behavior--Internal Attribution

11. PERCEPTION:
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
 CONSENSUS
When people face similar situation responds in
the Same Waythis behavior shows
Consensus
. If Consensus is High- one is expected to
give an External Attribution to the
employee’s behavior e.g., Absence- due to
Unavailability of public transport.
On the other hand if there was not Consensus at
that day- as other employees from the same
locality came to office despite strike call, the
Attribution shall be considered INTERNAL.
IS the internal Attribution in this case Positive or
Negative for the employee?

12. PERCEPTION:
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
CONSISTENCY:
.An Observer looks for CONSISTENCY in a
person’s ACTIONS.
Consistency in His/her Responses OVER TIME.
If an employee is rarely Absent from duty,
his being absent at any day will be given
External Attribution.
. The more Consistent the behavior, the more
the observer is inclined to attribute it to Internal
Causes.

13. PERCEPTION:
Shortcuts in Judging Others
 SELECTIVE PERCEPTION:
 HALO EFFECT:
 CONTRAST EFFECTS:

14. PERCEPTION:
Shortcuts in Judging Others
 PROJECTION:
 STEREOTYPING:

15. PERCEPTION:
Specific Applications of Shortcuts in
Organizations
 EMPLOYEMENT INTERVIEW
 PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION
 ETHNIC PROFILING
 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION