anatomy chap taken from clinical snelll

4. The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is a series of bones that make up the axial skeleton. It is
composed of 33 individual vertebrae, which are separated by inter vertebral discs.
There are four main curvatures of the vertebral column:
Cervical curvature: This is a forward curve in the neck region, which consists of the first seven vertebrae.
Thoracic curvature: This is a backward curve in the upper back region, which consists of the next 12 vertebrae.
Lumbar curvature: This is a forward curve in the lower back region, which consists of the next five vertebrae.
Sacral curvature: This is a backward curve in the pelvic region, which consists of five fused vertebrae known as
the sacrum.
These curvatures are important for maintaining balance, shock absorption, and flexibility of the vertebral column.
However, abnormal curvatures can lead to various spinal disorders, such as scoliosis, psychosis, and lordliness.

5. The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is a complex structure consisting of individual
vertebrae that are connected by joints.
The joints between the vertebrae are called inter vertebral joints or inter vertebral discs. These
joints are composed of a fibrous outer layer, called the annulus fibrosis, and a gel-like inner layer,
called the nucleus populous. The inter vertebral joints act as shock absorbers, allowing for
movement and flexibility in the spine.
In addition to the inter vertebral joints, there are also facet joints between the vertebrae. These joints
are located on the posterior aspect of the vertebral column and allow for movement in the spine,
including flexion, extension, and rotation.
The vertebral column also contains several other types of joints, including the atlantes-occipital
joint between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, and the antimalarial joint between the first
and second cervical vertebrae.
Overall, the joints of the vertebral column allow for a wide range of movement and flexibility, while
also providing stability and support to the body.

6. The vertebral joints, also known as inter vertebral joints, are innervated by various nerves that
provide sensory and motor functions to the spine.
The nerves that innervate the vertebral joints include the posterior primary rami of the spinal nerves.
These nerves branch off from the spinal cord and travel through the inter vertebral foramina, which
are small openings between adjacent vertebrae.
The posterior primary rami provide sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints of the
back, as well as motor innervation to the muscles responsible for movement and stability of the
vertebral column.
In addition to the posterior primary rami, the sympathetic nervous system also plays a role in the
nerve supply of the vertebral joints. The sympathetic chain ganglia, which are part of the sympathetic
nervous system, are located near the vertebral column and provide sympathetic innervation to the
blood vessels and other structures of the spine.
Overall, the nerve supply of the vertebral joints is important for maintaining proper function and
movement of the spine, as well as for transmitting sensory information from the back to the brain.

7. The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is capable of a wide range of movements that allow
for flexibility and support of the body. The movements of the vertebral column include:
Flexion: This is the movement of the spine forward, such as when bending forward to touch the toes.
Extension: This is the movement of the spine backward, such as when arching the back.
Lateral flexion: This is the movement of the spine to the side, such as when bending sideways.
Rotation: This is the movement of the spine twisting, such as when turning the head to look over the
shoulder.
These movements are made possible by the inter vertebral joints between the vertebrae, which allow
for flexibility and movement while providing stability and support to the spine. The type and range of
movement in the spine depend on the location of the vertebrae and the shape of their articular
surfaces.

8. It is important to note that excessive or improper movements of the vertebral column can result in
injury or damage to the spine, so it is important to maintain proper posture and use correct techniques
when engaging in physical activity.

9. The back muscles are a group of muscles that are responsible for the movement, stability, and
support of the vertebral column. These muscles are divided into two main groups:
Extrinsic muscles: These are the larger muscles that are located on the surface of the back and are
responsible for movement of the arms, shoulders, and neck. Some of the extrinsic muscles include
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids.
Intrinsic muscles: These are the smaller muscles that are located deeper in the back and are
responsible for movement and stability of the vertebral column. Some of the intrinsic muscles include
the erector spine, transcendentalist, and multifarious.
The erector spine muscles are a group of three muscles that run parallel to the vertebral column and
are responsible for extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the spine. These muscles are important
for maintaining proper posture and preventing lower back pain.
The transcendentalist muscles are a group of muscles that run diagonally across the vertebral
column and are responsible for rotation, lateral flexion, and extension of the spine. These muscles
are important for maintaining stability and control of the spine during movement.

10. The back muscles are a group of muscles that are responsible for the movement, stability, and
support of the vertebral column. These muscles are divided into two main groups:
Extrinsic muscles: These are the larger muscles that are located on the surface of the back and are
responsible for movement of the arms, shoulders, and neck. Some of the extrinsic muscles include
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids.
Intrinsic muscles: These are the smaller muscles that are located deeper in the back and are
responsible for movement and stability of the vertebral column. Some of the intrinsic muscles include
the erector spine, transcendentalist, and multifarious.
The erector spine muscles are a group of three muscles that run parallel to the vertebral column and
are responsible for extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the spine. These muscles are important
for maintaining proper posture and preventing lower back pain.

11. The transcendentalist muscles are a group of muscles that run diagonally across the vertebral column
and are responsible for rotation, lateral flexion, and extension of the spine. These muscles are
important for maintaining stability and control of the spine during movement.
The multifarious muscle is a deep muscle that runs along the entire length of the vertebral column and
is responsible for stabilizing the spine during movement. This muscle plays an important role in
preventing back injuries and maintaining proper posture.
Overall, the back muscles are important for movement, stability, and support of the body, and it is
important to maintain proper posture and engage in regular exercise to keep these muscles strong and
healthy.

12. spring summer autumn winter
The deep muscles of the back are a group of small muscles that are located deep within the layers of
the back muscles. These muscles play an important role in stabilizing and controlling the movement of
the vertebral column, as well as supporting the weight of the upper body.
Some of the deep muscles of the back include:
Rotators: These muscles are a group of small muscles that run from one vertebra to the next, and
are responsible for rotation of the vertebral column.
Intersperses: These muscles run between the spinous processes of the vertebrae, and are
responsible for extension of the spine.
Intransitiveness: These muscles run between the transverse processes of the vertebrae, and are
responsible for lateral flexion of the spine.
Levator cost arum: These muscles run from the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the ribs,
and are responsible for elevating the ribs during inhalation.

13. These deep muscles work in conjunction with the larger back muscles to provide stability and
support to the vertebral column during movement. Strong and healthy deep muscles of the back
are important for preventing back injuries and maintaining good posture

14. The back muscles are innervated by various nerves that provide both sensory and motor functions to
the muscles.
The nerves that innervate the back muscles include the posterior primary rami of the spinal nerves.
These nerves branch off from the spinal cord and travel through the inter vertebral foramina, which
are small openings between adjacent vertebrae. The posterior primary rami provide motor innervation
to the muscles responsible for movement and stability of the vertebral column, as well as sensory
information from the skin, muscles, and joints of the back.
In addition to the posterior primary rami, the back muscles are also innervated by the dorsal rami of
the spinal nerves. These nerves provide sensory information from the skin and muscles of the back.
The nerves that innervate the back muscles play an important role in maintaining proper function and
movement of the back, as well as transmitting sensory information from the back to the brain.
Damage or injury to these nerves can result in muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and other
neurological symptoms.

15. The muscular triangles are two triangular-shaped regions of the back that are formed by the
attachment of various muscles and other structures. These triangles are known as the superior and
inferior muscular triangles.
The superior muscular triangle is located at the base of the neck, between the sternocleidomastoid
muscle and the trapezius muscle. It contains the following muscles and structures:
Levator scapulae muscle: This muscle originates from the transverse processes of the upper
cervical vertebrae and inserts into the scapula. It is responsible for elevating the scapula and rotating
the neck.
Rhomboid muscles (major and minor): These muscles originate from the spinous processes of the
thoracic vertebrae and insert into the scapula. They are responsible for retracting and elevating the
scapula.
Nerve and blood vessels: The superior muscular triangle also contains the spinal accessory nerve
and several blood vessels that supply the neck and upper back.

16. The inferior muscular triangle is located at the lower back, between the latissimus dorsi muscle and
the external oblique muscle. It contains the following muscles and structures:
Latissimus dorsi muscle: This muscle originates from the lower back and inserts into the
humerus. It is responsible for adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm.
Teres major muscle: This muscle originates from the scapula and inserts into the humerus. It is
responsible for adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm.
Nerve and blood vessels: The inferior muscular triangle also contains the thoracodorsal nerve and
several blood vessels that supply the lower back and abdomen.
Overall, the muscular triangles are important regions of the back that contain various muscles and
structures that are important for movement and function of the upper an