classification system eight taxonomic categories How to write Binomial Name five Kingdom Molecular Approaches to Animal Systematic

1. CLASSIFICATION,
PHYLOGENY
PATTERN OF
ORGANIZATION

2. • ~1.4 MILLION SPECIES IDENTIFIED
• R KIRSTENSEN & P FUNCH DESCRIBED NEW SPECIES SYMBION
PANDORA
• JUG-SHAPED
• AQUATIC ANIMAL
• LIVE ON MOUTH PART OF LOBSTER
• NEW PHYLUM CYCLIPHORA
• TOTAL PHYLUM 36

3. • ARISTOTLE FATHER OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
• HE EMPHASIZED THAT ANIMALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO THEIR WAY OF LIVING, ACTIONS, HABITS
AND BODY PARTS
• JHON RAY: ANIMALS WITH BLOOD AND WITHOUT BLOOD

4. VON LINNE (1707-1778) SYSTEMA NATURAE
FIRST DESCRIBED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AS
• FIVE TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES.
• MODERN TAXONOMIST ADD THREE MORE CATEGORIES.
• TOTAL EIGHT TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

5. THESE EIGHT TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• DOMAIN
• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

7. NOMENCLATURE: ASSIGNMENT OF A DISTINCTIVE NAME TO
EACH SPECIES
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
INDICATES THE LEVEL OF CLASSIFICATION INVOLVED IN
DESCRIPTION OF ANIMAL
• NO TWO ANIMALS HAVE SAME BINOMIAL NAME
• ONE CORRECT NAME OF EACH ANIMAL IS REQUIRED BY
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

8. HOW TO WRITE BINOMIAL NAME
• GENUS OF ANIMAL BEGINS WITH CAPITAL LETTER
• SPECIES NAME BEGINS WITH SMALL LETTER
• ENTIRE NAME IS ITALICIZED
FOR EXAMPLE: HUMAN
• GENUS IS Homo
• SPECIES IS sapiens
• ENTIRE SCIENTIFIC NAME IS Homo sapiens

9. • ARISTOTLE: DESCRIBE 2 KINGDOM.
• ERNST: DESCRIBE 3 KINGDOM.
• COPELAND: DESCRIBE 4 KINGDOM

10. ROBERT WHITTAKER (1969) DESCRIBED A SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
MODE OF NUTRITION

11. HE CLASSIFIED ORGANISMS INTO FIVE KINGDOM:
1. MONERA: (BACTERIA)
2. PROTISTA: EUKARYOTES, SINGLE CELL (UNICELLULAR)
3. PLANTAE: EUKARYOTES, MULTI-CELLULAR,
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELL WALL, NON-MOTILE
4. FUNGI: EUKARYOTES, MULTI-CELLULAR, CELL WALL, MODE
OF NUTRITION DIFFERENT FROM PLANT
5. ANIMALIA: EUKARYOTES, MULTICELLULAR, LACK CELL
WALL, FEED OTHER ORGANISM/PART OF ORGANISM

14. MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ANIMAL
SYSTEMATIC
IMPORTANT MOLECULAR FEATURES TO STUDY TAXONOMIC
RELATIONSHIPS ARE
• NUCLEAR DNA
• MITOCONDRIAL DNA
• RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)

15. WHY TO CONSIDER MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND
RRNA

16. RRNA IS EXCELLENT FOR EVALUATION OF EARLY LIFE ON EARTH
BECAUSE:
 AN ANCIENT MOLECULE
 PRESENT IN ALL ORGANISMS
 RETAINS ITS FUNCTION IN ALL ORGANISMS
 CHANGE VERY SLOWLY
EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATION
PROTEIN PRODUCING MACHINERY CHANGE VERY SLOWLY

17. BASED ON RRNA STUDIES THREE MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY
LINEAGE (DOMAIN) DESCRIBED:
1. EUBACTERIA
2. ARCHAEA
3. EUKARYA

19. EUBACTERIA
• TRUE BACTERIA
• PROKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS

20. ARCHAEA
MOST PRIMITIVE LIFE-FORMS KNOWN TO EXIST
PROKARYOTIC MICROBES
LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT
• HIGH TEMPERATURE
• HIGH SALT OR ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS
ALL MEMBERS INHABIT ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENT

21. EUKARYA
• INCLUDES EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
• UNDERWENT RAPID EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION
INTO MODERN CLASSIFICATION
• FUNGI, PLANTS, ANIMALS

22. THERE ARE THREE SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS FOR ANIMAL
SYSTEMATICS
1. EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS
2. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
3. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS

23. EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS
• TRADITIONALAPPROACH
• ORGANISMS DERIVED FROM AN ANCESTOR WILL RESEMBLE
THAT ANCESTOR MORE CLOSELY THAN THEY RESEMBLE
DISTANTLY RELATED ORGANISMS
TWO KIND OF SIMILARITIES EXIST BETWEEN ORGANISMS
1. HOMOLOGY
2. ANALOGY

24. HOMOLOGY:
THIS IS THE RESEMBLANCE THAT RESULT FROM COMMON
ANCESTRY
E.G BONE ARRANGEMENT IN BIRDS WING AND HUMAN ARM

26. ANALOGY:
THIS IS THE RESEMBLANCE THAT RESULT FROM ORGANISMS
ADAPTING UNDER SIMILAR EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE
E.G SIMILARITY BETWEEN WINGS OF BIRDS AND INSECTS

28. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
• GROUPED THE ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO OVERALL
SIMILARITIES REGARDLESS WHETHER THE SIMILARITY
REFLECTS COMMON ANCESTRY OR NOT
• MEASURES AS MANY CHARACTER AS POSSIBLE
• COMPUTER AIDED TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO DETERMINE
WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST ALIKE AND WHICH ARE MOST
DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER

29. PHYLOGENETIC
SYSTEMATICS/CLADISTICS
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS:
STUDY OF EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS
IN WHICH TRUE AND FALSE SIMILARITIES ARE DIFFERENTIATED
CLADISTS DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN HOMOLOGY AND
ANALOGY