Pteris : features, anatomy, morphology and lifecycle
Operations research
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
The term “Operation Research” was coined in 1940 by McCloskey and Trefethen in a
small town of Bawdsey in England.
The term "operational research" was originally used in Britain during World War II
to connote scientific research done to integrate new radar technologies into Royal
Air Force tactics.
By 1941 the term had expanded to encompass research done to assist military officers
in developing tactics and planning combat operations, whether or not technology
played a critical role in the analysis. Much of this work simply involved gathering
empirical data and conducting basic statistical analyses. While some wartime work,
such as the development of search theory, was more mathematically advanced, OR
would only become focused on sophisticated mathematical methods when it
emerged as a civilian profession in the post war era.
Hence OR can be termed as ‘ art of winning war without actually fighting it’.
3. ORIGIN OF OR
Beginning in the 20th century, study of inventory management could be
considered the origin of modern operations research with economic order
quantity developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913. Operational research mayhave
originated in the efforts of military planners during World War I.
Percy Bridgman brought operational research to bear on problems in physics in
the 1920s and would later attempt to extend these to the social sciences.
Modern operational research originated at the Bawdsey Research Station in the
UK in 1937 as the result of an initiative of the station's superintendent, A. P.
Rowe and Robert Watson-Watt.
Rowe conceived the idea as a means to analyse and improve the working of the
UK's early-warning radar system, code-named “Chain Home" (CH).
4. OPERATION RESEARCH NAMES
Operation Research is also known as
Decision Science
Management Science
Quantitative Techniques
Operation Management
5. DEFINITION
Operation Research is the art
of giving bad answers to the
problems to which otherwise
worse answers are given.
• T.L.Saaty (1958)
Operation Research is a
scientific approach to problem
solving for executive
management.
• H.M.Wagner
Operation Research is the
scientific knowledge through
interdisciplinary team efforts
for the purpose of determining
the best utilization of the
limited resources.
• H.A.Taha
Operation Research is the aid
for the executive in making his
decision by providing him with
the quantitative information
based on the scientific method
of analysis.
• C.Kittel
6. SCOPE OF OR
Agriculture
Finance
Industry
Marketing
Personal Management
Research and
Development
Military operations
Production
Management
8. USES OF OR
It provides a logical and systematic approach to the problem.
It allows modification of mathematical solution before they put to use.
It facilitates improved quality of decision.
It leads to optimum use of managers production factor.
It indicates the scope as well as limitation of a problem.
It suggests all the alternate courses of action for the same management.
9. LIMITATION OF OR
Operation Research requires huge calculations. Which cannot be handled
manually and require computers, resulting in heavy costs.
The validity model, for a particular situation, can be ascertained only by
conducting experiments on it.
Models are the only idealized representations of reality and cannot be
regarded as absolute in any case.
The implementation of OR mainly depends on the person who provides
the solution and the person (Manager) who uses the solution.
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF OR OR is a system approach
OR is an inter-disciplinary team approach
OR increases creative ability of the decision maker
OR is scientific approach
Defining
Observing
Formulating
Testing
Analyzing
11. OR APPLIES THE FOLLOWING PROCESS TO
PROBLEMS
Orientation
Problem Definition
Data Collection
Model Formulation
Model Solution
Validation and Analysis
Implementation and Monitoring
12. APPLICATIONS OF OR
Scheduling (of air lines, trains, buses, etc.)
Facility location (deciding most appropriate location
for new facilities such as warehouse; factory or fire station)
Game Theory (Identifying, understanding; developing
strategies adopted by companies)
Computer Network Engineering (Packet routing;
timing; analysis)
13. Telecom & Data Communication Engineering (Packet
routing; timing; analysis)
Health Services (Information and supply chain management)
Assignment (assigning crew to flights, trains or buses;
employees to projects; commitment and dispatch of power
generation facilities)
Hydraulics & Piping Engineering (managing flow of water
from reservoirs)
Urban Design
Marketing (Selection of advertising media, ad budget
allocation)
