Nuclear Medicine................. Radioactivity……………… Gamma camera……………… PET scan and SPECT scan…........... Nuclear Medicine Studies………….. Nuclear Medicine Team…………… Safety in Nuclear Medicine…………

2.  Nuclear Medicine.................
 Radioactivity………………
 Gamma camera………………
 PET scan and SPECT scan…...........
 Nuclear Medicine Studies…………..
 Nuclear Medicine Team……………
 Safety in Nuclear Medicine…………

3.  Branch of medicine that uses radioactive substances in
diagnosis and therapy.
 These substances consist of pharmaceuticals labelled
with radioisotopes “radiopharmaceuticals”
 In diagnosis, radioactive substances are administered
to patient and the radiation emitted is measured and
location recorded.
 In therapy, radioisotopes are administered to treat
disease .
 Nuclear medicine techniques use a carrier molecule,
selected to target the organ/tissue of interest, tagged
with radioisotopes which is emitting gamma ray .

4.  The routes of administration for radioactive
substances include :
 Intravenous injection: the radioactive substances is
Injected into a vein.
 Subcutaneous injection: radioactive substances is
injected under the skin.
 Inhalation: some radioactive substances and
radioisotopes are inhaled by the patient.
 Ingestion: radioactive substances can be ingested.

5.  The radioactive materials administered to patients
are known as radiopharmaceuticals.
 These consist of :
 Chemical molecule which determines the behavior
of the radiopharmaceutical in the body.
 The radiation emitted by the radionuclide may be
detected from outside the body by a radionuclide
imaging device (a gamma camera) or may be
detected in a sample of a body fluid (e.g. plasma or
urine)

6.  Emit only gamma radiation.
 Emit gamma ray with the right energy
(120kev – 300kev ) to allow detection by a
gamma camera.
 Have a short half-life.
 Be cheap.
 Be readily available.

7. TargetHalf-lifeRadionuclide
Salivary gland, thyroid,
bone, blood, liver,
lung, heart
6 hoursTechnetium(99mTc)
Thyroid8 daysIodine(131I)
Tumors and
inflammation
78 hoursGallium(67Ga)

8.  Gamma camera is an electronic device used
in medical diagnosis for imaging the
distribution of radioactive compounds in
the tissues. (After the patient by injection).
 In general: It is a device used for imaging in
nuclear medicine for imaging the gamma
rays emanating from the radioactive
compounds in the body.

10. The parts that make up the gamma camera:
(1)collimator
In short, is like a filter, filter .. torrent knows rays so that it
passes only rays that are almost parallel with some
As shown in this picture:
But if the use of the device without Collimator will be filming
the desired part from all sides by the next scan on every side, and
therefore will not produce a clear or accurate picture.

11. (2)Photomultiplier Tube: the machine reveals a bigger
electrons produced by the cathode.
In the Photomultiplier Tube base there Anode, which in turn
attracts such a large group of electrons and converted to an
electrical pulse.

15.  Positron emission tomography, or PET, is a medical imaging
technology that enables physicians to view how organ systems
of the body are functioning at a cellular level. PET is
unsurpassed as a definitive diagnostic tool because it can help
the physician detect disease (such as cancer and Alzheimer's),
determine appropriate treatment for that disease, and
efficiently track the body's responses to the treatment.
 It was developed in the mid 1970s and it was the first scanning
method to give functional information about the brain.

16.  Patients with conditions affecting the brain.
 Heart.
 Certain types of Cancer.
 Alzheimer’s disease.
 Some neurological disorders.

17.  A single-photon emission computerized
tomography (SPECT) scan lets your doctor
analyze the function of some of your
internal organs. A SPECT scan is a type of
nuclear imaging test, which means it uses a
radioactive substance and a special camera
to create 3-D pictures.

18.  Heart Imaging.
 Brain Imaging.
 Tumor Detection.
 Bone Scan.

19. SPECTPET
Emits gamma radiationEmits positrons
Lower resolutionHigher resolution
Less capital intensive scannerCostlier scanner
Longer lived radioisotopes
Limited half-life of
radiopharmaceuticals

21.  NEUROLOGIC:
 Diagnose stroke.
 Diagnose Alzheimer's
- demonstrate
changes.
 Disease in AIDS
dementia.
 ONCOLOGIC:
 Tumor localization -
tumor staging.
 Identification of bone
pain due metastatic
cancer.

22.  RENAL:
 diagnose renovascular.
 obstruction,
hypertension.
 detect renal
transplant.
 Rejection - renal
fonction.
 CARDIAC:
 select patients for artery
bypass or angioplasty.
 localize toxicity due to
acute myocardial.
 chemotherapy
infarction.
 identify cardiac shunts.

23.  PULMONARY:
 Diagnose & quantify
pulmonary function.
 Emboli perfusion.
 Detect pulmonary.
 Complications of
AIDS.
 ORTHOPEDIC:
 Identify bone trauma.
 Diagnose
osteomyelitis.
 Evaluate arthritic
changes .

24. Other common applications:
Diagnose and treat thyroid cancer.
Hyperthyroidism or metastatic
spread.
Detect acute GI & cholecystitis
bleeding.
Detect testicular torsion &
infections.

26. :Nuclear medicine radiologists:
also called nuclear radiologists, are physicians who
use radioactive materials, to diagnose and treat
disease.
:Nuclear Pharmacist:
once known as radiopharmacists , specialize in
preparing, dispensing and distributing
radiopharmaceuticals or radioactive drugs.

27. :Nuclear Medicine Physicist:
Nuclear medicine physicists work with nuclear
imaging instrumentation and radiation dosimetry.
:Nuclear Medicine Technologist:
A nuclear medicine technologist works closely with
the nuclear medicine radiologist. The technologist
may prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals,
perform imaging procedures, enhance images utilizing
a computer and analyze biologic specimens.

29. Minimize the time you will
minimize the dose.
Per- plan the
experiment/procedure to minimize
exposure time.

30.  Doubling the distance from the source can reduce
your exposure intensity by 25%.
 Use forceps, tongs, and trays to increase your
distance from the radiation source.
 Move the item being worked on away from the
radiation area if possible.
 Know the radiation intensity where you perform
most of your work, and move to lower dose areas
during work delays.

31.  Position shielding between yourself and the source
of radiation at all permissible times. Take
advantage of permanent shielding (i.e. equipment
or existing structures).
 Select appropriate shielding material during the
planning stages of the experiment/procedure.
 Plexiglas, plywood and lead are effective in
shielding radiation exposure. Use the proper
shielding for the type of radioactive material
present.

33. Created by:
Fahad AL-matabi
Abdullah Al-shahrani
Nawaf Al-Harbi
Abdullah Al-Harbi
Meshaal AL-Yahya