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Title of Your Assignment: Annotated Bibliography
Your Name
Institution Name
Course Number: Title
Instructor’s Name
Month Day, Year
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Title of Your Assignment: Annotated Bibliography
Include the number of sources required for your assignment.
Use the UAGC Library to find scholarly sources.
Format for an Online Scholarly Journal Article:
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume(Issue), page range. http://doi.org/xx.xxx.xxxx

When listing the DOI, create a hyperlink with http:// or https://
In your annotation, summarize the main points of the source. Be
sure to summarize the main points using your own words. Do
not copy and paste information directly from the source. Also
explain how the source is relevant to your paper. Explain how
this particular source will help you develop one or more of the
main points in your essay.
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume(Issue), page range. http://doi.org/xx.xxx.xxxx
In the first paragraph of your annotation, summarize the main
points of the source. Be sure to summarize the main points
using your own words. Do not copy and paste information
directly from the source.
If you require a second paragraph for your annotation, indent an
additional 0.5” and then explain how the source is relevant to
your paper. Explain how this particular source will help you
develop one or more of the main points in your essay.
Format for an Online Magazine:
Author, A. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title.
Magazine Title. http://URL
not copy and paste information directly from the source. Also
explain how the source is relevant to your paper. Explain how
this particular source will help you develop one or more of the
main points in your essay.

Format for a Webpage:
Author, A. (Year, Month, Date Published). Article title.
Website. https://URL
not copy and paste information directly from the source. In the
second paragraph of your annotation, explain how the source i s
relevant to your paper. Explain how this particular source will
help you develop one or more of the main points in your essay.
Format for a UAGC Textbook (online edition)
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book
(edition, if other than the first). http://URL
not copy and paste information directly from the source. In the
second paragraph of your annotation, explain how the source is
relevant to your paper. Explain how this particular source will
help you develop one or more of the main points in your essay.
Tip 1: Note that references are listed in alphabetical order.
Tip 2: APA does not require URLs when referencing online
journal articles. Instead, find the DOI and cite as a hyperlink
(ex: http://doi.org/xx.xx.xxxx). Always cite the DOI for online
journal articles.
Tip 3: Delete these “hints” (red boxes) before turning in your

final assignment.
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Ctrl+Click: Formatting Your References
Government
as a
Social Network
A Social Network
Facebook is an online venue where people get together to talk
about their lives.
Government as a Social Network
Government is a public venue where people get together to
discuss politics.

‘Friends’
The people that Facebook users most often interact with are
their Facebook ‘friends’. There are three ways to become
someone’s Facebook friend.
Search for someone and send them a ‘friend request’
Find a person under the ‘people you may know’ section and
send them a friend request
Someone sends you a friend request
Citizens
Citizens are the people who have the power to interact with and
participate in government. There are two types of
citizens…natural born and naturalized.
To be a natural born citizen in the United States you must either
be:
Born on U.S. soil (any of the 50 states, U.S. territories, or
military installations count as U.S. soil)
Born to a parent or parents who are U.S. citizens
Naturalized citizens go through the process of becoming
citizens as adults. It takes five years. The naturalization
process includes:
Learning English, American history, and American government
Passing a citizenship test
Paying a fee (which changes based on inflation..the value of the
US dollar)
Fun Fact….
Harvard University did a study of incoming college freshmen

across the country from 1960 to 2016.
They administered the citizenship test that all aspiring
naturalized citizens must take to this group of students.
70% of incoming freshmen (before taking an American
government course) FAILED that test.
Think about that. Why would people who have lived here and
(in most cases) had several American history and government
courses fail a test that we expect newcomers to pass?
Other Users in the Social Network…
There are millions of people using Facebook who aren’t your
Facebook friends.
Most of them are simply people you don’t know. They don’t
pose any threat to you, and you only know they’re there because
I reminded you.
There are, however, people using the network who hack into
people’s accounts, who post misinformation, and who seek to
cause problems.
Non-Citizens
Obviously, there are tons of people living in this country who
DON’T have the rights of citizenship.
Some have permission to be here and are known as legal or
resident aliens. They have a green card (permission to be here),
get a social security number, work, pay taxes, can get credit and
buy a house, and so on.
Others DON’T have permission to be here. They are known as
illegal aliens or undocumented immigrants. Most of these
people mean well. Some come as refugees from war torn or
impoverished countries, but some come with bad intentions as
well.
Most undocumented immigrants actually come here legally via
air or sea and overstay the length of time specified on their
green card. These people become incredibly hard to track

down, because they often move in with friends or family who
are here legally and pay cash for everything.
We will discuss immigration later as a current event, but be
aware that there is no quick fix to this problem. Complicated
problems always require complicated solutions.
Active and Passive Facebook Users
Now, we all know that person (or several people) who post
things on Facebook several times a day. Some post about every
little thing they do. Others post pictures of experiences they’ve
had, cute pictures of their pets, what they ate for dinner,
political memes, and so on.
These people are known as active users. They utilize the social
network all the time.
There are others, however, who use it so infrequently that they
probably don’t even remember their password to log in.
They are known as passive users.
Active Citizens
Some citizens participate regularly in the political process.
They vote, write their members of Congress, go to town halls
and other organized political meetings and rallies, discuss
politics with friends and family, serve in the military, or run for
elected office (this is just a small list of the activities active
citizens partake in).
They are known as active citizens.
These people often feel a sense of duty and responsibili ty in
their citizenship.
Those of you who are active citizens, why?

Passive Citizens
There are lots of people who could participate in the political
process but choose not to. They are known as passive citizens.
They choose not to participate for a variety of reasons: they
don’t care, think they’re too busy, don’t feel informed enough
to sound intelligent, are afraid of offending people, don’t think
their opinion or vote matters, and so on.
If you are currently a passive citizen, why?
Facebook’s Original Intent
When Facebook was first created in the early 2000s, it was
designed to help students at the same college or university
connect virtually. In order to become a Facebook user, the
network administrator at your college or university had to invite
you, and you could either accept or not.
Facebook has evolved, but people still join groups, play games,
and participate in activities that bring like-minded people
together.
Political Cultures
Just as we find ways to connect with people like ourselves on
Facebook, so too do we tend to interact with people like
ourselves in the political process. These groups of like-minded
people are known as political cultures.
Different races, genders, occupations, political persuasions,
religions, ethnicities, regions, and income brackets constitute
different political cultures. The things you do and the people
you associate with (similar and different) shape you as a
political individual.

Forms of Government
When Considering Forms of Government
We Consider…..
How many people rule?
How does the ruling actually get done?
How Many People Rule?
When Zero People Rule
Anarchy is what we call it when nobody rules. It is the
COMPLETE and TOTAL ABSENSCE OF GOVERNMENT.
Thomas Hobbes (who we will revisit next week) argues that
anarchy is, “a war of all against all.”
The survival of the fittest. St. Augustine (also a political
philosopher) argues that anarchy is the ‘state of nature.’
I see anarchy as a dog eat dog world.
When One Person Rules
An autocracy is where only one person rules.
Some of these regimes are ruled by kind, benevolent autocrats,
but many others are ruled by narcissistic, angry, brutal tyrants.
Modern autocracies have the reputation of being more
oppressive than not, although that is not true of all of them.

When Many People Rule
A democracy is a government ruled by many people.
Some democracies are ruled by a small group while others are
governed by the country at large.
Our word democracy originates from two Greek words…demos
(rule) and kratia (the many).
So, in translating, democracy is the rule of the many.
How The Ruling
Gets Done
So, About Anarchy…
In anarchy, no one rules, so we won’t be discussing details,
because there legitimately aren’t any.
Anarchy doesn’t work, and it goes against human nature.
Humans, while animals, are social animals. We work best
together and struggle alone.
Autocracies
Dictatorships
Dictators get their power through force. They take power from
the person who previously held it.
In the movies, a good example of a dictator would be Emperor
Palpatine in the Star Wars saga.
An example of a historical dictator would be Hitler.

Monarchies
Monarchs get their power through lineage (or birth into the
royal family)
An example of a monarch in film would be Mufasa from The
Lion King.
An example of a historical monarch would be Queen Elizabeth
II, the current queen of the United Kingdom (England)
Theocracies
Theocrats get their power from their respective religion.
The best example of a theocrat is the Pope. He is the ruler of
the Catholic Church and of Vatican City, the seat of the
Catholic Church.
Democracies
Direct (True) Democracies
Direct democracies exist where each individual citizen directly
impacts policy; they don’t expect someone else to do it form
them. They would debate and vote on all laws as individual
citizens.
A good example of a direct democracy is ancient Athens (a city-
state in ancient Greece). Pictured on the right is the Athenian
Senate.

Indirect (Representative) Democracies
Indirect democracies enable citizens to elect representatives to
act on their behalf in enacting policies.
A good example of a representative democracy in film is the
Galactic Republic in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (pictur ed on
the right)
The United States is also a good example of a representative
democracy.
Republics
A republic is a representative democracy that only represents
the will of the majority party.
Minority parties often exist, but they have no power in enacting
policies or pushing their agendas.
Hybrids
A Note on Hybrid Governments…
Up to this point, we have considered forms of government by
either how many people rule or how the ruling gets done.
Hybrid governments are more complicated than that.
Numerically, they seem to be one thing but functionally, are
another.
Proceed with that in mind.
Oligarchies

Oligarchies are governments ruled by small groups of people.
Numerically (based on how many rule), they are democracies.
Functionally though, they are dictatorships.
A good example of an oligarchy is the former Soviet Union.
Constitutional Monarchies
Constitutional monarchies have a king or queen, but they only
serve as ceremonial leaders.
The true power rests with that country’s legislature (most often
called a parliament).
So, since they have a king or queen, they are seen as
autocracies, but since Parliament actually does the governing,
they function as democracies.
A good example of a constitutional monarchy is the United
Kingdom.
Constitutional Republics
A constitutional republic is a representative democracy where a
constitution mandates the protection and representation of
specified groups of people.
This is a true republic but with mandated protection of specified
groups. It gives the minority party the ability (through the
advocacy and representation of certain groups) to affect policy.
The United States is a constitutional republic.
Think About It…
The Constitution, as it was written and ratified back in the late
1700s, only protected the following four groups

The wealthy
White persons
Males
Property owners
Unless you fulfilled ALL FOUR of those criteria, you wouldn’t
have been eligible for the rights and privileges of Constitutional
protection.
Only through the amendment process have we gained the rights
we have.
Don’t underestimate the power of that piece of paper.
Protect it. Defend it. Amending the Constitution is REALLY
hard, but it’s super easy to let our Constitutional rights slip
away.
A Note on Constitutions
Constitutions do not have to be written down.
While it is true that most countries that utilize a constitution
have written it down (and often amended it), it does not have to
be written down anywhere.
A good example of a country that uses an unwritten constitution
is the United Kingdom. They refer to their constitution as The
Common Law.
Effectivesness vs. Efficiency
A government that is effective gets things done quickly.
Dictatorships get things done quickly, because there’s
only one person involved in the decision-making process.
A government that is efficient gets things done well.
Democracies get things done efficiently, because there
are more people weighing in on decisions and more
people to counter bad ideas.
We should be striving to have an efficient government.

Questions?
If you have any questions, please feel free to email me at
[email protected] or call/text at 636 293 0886.
If you text me, please be sure to include your name so I know
who I’m speaking to. If the answer requires a lot of typing, I
might call you back instead to give you the information you’ve
asked for.
Please proceed to the next recorded lecture video…Harry Potter
and the Deathly Branches of Government.
Until you view that, have a good day, and may the Force be
with you!
AND THE DEATHLY BRANCHES
OF GOVERNMENT
A little backstory
The Harry Potter saga is a seven-part series written by a British
author, J.K. Rowling.
It is one of the top selling book series ever written.
Harry potter
The series tells the story of Harry Potter, a young man who
discovers, at the age of 11, that he is a wizard.
He also finds out that at the age of one, his parents were
murdered by the most feared Dark wizard of all time, Lord
Voldemort
The series centers around Harry trying to right the wrongs done

by Voldemort and his followers.
Harry potter and the
deathly hallows
In the seventh book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,
Harry and his two friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger,
are bequeathed (or willed) items by the recently deceased
headmaster of their school, Albus Dumbledore.
The tales of
beedle the bard
Hermione is willed a book of children’s stories, The Tales of
Beedle the Bard. Both Harry and Hermione had grown up
outside of the magical world, and Dumbledore thought
Hermione might find the stories therein to be ‘instructive.’
The symbol surfaces
On the title page of one of the stories, The Tale of Three
Brothers, Hermione notices a strange symbol. As a student of
ancient runes, she’d never seen it before, but allows the
irregularity to pass.
the necklace
The symbol appears again, however, less than a day later.
While in attendance at a wedding, Harry, Ron, and Hermione
see their friend Luna’s father, Xenophilius, wearing a necklace

bearing the same symbol.
the tombstone
Later in the book, Harry and Hermione visit the graveyard
where Harry’s parents are buried.
They again find the mysterious symbol. This time, they find it
etched into the tombstone of Ignotus Peverell.
The visit
After seeing this symbol so many times now, Harry, Ron, and
Hermione become genuinely curious.
They decide to visit Xenophilius to find out more about it.
Upon asking, he informs them that the mysterious rune is the
symbol of the Deathly Hallows. Confused, he informs them that
the Hallows are described in The Tale of Three Brothers –
which, incidentally, is the place Hermione saw the symbol in
the first place. Hermione proceeds to read the tale to the other
two. It goes a little bit something like this….
The tale of three brothers
Once, there were three brothers, traveling along a lonely,
winding road at twilight. In time, the brothers came to a river
too wide to jump across and too treacherous to swim across, but
they – being learned in the magical arts – simply waved their
wands and made a bridge. They began to cross but suddenly
found their path blocked by a hooded figure. It was Death, and
he felt cheated, for travelers usually drowned in the river.

Death’s plan
But Death was cunning. He congratulated the brothers on their
magic and said that each had earned a prize after having been
clever enough to evade him.
Antioch,
the eldest brother
The first brother, a combative man, asked for a wand more
powerful than any in existence…a wand that would always win
duels for its owner…a wand worth of a man who had defeated
Death. So Death crossed to an elder tree and fashioned him a
wand from one of its branches.
Cadmus,
the second brother
The second brother, an arrogant man, wanted to humiliate Death
further, and asked for the ability to raise people from the grave.
So Death walked to the riverbank, picked up a stone, and said
that it would have the ability to bring people back from the
dead.
Ignotus,
the third brother
Then Death asked the third brother what he would like. The
third brother was the youngest, but also the wisest and humblest
of the brothers, and he didn’t trust Death. He asked for
something that would enable him to go forth from that place
without being followed by Death, so Death reluctantly gave him
his own cloak of invisibility.

Death’s gifts
Death departs, and the three brothers walk for a time together,
discussing their great adventure and admiring Death’s gifts. In
time, however, each of the brothers depart for their own
destination.
Death takes
the first brother
The first brother traveled to a nearby village and sought out a
man with whom he had a quarrel. With the Elder Wand as his
weapon, he could not lose, and he left his enemy dead upon the
floor. In the inn that evening, drunk with the power of the
Wand, he bragged about the invincibility it gave him. But later
that evening as he lay wine sodden on his bed, someone who’d
overheard the conversation crept in, stole the wand, and killed
him. Thus, Death took the first brother for his own.
Death takes
the second brother
The second brother traveled to his home and, taking the Stone,
turned it thee times in his hand. To his delight, the woman he’d
once hoped to marry (before she died an untimely death)
appeared before him. But after a time, she became sad and
cold, because she didn’t belong in the mortal world. Driven
mad with hopeless longing, the second brother hanged himself
in order to join her in the next life. Thus, Death took the
second brother for his own.

The third brother’s wisdom
As for the third brother, Death searched for him for many years
but was unable to find him. Only when he’d attained a great
age did he take off the Cloak of Invisibility and give it to his
son. Then, the third brother greeted Death as an old friend, and
then together, they departed this life as equals.
The deathly hallows
Xenophilius tells Harry, Ron, and Hermione that the three items
(the Elder Wand, the Resurrection Stone, and the Cloak of
Invisibility) are the Deathly Hallows and once united, according
to legend, they make the possessor master of Death.
The deathly branches
of government
I argue that each item of the Deathly Hallows is comparable to
one of the three branches of government, and like the Deathly
Hallows, I believe that the combination of these three branches
(while powerfully individually) has created one of the most
brilliant and powerful governments in the world.
The elder wand…
the executive branch
The story argues that the Elder Wand is the most powerful wand
ever made. It is also a formidable weapon…allegedly
unbeatable.
It is an indisputable fact that the President (and by extension,
the Executive Branch) is the most powerful entity in the world,
and that office controls the most powerful weapon in the world,

the United States military.
The resurrection stone…
the judicial branch
The Resurrection Stone brings people back from the dead
The Judicial Branch’s duty is to, through court rulings, interpret
the intent of the Founding Fathers…who incidentally are a
bunch of dead guys. So, to put it another way, judges ‘bring
back the dead’ every time they render a new decision, since
they are trying to decipher the intent of the Founding Fathers.
The cloak of invisibility…
the legislative branch and
transparency
The Cloak makes the wearer invisible.
The legislative branch is the most transparent branch of
government. It’s easy to find out how each person votes, what
they support, and what they actually say while Congress is in
session. It’s in the Congressional Register, which you can get
for free online.
The cloak…
hiding scandal
exposing success
The Cloak enables the wearer to hide when doing mischief and
reveal themselves when they are being honorable.
David Mayhew, a political scientist, argues that the sole goal of
people in Congress is to get elected and re-elected, and that in

order to do that, they had to hide their failures and expose their
successes in order to make themselves as electable as possible.
The cloak…
trust and public confidence
The third brother wanted the Cloak because he didn’t trust
Death.
Incidentally, we aren’t particularly confident in Congress’
intentions either.
Currently, Congress has below a 10% approval rating.
Interestingly enough, our confidence in our OWN
Representatives and Senators is very high, but our trust is the
others is very low.
The deathly branches of government
So you see, the branches of government are very like the
Deathly Hallows. Each powerful individually, but when united,
they create one of the most powerful and formidable
governments in the world.
Origins…
This was one of the first pop culture lectures I designed, and I
told my parents about it one night at Chili’s over queso dip. My
parents made the point that Rowling probably didn’t care about
American government since she’s British, but I noted something
that both she and our Founders had in common…
Symbolic similarities…
Both Rowling and our Founding Fathers are/were interested or

involved in Freemasonry. The Freemasons are a secret society
that aristocrats have and (some) do belong to, and they
communicate through the use of symbols.
One of those masonic symbols, the all-seeing eye appears on the
back of the dollar bill and looks very like the symbol of the
Deathly Hallows.
While some might call that coincidence, I call it….magical.
Questions?
Woo hoo! You’ve completed week one’s videos and power
points!
Proceed to the discussion forum entitled ‘Deathly Branches’ and
be sure to answer ALL of the questions in complete sentences.
Also, be sure to submit your two current events questions and
comment on two of your classmates’ posts IN BOTH THE
DISCUSSION FORUM AND CURRENT EVENTS BOARD by
Sunday night.
If you have any questions, please feel free to email, call, or text
me.
Until next week, may the Force be with you.

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