PPT on separation as per DOC4444 and MATs1

1. 02-09-2020 1Anand Kumar Pandey

2. Introduction
What is Separation?
Separation is a term use to keep aircraft at such distance from
each other so that the risk of collision will be reduced.
Determination of Separation Minima:
 Application is based on position report.
 Longitudinal separation is based on quality of information
available.
 Lateral Separation is based on accuracy to adhere a track.
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Loss of
Separation
• Essential Traffic Information.
Reduction in
Separation
• VMC climb and descend.
• Reduction in Separation in Vicinity of Aerodrome.
• Visual Approach.
More Than
applicable
Separation
Minima
• Degraded Aircraft Performance.
• VVIP Aircraft.
• Contingencies.
Application of
Separation .
• Vertical or lateral for aircraft climbing, descending and
overflying.
• Separation between arrivals and departures from same runway.

4. Loss of Separation
If for any reason two or more aircraft are separated by less than prescribed
separation minima due to reason other than ACAS RA:
 Use every means at his disposal to obtain required minimum with least
delay.
 Pass essential traffic information.
Essential traffic is that controlled traffic to which provision of separation by
ATC is applicable, but which, in relation to a particular controlled flight is
not or, will not be, separated from other controlled traffic by the
appropriate separation minimum.
Content of essential traffic information :
 Direction of aircraft concerned.
 Type and wake turbulence
 Cruising level of aircraft concerned and
 Estimated time over reporting point at which level will be crossed.
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5. Reduction in Separation
VMC Climb and
Descend
• When requested by pilot and agreed by another pilot in Class D and E
airspace.
• During hours of daylight aircraft can be cleared to fly subject to maintain
own separation below 10000 feet provided that essential traffic information
shall be passed.
Reduction in
Separation in
Vicinity of
Aerodrome
• Adequate Separation is provided when each aircraft is visual to controller.
• Each aircraft is visible to crew of each other and pilot report that they can
maintain there own separation.
• The crew of succeeding aircraft reports that other aircraft is insight and it
can maintain its own separation.
Visual Approach
• Visibility shall be at or above 2800m,3200m,3600m for category A/B,C,D
aircraft respectively provided that cloud ceiling is at or above the beginning
of initial approach segment.
• In case of successive visual approach succeeding shall be advised to follow
and maintain own separation from preceding aircraft only if he has it
insight.
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6. More Than Applicable Separation
Minima
 Degraded aircraft performance.
 VVIP Aircraft.
 Unlawful interference of Aircraft or any other type of
contingency.
 Navigational Aids Difficulties.
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Separation
Vertical
CVSM RVSM
Horizontal
Lateral
Geographical VOR NDB RNAV
Longitudinal
Based on
Time
Based on
distance
Radar

8. Vertical Separation
It can be achieved by giving flight levels which are
separated by a minimum quantity to ensure the safety of
aircraft.
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CVSM
• Nominal of 1000 feet below FL290 and 2000 feet
at or above FL 290
RVSM
• Nominal of 1000 feet if both aircraft are RVSM
complaint and are flying in designated RVSM
airspace.

9. Lateral Separation
Lateral
Geographical
Different
Geographical
Location.
NAV Aids
Determined
Visually
VOR
15Degree/(15 or
17NM)
20 Degree/20
NM
NDB
30 Degree/15
Nm
RNAV
By flying aircraft
on parallel RNP
routes
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10. 20 Degree 20 NM
When one aircraft is maintaining a radial from a VOR
and other aircraft is crossing its track at an angular
difference of 45 degrees to 135 degrees inclusive,
aircraft will be deemed to be laterally separated, when
the other aircraft:
a) has passed the radial of first aircraft; and
b) crossed a radial which is different by at least 20
degrees from the radial of first aircraft; and
c) is 20 DME or more from the VOR used by first
aircraft.
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11. Longitudinal Separation
Longitudinal
Separation
Time
Same level
Climbing or
Descending
Distance
Same level
Climbing or
Descending
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12.  Same track: same direction tracks and intersecting tracks or portions thereof, the
angular difference of which is less than 45 degrees or more than 315 degrees, and
whose protected airspaces overlap.
 Reciprocal tracks: Opposite tracks and intersecting tracks or portions thereof, the
angular difference of which is more than 135 degrees but less than 225 degrees,
and whose protected airspaces overlap.
 Crossing Tracks: Intersecting tracks or portions thereof other than those specified
in above.
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13. Based on Time
Same Track/Crossing
Track
and Same level
• 15 minutes.
• 10 minutes if Nav Aids permit frequent determination of time and speed.
Aircraft Climbing and
Descending(Same
Track)
• 15 minutes.
• 10 minutes if Nav Aids permit frequent determination of time and speed
• 5 minutes while vertical separation does not exist provided level change has
commenced with 10 minutes second aircraft have reported over a common
point.
Aircraft Climbing and
Descending(Crossing
Track)
• 15 minutes.
• 10 minutes if Nav Aids permit frequent determination of time and speed.
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14. Based on distance
TO apply this separation we shall ensure that:
each aircraft utilizes,
the same “on track” DME station when both aircraft are
utilizing DME, or
an “on track” DME station and a collocated waypoint
when one aircraft is utilizing DME and the other is
utilizing GNSS, or
the same waypoint when both aircraft are utilizing GNSS,
and
separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous DME
and/or GNSS readings from the aircraft at frequent
intervals to ensure that the minimum will not be infringed
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15. Continued…
Same tack and
same level
• 20NM
• 10NM provided that leading aircraft maintains a true air speed of 20
knots or faster.
Crossing Track
and same Level
• 20NM provided that relative angle between tracks is les than 90
Degrees.
• 10NM provided that leading aircraft maintains a true air speed of 20
knots or faster inclusive of same additional condition as above.
Climbing and
Descending
reciprocal track
• One Aircraft maintains level while vertical separation does not exist.
• Separation is ensured by simultaneous DME/GNSS distance from
aircraft.
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16. Continued…
Climbing and
Descending on
reciprocal track.
• Aircraft may be cleared to
climb/descend provided that
it has been positively
established that the aircraft
have passed each other and
are at least 10 NM apart.
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17.  Arrival aircraft carrying out a DME ARC
procedure of min 10 DME
 Departing aircraft established a track
different by at least 45deg from the reciprocal
of direction of final app track
 Arriving aircraft moving away from the track
of departing aircraft and crossing from
behind.
 Departure aircraft maintained VOR radial
and crossing arriving aircraft from behind
 Arriving has passed VOR radial which differs
by at least 30 degrees from the radial
maintained by departing aircraft.
 When the aircraft established on VOR radial
is at a DME distance of 10 miles or greater
than the DME arc maintained by the arriving
aircraft.
Separation Based on Crossing Radial
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18. Separation during Arrival and Departure
Instrument
Approach
• In any direction until procedure turn.
• In a direction which is different by at least 45 degrees from
the reciprocal of the direction of approach after the arriving
aircraft has started procedure turn or base turn leading to
final approach, provided that the take-off will be made at
least three minutes before the arriving aircraft
Straight in
Approach
• in any direction until five minutes before the arriving aircraft
is estimated to be over the instrument runway
• In a direction which is different by at least 45 degrees from
the reciprocal of the direction of approach after the arriving
aircraft until three minutes before the arriving aircraft is
estimated to be over the beginning of the instrument runway
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19. 2-Sep-20 19Anand Kumar Pandey

20. Separation in Departures.
1 Minute
• If aircraft are to fly tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees immediately
after airborne.
2 minutes
• Two minutes if preceding aircraft is 40 kts or more faster than the following
aircraft and both propose to follow same track.
5 minutes
• Five minutes while vertical separation does not exist if the departing
aircraft will be flown through the level of preceding aircraft and both
propose to follow same track. Action must be taken to ensure separation of
five minutes or more while vertical separation does not exist.
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21. Turbulence Separation(N/A)
 VFR flights landing on the same runway as a preceding landing HEAVY or
MEDIUM aircraft
 IFR flights executing visual approach-
 Aircraft has reported the preceding aircraft in sight
 Instructed to follow
 Maintain own separation from that aircraft.
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22. Continued…
Category
• Heavy-1,36,000 kg or more
• Medium-Less than 1,36,000 but more than 7000 kg
• Light- 7000 kg or less
Arriving
• Leading heavy and following Medium-2min
• Leading Medium or heavy and following Light-3min
Departure
• Leading Heavy and following Light or medium-2 min
• Leading Medium and following Light-2min
Departure from
intermediate
part of runway
• Leading Heavy and following Light or medium-3 min
• Leading Medium and following Light-3min
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23. Continued…
Arrival and departure
with displaced
Threshold
• Heavy arrival and light or medium
departure- 2 min
• Medium arrival and light departure- 2
min
• Heavy Departure and light or
medium arrival- 2 min
• Medium departure and light arrival- 2
min
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