A Systematic Literature Review For Human-Computer Interaction And Design Thinking Process Integration

A Systematic Literature Review
for Human-Computer Interaction and Design
Thinking Process Integration
Hye Park(&)
and Seda McKilligan
Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
{hjpark,seda}@iastate.edu
Abstract. Human-computer interaction (HCI) has been challenged in recent
years because of advanced technology requiring adoption of new applications
and investigations of connection with other disciplines, to enhance its theoretical
knowledge. Design thinking (DT), an innovative and creative problem solving
process, provides potential answers to the kind of knowledge and techniques
designers can bring into HCI. This paper reports a systematic review of com-
parison between HCI design process and DT process. A total of 72
peer-reviewed research papers were reviewed published between 1972 and 2017
towards answering the following question: How do HCI and DT processes
overlap, differ, and can learn from each other? Synthesizing the findings
revealed a description and taxonomy of the variations, success factors, and
practices between the two problem solving processes. The review highlights
shared process phases with different goals in each suggesting that the two
domains could complement each other in various ways, for applications in
academia and industry.
Keywords: Human-computer interaction Design thinking
Systematic review
1 Introduction
Human-computer interaction (HCI) has been considered as computer-related
cross-disciplinary domain that is strongly associated with design for information,
interaction, and communication and technology [6, 16, 25, 26, 42, 51, 62]. Researchers
in HCI are frequently involved in designing research prototypes based on theories from
the cognitive and social sciences, anthropology, and sociology in addition to computer
science. They equally focus on HCI research [25] and the analytic approaches and
techniques in design practice [6, 7, 29, 60]. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding
the nature of design processes involved in this influential field and the role of design
and design thinking in HCI research and practice.
HCI education and practice have been facing many challenges triggered by the
rapid advancement of technology [17]. Fast changing interface and interaction systems
require new processes that allow for rapidly developed designs, evaluations, and
interaction strategies facilitating efficient and unique user interactions with computer
systems [65]. This emphasizes the continuous change that the HCI discipline has to go
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
A. Marcus and W. Wang (Eds.): DUXU 2018, LNCS 10918, pp. 725–740, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91797-9_50

through to adopt the challenge of ‘speed’ [17, 32]. How can HCI design process be
morphed into a more flexible process allowing for creative design explorations, in a
rapid manner? One approach to address this question might be an integration with a
process valued for its effective problem-solution exploration [14, 21, 27, 52, 61]:
Design thinking.
Design thinking (DT) has gained increased interest in the past decade [12, 38, 47, 48].
According to Brown [10], DT is a “human-centered, creative, iterative, and practical
approach to ﬁnding the best ideas and ultimate solutions” with innovative activities,
proving itself as an effective strategy for organizational changes [10]. These character-
istics allow DT to be used widely in diverse contexts [44, 45, 49, 57] as well as creating
and making choices [49]. Also, DT allows involving various disciplines to address
complex problems and enhance user experience [8, 46, 69] emphasizing human
values [16].
This paper describes a systematic literature review conducted on potential DT and
HCI process integration. The objective of this review is to focus on where the varia-
tions between the two processes exist and why, with the goal of proposing how these
variations could be translated and transformed into each other. This work provides a
considerable body of literature that is of great potential importance to design research in
both HCI and other design domains. The research questions are: (1) How do HCI and
DT design processes overlap? (2) How does the HCI design process differ from DT
design process? and (3) What are the lessons HCI and DT could learn from each other’s
processes?
2 Human-Computer Interaction Process
HCI is concerned with methods and tools for the development of human-computer
interfaces, assessing the usability of computer systems [56] and with broader
human-centric issues including how people interact with computers [19]. It is based on
theories about how humans process information and interact with technology and other
people in social contexts where computers are used, placing HCI designers at the heart
of a system interaction between human and machine [31, 37]. This interaction also
brings design knowledge into the context, such as visual hierarchy, color, and
typography [71].
Fig. 1. HCI design process [19].
726 H. Park and S. McKilligan

The first step in the HCI process, what is wanted, focuses on investigating user’s
needs and their lifestyles to provide insights on how the HCI designers can generate
interactive solutions to match the user’s needs [19, 62]. Some suggested tools for this
exploration phase are interviewing the user, recording the user’s behavior, observing
user’s world directly, and analyzing existing documents [19].
Analysis step emphasizes synthesizing the main issues coming from the first step
and provides directions to the next step, design [19]. The main goal of this phase is to
solve problems while bringing usability factors and practices into the process [19]. As
designers’ progress towards the goal of the ideal solution, they develop prototypes to
analyze the quality of their solutions using guidelines such as Shneiderman’s eight
golden rules, guidelines like heuristics, and Norman’s seven and Nielsen’s 10 design
principles. These guidelines are used to enhance the solution’s usability and interaction
with the targeted users [19]. Paper-based designs, storyboards, video presentation, and
cardboard mockup are created as early forms of prototypes [19, 62]. Next step is
integrating physical device and software where HCI researchers rely on guidelines to
assess design violations while users interact with the solutions in their own environ-
ment [19]. Prototypes are often treated as restricted presentations of a design and used
for testing the solutions effectiveness with the users [62]. This design evaluation phase
helps the HCI designers to find problems and gives them an opportunity to address it in
early steps of development [19]. Once the prototype is proven to be effective and
functional, the design is implemented and deployed to market [19].
3 Design Thinking Process
Design thinking (DT) offers a systematic, exciting direction for creative problem
solution, by integrating human, business and technical factors [11, 16, 22, 23, 58] with
a focus on building innovative solutions relying on user-centered perspective
[9, 10, 52, 65, 67]. An increasing number of companies and institutions, from industry
giants like IBM to startups like Airbnb, have adopted this user-centric innovation
method, along with accompanying mindsets and toolkits.
Design thinking originated from processes used by designers, such as user
understanding and user experience. In recent years, its application has been extended to
address wider problems – ways for companies and other groups to identify new
strategic directions, innovate new service possibilities, or implement procedural
change. DT has a non-linear process steps with iterative loops [9, 20, 35, 55, 67], and
each step includes various tools that achieve each goal [55, 67]. Although these
principles, perspectives and general outline of the process are similar across different
visual representations, because DT adopts Simon’s [63] model widely [35], specific
steps including tools might differ [9, 21, 35, 54, 68].
Design thinking rests on defining different stages of innovation - discovering and
describing problems via processes to connect with users and frame challenges. This
inspiration evolves into stages of ideation and prototyping; opportunities for solution
A Systematic Literature Review for HCI and DT Process Integration 727

can then be tested and refined, to result in final implementation. Five-steps including
empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test introduced by the Hasso-Plattner Institute
of Design at Stanford (d.school) [55]. Empathy is the key principle for this process as it
builds on understanding users, their needs, motivations, emotions, and experiences
[35, 50, 55, 68], through observations and contextual inquiries [35] and interviewing
activities [50].
The aim of define step is to generate meaningful problem statements [55] based on
the information and insights gathered and built through the empathize stage, and
analyzed and framed to reflect the objective [35, 50]. The ideate step is often referred to
as the “creative” step [68] where many alternative ideas are generated [9] through
brainstorming, brainwriting, and visualization activities [35, 68].
Generated ideas (solutions) are then transferred into quick prototypes [50, 68]. This
step is an experimental phase, and to goal is to investigate what works and doesn’t
work to inform the ideate phase once again [50]. Through inexpensive or downscaled
versions of the prototypes [10, 35, 55] designers derive useful feedback [55]. Proto-
types can take various forms, such as videos, role-playing activities, post-it notes, or
storyboards to communicate the message to the user, to observe their interaction with
the proposed solutions in different ways and to refine the solutions [35, 55].
In the test step, real users evaluate the prototypes and provide feedback about why
the prototype is satisfactory and not satisfactory [50, 68]. This is another chance to
understand users and improve provided solutions [5, 55]. These feedback loops allow
designers to go back to previous steps [68]. Design thinking, in nature, is iterative,
rather than a linear process. Although these five steps are practiced; the order changes
based on the context of the problem and in many cases designers go back to collecting
additional insights or reframing their problem statements based on what they observe in
the interaction with the prototypes. In this paper, our goal is to describe specific
features practiced in the two user-centered design processes and identify the touch-
points they can interact and complement.
Fig. 2. Design thinking process [55].

4 Research Methodology
The role of systematic review is to investigate, evaluate, and interpret all potential
researches related to specific research questions, interests, or themes [40]. Our approach
for a systematic review in HCI and DT processes was informed by the three stages
suggested by Kitchenham [40]: (1) planning, (2) execution and (3) results analysis.
This review was conducted by a researcher with a background in visual design and
HCI, with input from a design thinking researcher.
4.1 Planning
As stated previously, the review focused on the how the human-computer interaction
design process was practiced compared to the design thinking process. Only studies
focusing on these two topics were included. In the initial ‘planning’ phase, we
reviewed 14 articles that focused on systematic literature review of concepts close to
HCI and DT, including engineering design, design education, and interaction design.
Our goal with this phase was to identify the selection and exclusion criteria commonly
that would be most suitable for our purposes of a comparative review analysis. Table 1
shows the synthesis of this review process, each paper’s extraction criteria, keywords
used for inclusion, number of papers reviewed, and process of finding the papers.
Table 1. Reviewed papers.
Author(s) Discipline(s)
reviewed
Keywords used to identify papers
for review
Number
of
papers
reviewed
Process of finding the papers
Agrawal et al.
[2]
HCI and IS HCI, computer-mediated
communication, and literature
review
32 EBSCO and publisher databases
were used with keyword search to
identify appropriate papers
Akoumianakis
and
Stephanidis [3]
HCI and universal
design
Namely, guidelines, user interface
development frameworks and
architectures, user interface
software technologies, and support
actions
N/A N/A
Aryana and
Øritsland [4]
HCI and science Culture, mobile HCI, design, and
review
40 Concept-matrix, which make
category with presented concepts
of papers was used
Baines et al.
[5]
Lean, product
design,
engineering, and
development
Lean, new product development,
review, and design
24 Keywords and phrases search
were used, and then reviewed
every article
Carter et al.
[13]
HCI and
player-computer
interaction (PCI)
HCI, game studies, and paradigms 178 Open and axial coding processes
were used to examine number of
papers with PCI domain. Then,
focused on discovered papers’
methodological and conceptual
approaches introduced at CHI
conference
(continued)

The 14 reviewed papers demonstrated that HCI and DT have been adopted in
various disciplines particularly in designing games, products, systems and other user
experiences. Additionally, the articles guided us in exploring strategies to ﬁnd and
analyze relevant papers in literature; the reviewed articles used similar processes where
majority of them adopted “keywords search” to search for papers and applied sys-
tematic review method for analysis articles. Therefore, our search strategy and article
selection process replicated the 14 publications we reviewed, following a “keywords
search” methodology [2, 5, 13, 38, 70].
Table 1. (continued)
Author(s) Discipline(s)
reviewed
Keywords used to identify papers
for review
Number
of
papers
reviewed
Process of ﬁnding the papers
de Almeida
Neris et al.
[18]
Sustainability and
HCI
Sustainability, systematic review,
and HCI
51 Systematic review was applied to
discover relative papers of a
research question
Eng et al. [24] Engineering design Hypermedia, graph, diagram,
complexity, design flow, and
visual literacy
N/A Qualitative perspective with
mixed methods like observation
and interview was considered to
gather relative papers
Hayes and
Games [30]
Computer
software, computer
games, education,
and design
thinking
Video games, learning, thinking,
game design, and software
N/A N/A
Insfran and
Fernandez [34]
Usability
evaluation
Usability evaluation methods, web
development, and systematic
review
research question
Johansson‐
Sköldberg
et al. [38]
Design thinking Design thinking, design, and
thinking
168 Keyword search was used to
collect papers. Then, organized
papers with list: academic and
practitioner journal articles,
refereed conference papers
associated with DT. Frequently
mentioned papers were also
considered
Kjeldskov and
Paay [41]
HCI and
interaction design
Research methods, research
purpose literature survey,
introductory and survey, design,
and human factors
55 The literature survey method was
adopted
Li [43] HCI Affective state assessment, user
modeling, intelligent assistance,
and HCI
N/A N/A
Rosli et al. [59] HCI and
interaction design
Interaction design, design issues,
and HCI
32 Coding process including content
analysis process, words, concepts,
themes, phrases, characters or
sentences were applied
Ugras et al.
[70]
Usability and
website
Usability, user experience,
website, systematic review,
research trends, and web design
research question. keyword
search was used to collect papers

4.2 Execution
Literature was initially gathered through searches of major design, engineering, and
computer science databases (e.g., ACM Digital Library, Technology Research Data-
base) conducted between September 5, 2017 and December 5, 2017. Search terms are
presented are presented below. Table 1 shows the eligibility assessment of the chosen
articles against four inclusion criteria.
• HCI/ Human-Computer Interaction and Design thinking;
• HCI/ Human-Computer Interaction and Design thinking review;
• HCI/ Human-Computer Interaction review;
• Design thinking review;
• HCI/ Human-Computer Interaction design process;
• Design thinking process;
• Design process;
• Comparison of HCI/ Human-Computer Interaction and Design thinking process.
Articles included in the review are denoted with * in the reference list at the end of
the paper. Key characteristics of the articles are summarized below:
• The oldest article was published in 1972, and the newest in 2017. Seventy-eight
percent of the reviewed articles were published in the last 10 years.
• The rate of HCI related papers were 46% and DT related articles were 51% for this
study.
• Half of HCI papers (61%) were focused on design research and practice, and
Majority of DT articles (92%) reporting the design thinking process and its impact
and value were published in the last 30 years.
• Only 5.5% of studies focused on both HCI and DT in the last 10 years.
• Eighteen percent of the articles reported studies on process either HCI or DT.
In total, 72 papers published between 1972 and 2017 were considered in this study.
Our major journal resources included Design Studies, Design Issues, and Computers in
Human Behavior. We also included HCII and CHI papers, which are well-known
international conferences in the HCI domain. In this study, 22 published journals, 26
peer-reviewed conference papers, 15 books, 3 magazine articles, 5 articles from design
and HCI research organizations, and 1 technical report were involved. In results
analysis phase, 72 studies were reviewed again and categorized based on their major
themes or issues.
Table 2. Inclusion criteria.
No. Criteria
1 Article must be published in English
2 If a conference paper, article must be published in 10 years
3 Article must report original research
4 Article must focus on HCI, DT, engineering design, interaction design, design
approaches, or user-centered design
5 Article must either focus on processes of HCI, or DT, or both

4.3 Results Analysis
Collectively, articles were found to reflect on design viewpoints on the nature of design
processes taking place in the two domains: engineering, design, education, healthcare,
etc.
Understanding of HCI design process is critical as it is becoming core aspect of
system development process to improve and enhance systems and to satisfy users’
needs and necessities. Having a clarity about this process will likely allow the stake-
holders to be on the same page regarding the criteria to follow and the setting the
expected outcomes from the HCI design team. Table 3 presents HCI process steps and
the keywords used to define each phase, from the paper reviewed in this study. A de-
scription and taxonomy of the variations, success factors, and practices were reported.
Some process models are focused on engineering design [14, 64] whereas others’
emphasis is more on interaction design [62], and user-centered design process.
Table 3. A comparison of HCI design process models.
Models Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
Cross [15] Exploration Generation Evaluation Communication
Dix et al.
[19]
What is wanted
(requirements)
• Find out what is
currently happening
• Interviewing
• Videotaping
• Looking at
documents,
objects that they
work with
• Observing directly
Analysis
• The result of
observation and
interview
• Scenarios
• Rich stories of
interaction
Design
• Rules
• Guidelines
• Design
principles
• Modeling and
describing
interaction
Prototype
• Evaluate design
Implement
deploy
• Writing code
• Making hardware
• Writing
documentation
and manuals
ISO
9241-210
[36]
Identifying the need
• System must
encompass the
specified: functional,
organizational,
and user
requirements
Observe analysis
• Understand and
specify the user
context
Design
• Specify the
user
requirements
Prototype
• Produce design
solutions to
meet user
requirements
User feedback
• Evaluate designs
against
requirements
Sharp
et al. [62]
Identifying needs
establishing
requirements
for the UX
Developing alternative
designs that meet those
requirements
Building
interactive
versions of the
designs so that
they can be
communicated
and assessed
Evaluating what
is being built
throughout the
process and the
user experience it
offers
Tayal [64] Understand the need
• Detecting problem
• Understanding
project requirements
• Detecting limitations
• Understanding users
• Establishing goal
• Gathering
information
and conducting
research
• Involving people
from different
backgrounds
Imagine
• Brainstorming
• Being creative
• Investigating existing
technologies and
methods to use
• Exploring, comparing,
and analyzing possible
solutions
Select a design
• Selecting the
most promising
idea
Plan
• Planning for how
to evaluate,
analysis, and test
Create
• Building a
prototype and
test
• Analyzing and
finding what
could be
improved
Improve
• Revision
• Iteration

There were notable findings from the six models in Table 1. The models suggested
to understand requirements, generate designs that reach the requirements, and evaluate
selected design. These commonalities among the models emphasizes designing com-
puter systems that support people so that they can carry out their activities productively
and safely, and understanding and creating software and other technology that people
will want to use, will be able to use, and will find effective when used [37]. In other
words, HCI process supports users in terms of achieving their goals successfully [37].
Although the process titles across the models vary, when looked at the descriptions and
key purposes, the objective to achieve in each step were alike.
Table 4 shows the eight models commonly referred to in the literature when DT
process was applied or described. Some models grouped several steps [1, 10, 50]
instead of listing all phases, but the basic purposes and concept of steps were the same.
The eight models demonstrated that DT not only focuses on user-centeredness through
understanding users with empathy but also pursues possible solutions with creative and
Table 4. A comparison of design thinking process models.
Models Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Adams
and
Nash [1]
Empathize define
• Understanding users
Ideate
• Brainstorming
Prototype
• Building and testing
Brown
[10]
Inspiration
• Problem framing
• Contextual observations
• Involves diverse disciplines
Ideate
• Sketches
• Scenarios
• Involving customers
• Prototype
• Test
Implementation
• Spread across the world
Culén
[17]
Empathy/context Define Ideate Prototype Evaluate
Dam and
Siang
[35]
Empathize
• Empathic
understanding of
the problem
• Observing
Define
• Defining the
problem
• Synthesizing
observations
Ideate
• Brainstorming
• Brainwriting
Prototype
• Adopting a
hands-on approach
in prototyping
Test
• Developing a
prototype/solution to
the problem
Gibbons
[50]
Understand (empathize define)
• Developing knowledge
• Talking with users
• Observing users
Explore (ideate prototype)
• Brainstorming
• Creative ideas
Materialize (test implement)
• Transform an aspect of the end user’s life
IDEO (n.
d.) [33]
Gather inspiration
• Discovering what people really need
Generate ideas
• Push past obvious solutions
Make ideas
tangible
• Build rough
prototypes
Share the story
• Craft a human story
to inspire others
toward action
Pandey
[53]
Problem
identification
Problem
context discovery
• Ecosystem
mapping
• Design
ethnography
Synthesis
• Affinity mapping (grouping data)
Ideation
• Sketching
Prototype
• Storyboarding
• Rapid prototyping
Plattner
[55]
Empathize
• Observing
• Engaging
• Watching and
listening
Define
• Provide focus and
frames the problem
• Inspire team
• Inform criteria for
evaluating
competing ideas
Ideate
• Generate the broadest range of
possibilities
• Step beyond obvious solutions and
thus increase the innovation potential
of solution set
• Uncover unexpected areas of
exploration
Prototype
• Build to think and
test to learn
• To ideate and
problem-solve
• Communicate
and conversation
• Fail quickly and
cheaply
Test
• Refine prototypes and
solutions
• Refine point-of-view

innovative approaches. Creative design activities like abstraction laddering, mapping
techniques including journey mapping and concept mapping, low-fidelity prototyping
and various visualization and communication techniques were suggested to generate
and explore solutions. Although only three models [10, 33, 50] described Implement
phase, they highlighted the importance of translating ideas (solutions) into the user’s
world, successfully (Fig. 1), (Table 2).
5 Commonalities, Differences, and Lessons Between HCI
and DT Processes
We detailed the results of the systematic review analysis regarding our three research
questions, as follows. The notable findings from the result were reported in Table 5.
Overall, the two processes showed similarities to discover and solve the problem
with iterative process. Particularly, prototype phase presented the same purpose to
change idea (solution) into interactive systems. Although there are commonalities, the
two domains illustrated dissimilarities that HCI and DT processes pursued different
perspectives to approach their goals in each phase excepting prototype. Commonalities
and differences of two processes showed potential possibilities to integrate and support
each other (Fig. 2).
Table 5. Commonalities, differences, and lessons between HCI and DT processes.
HCI DT
Commonalities • Similar concepts and principles in each step: understanding users with
observing and interviewing techniques, defining issues from analysis,
designing/generating ideas (solutions), prototyping, and testing
• Iterative process
• Purpose of prototype
Differences • Understanding users as
requirements
• Analysis for further interpretation
• Design with rules, guidelines, design
principles
• Implementation for ‘real’ system
• Understanding users with empathy
• Define for interpretation of insights
gathered from users
• Ideation with creative design
activities
• Implementation (testing) for
translating the solution into user’s
life
Lessons • Potential to learn DT’s empathy
• Potential to learn DT’s design
ethnography and mapping
technology to detect issues and
context
• Potential to learn DT’s design
activities to generate creative
solutions
• Potential to learn DT’s holistic
approach
• Potential to learn HCI’s systematic
ideation steps through rules,
guidelines, and principles

5.1 How Do HCI and DT Design Processes Overlap?
HCI design and DT processes shared similar goals and steps in their processes:
understanding and observing users to determine problems, ideation, and prototyping
and testing as well as pursuing iteration process for refining ideas [16, 72]. Figure 3
presents a visualized diagram of the steps that are involved in overlapped HCI and DT
processes. Although HCI and DT’s concepts of the first step were different, recom-
mended techniques were rather close to each other: observing users directly and
indirectly, conducting field studies, interviewing, video-recording to understand users,
discovering user’s needs, developing relevant knowledge, and detecting problems
[10, 19, 33, 35, 50, 55].
Particularly, the prototype step targeted the same objective for both HCI and DT:
transferring ideas or concept solutions into tangible forms [33]. The major goal of
prototype is to discover the best ideas that can be a solution of problem and respond to
the users’ needs through evaluating a design [19, 35]. Early prototyping is achieved
through inexpensive and simple materials to communicate the concept [10, 19, 35, 55]
then, software version was considered if it is necessary [19].
5.2 How Does the HCI Design Process Differ from DT Design Process?
Although overall processes of HCI and DT showed similarities, each step described
different principles. The first phase in HCI process is often referred to as the process to
understand users as requirements [19, 62]. However, DT process stressed building
empathy with the users, rather than using the knowledge built to create requirements to
inform the rest of the process [1, 17, 35, 50, 55]. The second step of HCI is analysis
[19, 62] while this phase is often referred to as define in DT process [1, 17, 35, 50, 55].
Although first phases function alike, analysis is described as detailed examination of
the elements as a basis for further interpretation, whereas define phase includes problem
framing-structuring-iterating activities in order to interpret the insights gathered from
the user.
Fig. 3. Overlapped HCI and DT processes.

HCI used term design as the third step, which can be considered as a main stage to
move from what is wanted to how to do it [19]. To build interactive design, HCI as a
profession requires to follow rules and guidelines, including Shneiderman’s eight
golden rules, Norman’s seven and Nielsen’s 10 design principles, and heuristics [19].
On the other hand, DT uses the term ideate [1, 10, 35, 50, 53] which facilitates design
iterations encouraging to search for possible solutions through creative design thinking
tools to explore the solution space in full capacity [1, 10, 35, 50, 53, 55]. Prototype step
did not show any differences between the two domains.
The last step, implementation, in HCI calls for preparing code, hardware, and
relevant documents and manuals that’d go into a ‘real’ system [19]. DT refers to this
phase as testing for transforming the design solution to user’s life (human) [50] through
marketplace [10]. In summary, although the process steps are very much alike between
the two domains, the emphasis for HCI process is on analyzing, evaluating and testing
the solutions, DT process relies heavily on users’ perceptions of the artefact through
deep observation and inquiries [10] with holistic view and innovative approaches
[16, 52, 65, 72].
5.3 What Are the Lessons HCI and DT Could Learn from Each Other’s
Process?
HCI and DT’s similar and different process (see Fig. 3) perspectives allow to integrate
and support each other. As an initial step of what is wanted, empathize, and define from
HCI and DT process share the similar techniques such as interviewing and observing
[19, 35, 50, 55] to understand their target users and current problems. However, they
have different concepts to study their users. This gap can provide opportunity to
support each other. HCI can learn from DT as it places the user in the center and
heavily relies on building empathy. Since empathy can bring creative ideas and input
various experiences into different user groups, it would support HCI design, which
focuses on collecting data as requirement [39] to have creative approach.
Analysis step of HCI would be interrelated with define step as well. The role of
analysis in HCI and define in DT is to analyze the result of user observations and
interviews and other contextual data gathered to define and discover insights and the
issues [19, 35, 53, 55] to understand user group. Analysis in HCI can learn from DT’s
focus on design ethnography and mapping technology [53] discovering problems and
context, method of encouraging and inspiring teams, and building criteria for selecting
best ideas to evaluate [55].
Design phase of HCI and ideate stage of DT could easily be morphed into each
other. Design phase in HCI requires following the principles and guidelines that are
standardized for HCI process across diverse practitioners [19]. Whereas ideate phase in
DT doesn’t follow guidelines; however, it focuses on exploring the solution space in
depth while generating many alternatives as potential solutions to the problem at hand,
without evaluating [55]. In this scenario, the design phase in HCI could practice similar
creative approaches with the goal of generating diverse solutions instead of heavily
relying on principles and standards, and DT could practice systematic ideation steps
and potentially explore principles to follow for certain design cases, through adopting
guidelines and standards.

For the overall design process, HCI and DT considered different aspects to solve
problems. DT’s non-linear process allows to refine diverse set of concepts [72] while
promoting innovativeness [16]. In addition, the holistic approach of DT offers possi-
bilities to generate several potential solutions with broad perspectives in different ways,
whereas non-holistic aspect of HCI is restricted to generate solutions in various
viewpoints [65, 66]. These different perspectives can encourage HCI to learn DT’s
innovative non-linear process-oriented method with holistic approach [9, 10, 20, 35,
52, 55, 65, 67] to enhance entire HCI design process.
6 Conclusion
Human-computer interaction, as a discipline, addresses human-centeredness and col-
laboration of cross-disciplinary fields [6, 16, 25, 26, 42, 51, 62] to understand users and
contextual use of solutions [16, 62]. However, rapidly changing technology generates
challenges to HCI practice such as fail to introduce updated design for new product
[16, 17, 28]. Design Thinking process has been widely used as an innovative and
user-oriented approach [9, 10, 67] to solve wicked problems with many diverse
applications [11, 12, 16, 38, 58]. Overall, HCI and DT shared similar steps with
iterative process: understanding and observing users to determine problems,
designing/ideation, prototyping and testing. However, each step has specific principles,
determining the tools to use, and the goals to achieve. HCI requires understanding users
to build requirements, applying design rules and principles for design, and focuses
largely on designing software. On the contrary, DT highlights building empathy to
understand users, design activities to generate ideas/solutions, and encourages the
solutions to be translated into user’s life. This study suggests that although the two
disciplines follows alike procedures, there are lessons each can take and apply from the
other.
References
1. Adams, C., Nash, J.B.: Exploring design thinking practices in evaluation. J. Multi. Eval. 12
(26), 12–17 (2016). *
2. Agrawal, A., Boese, M.J., Sarker, S.: A review of the HCI literature in IS: the missing links
of computer-mediated communication, culture, and interaction. In: AMCIS, p. 523 (2010). *
3. Akoumianakis, D., Stephanidis, C.: Universal design in HCI: a critical review of current
research and practice. In: Engineering and Construction, p. 754 (1989)
4. Aryana, B., Øritsland, T.A.: Culture and mobile HCI: a review. In: Norddesign 2010
Conference, pp. 217–226 (2010). *
5. Baines, T., Lightfoot, H., Williams, G.M., Greenough, R.: State-of-the-art in lean design
engineering: a literature review on white collar lean. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng.
Manuf. 220(9), 1539–1547 (2006). *
6. Bellotti, V., Shum, S.B., MacLean, A., Hammond, N.: Multidisciplinary modelling in HCI
design… in theory and in practice. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 146–153. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
(1995). *

7. Bellotti, V.: Implications of current design practice for the use of HCI techniques. In:
Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society on People and
Computers IV, pp. 13–34. Cambridge University Press (1988). *
8. Brooks, F.P.: The Design of Design: Essays from A Computer Scientist. Person Education,
London (2010)
9. Brown, T.: Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and
Inspires Innovation. Harper Business, New York (2009). *
10. Brown, T.: Harvard Business Review: Design Thinking. Harvard Business School
Publishing Corporation, vol. 86, pp. 84–92 (2008). *
11. Buchanan, R.: Wicked problems in design thinking. Des. Issues 8(2), 5–21 (1992). *
12. Carlgren, L.: Design thinking in innovation, in practice: the case of Kaiser Permanente. In:
EURAM Conference Proceedings. European Academy of Management (2016). *
13. Carter, M., Downs, J., Nansen, B., Harrop, M., Gibbs, M.: Paradigms of games research in
HCI: a review of 10 years of research at CHI. In: Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCHI
Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, pp. 27–36. ACM (2014). *
14. Cross, N.: Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work. Berg, New
York (2011). *
15. Cross, N.: Engineering Design Methods Strategies for Product Design. Wiley, Chichester
(2000). *
16. Culén, A.L., Følstad, A.: Innovation in HCI: what can we learn from design thinking?. In:
Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast,
Foundational, pp. 849–852. ACM (2014). *
17. Culén, A.L.: HCI education: innovation, creativity and design thinking. In: International
Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp. 125–130 (2015). *
18. de Almeida Neris, V.P., da Hora Rodrigues, K.R., Lima, R.F.: A systematic review of
sustainability and aspects of human-computer interaction. In: Kurosu, M. (ed.) HCI 2014.
LNCS, vol. 8512, pp. 742–753. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
07227-2_71. *
19. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G.D., Beale, R.: Human-Computer Interaction. Pearson Prentice,
New York (2004). *
20. Dorst, K.: Frame Innovation: Create New Thinking by Design. The MIT Press, Cambridge
(2015). *
21. Dorst, K.: The nature of design thinking. In: Paper Presented at the 8th Design Thinking
Research Symposium (DTRS8) (2010). *
22. Dunne, D., Martin, R.: Design thinking and how it will change management education: an
interview and discussion. Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 5(4), 512–523 (2006). *
23. Efeoglu, A., Møller, C., Sérié, M., Boer, H.: Design thinking: characteristics and promises.
In: 14th International CINet Conference on Business Development and Co-creation,
pp. 241–256 (2013). *
24. Eng, N.L., Bracewell, R. H., Clarkson, P.J.: Concept diagramming software for engineering
design support: a review and synthesis of studies. In: ASME 2009 International Design
Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering
Conference, pp. 1221–1234. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2009). *
25. Fallman, D.: Design-oriented human-computer interaction. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 225–232. ACM (2003). *
26. Giacominc, J.: What Is Human Centred Design? Des. J. 17(4), 606–623 (2014)
27. Gray, C.M., Seifert, C.M., Yilmaz, S., Daly, S.R., Gonzalez, R.: What is the context of
“Design Thinking”? Design Heuristics as conceptual repertoire. Int. J. Eng. Educ. 32(2)
(2015). *

28. Greenberg, S., Buxton, B.: Usability evaluation considered harmful (some of the time), In:
CHI 2008, pp. 111–120. ACM, New York (2008)
29. Gugerty, L.: The use of analytical models in human-computer-interface design. Int.
J. Man-Mach. Stud. 38(4), 625–660 (1993)
30. Hayes, E.R., Games, I.A.: Making computer games and design thinking: a review of current
software and strategies. Games Cult. 3(3-4), 309–332 (2008). *
31. Head, A.J.: Design Wise. Thomas H Hogan Sr, Medford (1999)
32. Hornbæk, K.: Current practice in measuring usability: challenges to usability studies and
research. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 64(2), 79–102 (2006)
33. IDEOU Homepage. https://www.ideou.com/pages/design-thinking. Accessed 08 Feb 2018. *
34. Insfran, E., Fernandez, A.: A systematic review of usability evaluation in web development.
In: Hartmann, S., Zhou, X., Kirchberg, M. (eds.) WISE 2008. LNCS, vol. 5176, pp. 81–91.
Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85200-1_10. *
35. Interaction Design Foundation Homepage. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/
article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process. Accessed 08 Feb 2018. *
36. ISO 9241-210: Ergonomics of human-system interaction - part 210: human-centered design
for interactive systems, p. 32. International Organization for Standardization (2010). *
37. Issa, T., Isaias, P.: Usability and human computer interaction (HCI). Sustainable Design,
pp. 19–36. Springer, London (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6753-2_2
38. Johansson Sköldberg, U., Woodilla, J., Çetinkaya, M.: Design thinking: past, present and
possible futures. Creat. Innov. Manag. 22(2), 121–146 (2013). *
39. Karahasanović, A., Culén, A.L.: Can HCI education beneﬁt from design thinking? In:
NordiCHI 2014 Workshop Innovation in HCI: What Can We Learn from Design Thinking?
Helsinki, Finland (2004). *
40. Kitchenham, B.: Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University, Keele,
UK, vol. 33, pp. 1–26 – Technical report (2004)
41. Kjeldskov, J., Paay, J.: A longitudinal review of mobile HCI research methods. In:
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with
Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 69–78. ACM (2012). *
42. Binder, T., Löwgren, J., Malmborg, L.: Karri Kuutti. In: Binder, T., Löwgren, J., Malmborg,
L. (eds.) (Re)Searching The Digital Bauhaus. HCIS. Springer, London (2009). https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-1-84800-350-7_3. *
43. Li, X.: Integrating user affective state assessment in enhancing HCI: review and proposition.
Open Cyber. Syst. J. 2, 192–205 (2008). *
44. Liedtka, J., Azer, D., Salzman, R.: Design Thinking for the Greater Good: Innovation in the
Social Sector. Columbia University Press, New York City (2017). *
45. Lin, T.S., Yi, M.-Z.: The categorization of document for design thinking. In: Marcus, A.,
Wang, W. (eds.) DUXU 2017. LNCS, vol. 10288, pp. 100–113. Springer, Cham (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58634-2_8. *
46. Martin, R.L.: The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking is the Next Competitive
Advantage. Harvard Business Press, Boston (2009). *
47. McKilligan, S., Dhadphale, T., Ringholz, D.: Speed dating with design thinking. In: Paper
Presented at the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference,
Cincinnati, OH (2017). *
48. McKilligan, S., Fila, N., Rover, D., Mina, M.: Insights on using design thinking as a process
to changing pedagogical practices in engineering. In: Paper Presented at the Frontiers in
Education, Indianapolis, IN (2017). *
49. Mulder, I.: A pedagogical framework and a transdisciplinary design approach to innovate
HCI education. IxDA 27, 115–128 (2015). *

50. Nielsen Norman Group Homepage. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking.
Accessed 08 Feb 2018. *
51. Norman, D.A., Verganti, R.: Incremental and radical innovation: Design research vs.
technology and meaning change. Des. Issues 30(1), 78–96 (2014). *
52. Owen, C.: Design thinking: notes on its nature and use. Des. Res. Q. 2(1), 16–27 (2007). *
53. Pandey, S.: Proto design practice: translating design thinking practices to organizational
settings. IxDA 27, 129–158 (2015). *
54. Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L.: Design Thinking. Springer, Berlin (2011). https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-642-13757-0. *
55. Plattner, H.: An introduction to design thinking process guide. The Institute of Design at
Stanford, Stanford (2010). *
56. Preece, J., Rombach, H.D.: A taxonomy for combining software engineering and
human-computer interaction measurement approaches: towards a common framework. Int.
J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 41(4), 553–583 (1994)
57. Razzouk, R., Shute, V.: What is design thinking and why is it important? Rev. Educ. Res. 82
(3), 330–348 (2012). *
58. Rittel, H.: On the planning crisis: systems analysis of the ‘ﬁrst and second generations’.
Bedriftskonomen 8, 390–396 (1972)
59. Rosli, D.I., Alias, R.A., Rahman, A.A.: Interaction design issues: a literature review. In:
2010 International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr), pp. 133–138.
IEEE (2010). *
60. Rosson, M.B., Kellogg, W., Maass, S.: The designer as user: building requirements for
design tools from design practice. Commun. ACM 31(11), 1288–1298 (1988)
61. Rowe, P.: Design Thinking. MIT Press, Cambridge (1987)
62. Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., Preece, J.: Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction,
2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken (2007). *
63. Simon, H.A.: The Sciences of the Artiﬁcial. MIT press, Cambridge (1996)
64. Tayal, S.P.: Engineering design process. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Commun. Eng. 1–5 (2013)
65. Thies, A., Ljungblad, S., Claesson, I.S.: Beyond ICT: how industrial design could contribute
to HCI research. Swed. Des. Res. J. 13(1), 22–29 (2015)
66. Thies, A.: On the value of design thinking for innovation in complex contexts: a case from
healthcare. IxDA 27, 159–171 (2015). *
67. Thoring, K., Müller, R.M.: Understanding design thinking: a process model based on
method engineering. In: DS 69: Proceedings of EPDE 2011, The 13th International
Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, London, UK, 08–09 September
2011 (2011a). *
68. Thoring, K., Müller, R.M.: Understanding the creative mechanisms of design thinking: an
evolutionary approach. In: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and
Innovation in Design, pp. 137–147. ACM (2011b). *
69. Uehira, T., Kay, C.: Using design thinking to improve patient experiences in Japanese
hospitals: a case study. J. Bus. Strategy 30(2), 6–12 (2009). *
70. Ugras, T., Gülseçen, S., Çubukçu, C., İli Erdoğmuş, İ., Gashi, V., Bedir, M.: Research trends
in web site usability: a systematic review. In: Marcus, A. (ed.) DUXU 2016. LNCS, vol.
9746, pp. 517–528. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40409-7_49
71. Wright, P., Blythe, M., McCarthy, J.: User experience and the idea of design in HCI. In:
Gilroy, S.W., Harrison, M.D. (eds.) DSV-IS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3941, pp. 1–14. Springer,
Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11752707_1
72. Zimmerman, J., Forlizzi, J., Evenson, S.: Research through design as a method for
interaction design research in HCI. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 493–502. ACM (2007)

A Systematic Literature Review For Human-Computer Interaction And Design Thinking Process Integration

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to A Systematic Literature Review For Human-Computer Interaction And Design Thinking Process Integration

Similar to A Systematic Literature Review For Human-Computer Interaction And Design Thinking Process Integration (20)

More from Amy Roman

More from Amy Roman (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A Systematic Literature Review For Human-Computer Interaction And Design Thinking Process Integration