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1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
Master of Architecture
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY II (ARC71003)
Project 2 : Service Core Optimal Proposal (Individual)
Student Name: Heng Sy Hua
Student ID: 0321999
2. CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION
3.0 SITE ANALYSIS
3.1 Sun path and shadow analysis
3.2 Temperature and Humidity
3.3 Wind Flow
4.0 BUILDING INTRODUCTION
4.1 Building Information
4.2 Purpose Group
4.3 Occupancy Load
5.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
5.1 Fire Appliance Access
5.2 Hydrant Location
5.3 Means of Escape
6.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
6.1 Lift and Service Core
7.0 REFERENCE
3. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
This module emphasizes the role of building technology and sustainability in building
design by analyzing and evaluating complex buildings or a group of buildings. It regards
architecture as the integration of environment, technology and architecture. These three
factors are considered to be an indispensable part of architectural design and can be
rigorously evaluated through theory.
The objectives of the project are as follows:
• Introduce standards and regulations for building core design.
• Use technology as a functional element or function of architectural design.
• Integrate technical and environmental factors to improve building efficiency and
practicability.
4. 2.0 SITE INTRODUCTION
Figure 1: Location of Proposed site.
Klang, the official royal town of Klang Klang is a royal town and the former capital of
Selangor, Malaysia. Before the rise of Kuala Lumpur, it was the private capital of
Selangor, and now the capital is Shah Alam.
The city currently includes a population of 240,000 in Klang and 12,000 in the city
center. Klang is divided into two main parts, namely North Klang and South Klang. Our
site is located in North Klang.
Similar to the south side, the north side of Klang has a large number of commercial and
religious areas. However, North Kland, like many other cities in Malaysia, is slowly
5. suffering from the decline of the city. There is not much future development and social
participation here. Therefore, the identity of North Klang has not yet been reflected.
There are few issues identifies on site, which are :
6. 3.0 SITE ANALYSIS
Sun Path and shadow analysis
Figure 3: Sunpath on site.
Figure 4: Shadow analysis of three different times of the year
The site is surrounded by mid-rise buildings. The site is just slightly shaded in the
morning from the morning sun. The site is fully exposed to afternoon sun at 12pm. On
the other hand, the site is almost fully shaded by the building located beside the site.
Therefore, the sun-shading of the building should focus on the morning sun from the
east and afternoon sun.
7. Temperature and Humidity
Figure 5: Average annual temperature of Klang
According to the date reading from the previous 12 months, the average annual
temperature of Klang is 27°C. The minimum is 23°C while the maximum temperature is
33°C.
Figure 6: Average annual humidity in Klang
The average annual humidity of Klang is 75% . The minimum humidity is 70% while the
maximum humidity goes up to 80%.
Klang has a tropical hot and humid climate. Therefore, the building design aims to
minimise direct heat gain from sun and maximise natural ventilation. Besides, the
building also aims to achieve thermal comfort, ranging from 20°C to 22°C according to
the psychrometric chart. Therefore, the choice of materials and configuration of forms
are carefully chosen and designed to achieve better thermal comfort for the users.
8. Wind Flow
Figure 7: Prevailing Wind direction on site.
On average, the dominant wind direction at Klang, is blowing from south-southeast and
northeast.
Figure 8: Annual average wind speed
9. Figure 9: Wind flow diagram on site.
The average wind speed is at 3m/s throughout the year except for November which has
wind up to 2m/s. Highest wind blow is from the south side of the site with 2.15m/s
10. 4.0 BUILDING INTRODUCTION
4.1 Building information
Figure 10 : Perspective view or Klang CivIc Center
The Urban Design Studio embarks on a proposal for a civic center situated at North
Klang. The Klang Civic center is inspired by Galeri of Sultan Abdul Aziz in South Klang
which is the informal tourist center for the tourist. The Klang Civic Center aims not only
to be a civic center that serves the local community, but also a tourist center that
welcomes tourists. By having an intention to serve these two main users groups, the
civic center will be a place where the tourists meet the locals.
The proposed Klang Civic Center is a 4-storey high with one underground car park
basement. The gross floor area of the building is approximately 5,000 square meter.
The ground floor is a public space that opened up to the public. There are tourist
information centers, bazaars, markets, green spaces and courtyards. The others levels
concentrated on semi-open and private usage.There are, workshops, studios, gallery,
library, administration offices and seminars rooms.
16. 4.2 Purpose Group
Based on Selangor Uniform Building By-Laws 1986 Fifth Schedule, the Klang Civic
Center are under Institutional and Shop purpose groups.
Table 1: Designated for purpose groups according to Fifth Schedule
By Law Clause 134: Designation of purpose group
For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according
to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth
Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or
intended to .be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment
shall be determined separately:
Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may
be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of
use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into
which purpose group it falls.
By Law Clause 138: Designation of purpose group
The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or
compartment floors:
17. (a) any floor m a building of Purpose Group 2 (Institutional)
(b) any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of ·the same
building;
(c) any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same
building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a
different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; and
(d) any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area
exceeding 100 square metres.
4.3 Occupancy Load
The occupancy load and capacity exits are based on the following By-Laws:
By Law Clause 175: Calculation of occupant load.
Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with
provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-Laws.
Based on Selangor Uniform Building By-Laws 1986 Seventh Schedule, the calculation
of occupancy load and capacity of exits for shops purpose group are as follow:
18. Table 2: Capacity Exits of each purpose Group are stated.
By Law Clause 167: Horizontal Exits
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at
least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer
than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.
(2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws.
By Law Clause 168: Staircases
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress
via at least two separate staircases.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being
available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest
occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it ,calculated in accordance with
provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but
handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including
at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no
point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
By Law Clause 169: Exit Route
No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final
exit.
By Law Clause 170: Egress through unenclosed openings
Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor,
egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story
exit:
(a) the layout is such that a fire originating anywhere within the compartment will be.
obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels or areas;
(b) the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not
exceeded;
(c) only 50% of the occupants of a floor are assumed to use the open staircase and
storey exits are provided at every level to accommodate the other 50% of the occupants
19. of that level in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these
by-laws; and
(d) the storey exits on the principal floor through which other levels discharge are
designed to handle the occupant; of that floor plus 50% .of the occupants from the
adjacent levels discharging through it.
By Law Clause 171: Horizontal Exits
(1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.
(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be
of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building
discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to
less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.
(3) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall
not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire
area of the building.
20. 5.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
5.1 Perimeter Appliances Access
The fire appliances access is based on the following By Laws from Selangor Uniform
Building By-Laws 1986:
By Law Clause 140: Fire Appliance access
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open
space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The
proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance
with the following scale:
Table 3 : Building volume and required proportion of perimeter access
The volume of Klang Civic Center is approximately 31,910 cubic meter. Therefore, it is
under the range of 28,000 to 56,000 cubic meter. Therefore, at least one forth of the
perimeter of the building need be abutting the street, road or open space.
The perimeter of the building is 247m. Thus, at least 61.75m perimeter of the building
needs to be abutting a road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and
accessible to fire brigade appliances.
21. 5.2 Hydrant Location
By Law Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting extinguishing fire. and
extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance
with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than
91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for
fire appliances, additional fire hydrants shall be provided as may be required by the Fire
Authority.
There is an existing fire hydrant placed beside the site. Therefore, 2 new fire hydrants
with a 45m radius are added on site to achieve full coverage of the building. The
hydrant proposed is located not less than 2m from the Klang Civic Center and between
0.61m to 2.4m from the fire appliances access.
23. 5.3 Means of Escape
According to Uniform Building By-laws 1984 Seventh Schedule, as this project falls
under the purpose ground of Institutional and Shops, the maximum travel distances for
sprinkled design is 45m while the dead end limit is 15m.
Table 4: Maximum running distances
Besides, the travel distance are calculated based on following by-laws:
By Law Clause 165 : Measurement of travel distance to exist.
(1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface
along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most
remote point of occupancy, curving around any comers or obstructions with 0.300 metre
clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs,
it shall be taken in the plane of the
trend noising.
(2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most
remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds
the permitted travel distance.
(3} In the case of "individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six
persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: Provided
that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15
metres.
(4) The maximum travel distances to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in
the Seventh Schedule of theSe By-laws.
By-law Clause 166: Exits to be accessible at all times.
1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided
from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary
24. 2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are
within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws
and are readily accessible at all times.
By-law Clause 167: Storey exits.
1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at
least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer
than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.
2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws.
By-law Clause 170: Egress through unenclosed openings.
Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor,
egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story
exit:
b) The travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not
exceeded.
The ground floor of Klang Civic Center is naturally ventilated with an open plan.
Therefore, users can safely exits the building in ground floor. Thus, no travel distance
are measured.
29. 5.4 Escape Provision Computation
The escape provision of the building is based on following by-laws :
By Law Clause 175 : Calculation of occupant load
Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the
provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
By Law Clause 176 : Computing storey exit widths
To compute the required exit width from individual floors of a building-
(a) calculate the floor area net or gross whichever is applicable;
(b) determine the allowable occupancy load factor from Table;
(c) divide the floor area by the number of square metre per person to determine the
number of persons for which exits must be provided for that floor;
(d) determine from the table the capacity of the type of exit to be used for the purpose
group being designed; and
(e) calculate the number of units of exit width for each type of exit used based upon the
capacity.
By Law Clause 177 : Computing number of staircases and staircase widths.
The following factors shall be used in computing the exit computing widths:
(a) in a multi-storeyed building if x units of exit width are required from each floor the
staircases serving those floors do not need to be x times the number of floors
served in units of exit width. The staircases need be only wide enough to serve each
floor but not less than the minimum width allowed and in every case one of the
protected staircases shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected
staircase shall be of sufficient width and number to accommodate the relevant
occupancy;
(b) depending on the occupancy, street floor exits have to be sized to handle not only
the occupant load of the street floor but also a percentage of the load of the exits
discharging to the street floor from floors above and below;
(c) exits should never decrease in width along their length of travel and, if two or more
exits converge into a commonexit, the common exit should never·be narrower than the
sum of the width of the exits converging into it;
·(f) there should be no decrease in width along the path of travel of a staircase.
6.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
30. According to the Uniform Building By-laws 1984 Seventh Schedule, the numbers and
width of staircase design for Klang Civic Center which falls under Institutional and Shop
purpose groups are calculated in Table 5:
FLOOR LEVEL PURPOSE GROUP
(Based on Fifth Schedule)
PROPOSED SPACE
Ground Floor Shops (V) Shops
First Floor Institutional (II) Workshop, Studio
Second Floor Institutional (II) Library, Workshop,
Seminar Room, Office
Third Floor Institutional (II) Exhibition Space,
Workshop, Event Space,
Library
Forth Floor Shops (V) Souvenir Shop, Roof Top
cafe
Table 5 :Purpose Group of each floor based on UBBL Fifth Schedule
Purpose
Group
Shop (V) Institutional
(II)
Institutional
(II)
Institutional
(II)
Shop (V)
Occupancy
Load
3 2 2 2 6
Floor Area
(m2)
1679 1182 1154 1160 1078
Occupancy
(C/B)
1697/3 =
560
1182 / 2 =
591
1154 / 2 =
557
1160 / 2 =
580
1078/6= 180
Exit
Capacity
Required
560 / 100 =
5.6
591 / 100 =
5.91
557 / 100 =
5.57
580 / 100 =
5.8
180 / 100 =
1.80
Minimum
Exit Width
(E x
550mm)
3,080mm 3,245mm 3,063.5mm 3,190mm 990mm
Table 6 : Minimum Exit Width of each floor are calculated.
31. Ground floor
Main staircase (Protected) 1250mm
Secondary staircase 1 1250mm
Secondary staircase 2 2000mm
Secondary staircase 3 68867mm
Total Width 73267mm
Assuming the main
staircase of the ground
floor (1,200mm) is
inaccessible, the
remaining exit width
(73267mm – 1,200mm)
is 72,067mm > 3,080mm,
and therefore the
provision satisfies the
By-laws.
32. First floor
Main staircase (Protected) 1250mm
Secondary staircase 1 1250mm
Secondary staircase 2 2000mm
Total Width 4500mm
Assuming the main
staircase of the ground
floor (1,250mm) is
inaccessible, the
remaining exit width
(4500mm – 1,200mm) is
3300mm > 3,245mm,
and therefore the
provision satisfies the
By-laws.
33. Second floor
Main staircase (Protected) 1250mm
Secondary staircase 1 1250mm
Secondary staircase 2 2000mm
Total Width 4500mm
Assuming the main
staircase of the ground
floor (1,250mm) is
inaccessible, the
remaining exit width
(4500mm – 1,200mm) is
3300mm > 3,063.5mm,
and therefore the
provision satisfies the
By-laws.
34. Third floor
Main staircase (Protected) 1250mm
Secondary staircase 1 1250mm
Secondary staircase 2 2000mm
Total Width 4500mm
Assuming the main
staircase of the ground
floor (1,250mm) is
inaccessible, the
remaining exit width
(4500mm – 1,200mm) is
3300mm > 3,190mm,
and therefore the
provision satisfies the
By-laws.
35. Forth floor
Main staircase (Protected) 1250mm
Secondary staircase 1 1250mm
Secondary staircase 2 2000mm
Total Width 4500mm
Assuming the main
staircase of the ground
floor (1,250mm) is
inaccessible, the
remaining exit width
(4500mm – 1,200mm) is
3300mm > 990mm, and
therefore the provision
satisfies the By-laws.
36. 6.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
6.1 Lift and Service Core
Both main lifts are accessible from the open and natural ventilated corridor at every
floor. Service lift are only accessible inside the protected lift lobby.
Figure 11 : Ground Floor Plan Drawing indicating location of lift core
37. The provision of lift lobby is based on follow Building By-Laws :
By Law Clause 152 : Openings in Lift Shafts.
(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless
other suitable means of protection lift to the opening to the satisfaction of the local
authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and
other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision
panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161
square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall
be not more than 0.0156 square metre.
By Law Clause 153 : Smoke Detector in lift lobbies.
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Liff not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled
by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which
after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a
preset time.
By Law Clause 157 : Protected shafts consisting of staircase.
A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase, shall not contain any
pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilation duct other tlian a duct serving only that
staircase or shaft.
Fire Extinguishing and Alarm System
Klang Civic Center is under Institutional and shops group. Therefore, based on
Selangor Uniform Building By-laws 1986 Tenth Schedule, the proposed Klang Civic
Center requires followings elements:
1. Fire detection
2. Fire alarm
3. Extinguishing system
38. Table 7: above show the requirement for fire extinguisher and alarm system
39. The requirement of fire extinguishing and alarm systems are based on following
By-Laws:
By Law Clause 225 : Detecting and extinguishing fire.
(2) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and
with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
By Law Clause 237 : Fire alarm
(1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with Tenth schedule to these By Laws.
Therefore, Klang Civic Center need to incorporates different systems to achieve
optimum fire safety, which includes:
1. Automatic Sprinkler System
2. Hose Reel System
3. Automatic Fire Detector System
4. Manual Electric Fire Alarm System
41. 7.0 REFERENCE
1. Laws of Malaysia. (1986). Selangor uniform building by-laws 1986. Kuala
Lumpur: MDC Publishers Sdn. Bhd.
2. Laws of Malaysia. (1984). Uniform building by-laws 1984. Kuala Lumpur:
International Law Book Services.
3. Hamzah, A. B. (2006). Guide to fire protection in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: The
Institute of Fire Engineers (UK) Malaysia Branch.
