Ppt computer by ajaj

Topic No-1 Introduction to
Computer
START

Topic No-1 Introduction to
Computer
1.1 Full Form of Computer
C – Commonly
O – Operated
M – Machine
P – Particularly
U – Used for
T – Technology
E – Education &
R – Research
Powerpoint presentation created by Ajaj
MULE VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE - 9049606503

1.2 Introduction-
A computer is a multipurpose
electronic device that can receive
process and store data. They are used
as tools in every part of society
together with the Internet. There are a
lot of different components inside
them, and they all serve different
purposes. They all need to work
together for the computer. so a more
formal definition of Computer is —
“Computer is an electronic device that
receives data as input from input
device and process using processing
device and stores data then give the
output.”

1.3 Classifications of computers: Computers differ based on their data processing
abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality.
Computers are classified as:
1.3.1 Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities
to model the problem being solved.
1.3.2 Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
1.3.3 Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both
digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective
method of performing complex simulations
1.3.4 On the basis of Size
1 – Micro Computer –

Micro computer also known as “Personal
Computer” is a digital computer
that works on a microprocessor.
• Desktop Computer: a personal or
micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a
desk.
• Laptop Computer: a portable computer
complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size
than a desktop computer and larger than a
notebook computer.
• Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary
/Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer.
Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen
serves both as an input and output device.
Benefit – Small Size, Low Cost, Portable

2 – Mini Computer –
Minicomputer is a midsized,
multiprocessing and multi-user
computer. Multiprocessing is the
process of running multiple
programs or processes at a given
time. The mini computer is a
medium range computer. It is also
known as the mid-range server.
Benefits –Low Cost

3 – Mainframe –
A mainframe computer is a very large

Mainframe computer capable
of handling and processing
very large amounts of data
quickly. They are used by
large institutions, such as
government agencies and
large corporations.
Benefit – Large Memory
4 – Super Computer –
Super computer is the fastest
and most expensive type of
computer.
4 – Super Computer –
Super computer is the fastest and
most expensive type of computer.

First generation: 1946-1959 [Vacuum tube based]: First-generation computers
used vacuum tubes and values as their basic electronic component. They were
extremely large in size and electricity consuming. Some of the first-generation
computers are: ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator) – it was
built in 1946 at the university of PENNSYLVANIA, U S A by JOHN ECKERT and JOHN
MAUCHLY.
Second generation: 1959-1965 [Transistor based]: In the generation of
computers, transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes. Transistors are more
compact than vacuum tubes as they are made up of semiconductors. They are
also more durable than vacuum tubes. Its size was used smaller as compared to
the first-generation computers and it was used mostly for scientific purpose. IBM
1401- IT was used for was business application. CDC 3600- IT was used for
scientific purpose.
Third generation: 1965-1971 [Integrated Circuit based]: PDP – 8 -Developed by
DEC in 1965. IBM- 360- Developed by IBM in 1964. In the third generation of
computers integrated circuits (ICs) began to be used. These ICs were called chips.
These ICs are more compact than a transistor. Single ICs has many transistors,
registers and capacitors. So the computer built of such components became
smaller.

Forth generation: 1971-1980 [VLSI microprocessor based]: The
computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth
generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks,
distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages
like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation. Some CRAY-
X-MP (Super Computer) CRAY-1(Super Computer) PDP 11 STAR
1000 of the computers developed during this period are DEC 10.
Fifth generation: 1980-onwards. [ULSI microprocessor based]: In
the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration) technology. All the high-level languages like C and
C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

1.4.1 Characteristics of Computer System
• SPEED: In general, no human being can compete to solving
the complex computation, faster than computer.
• ACCURACY: Since Computer is programmed, so whatever
input we give it gives result with accurately.
• STORAGE: Computer can store mass storage of data with
appropriate format.
• DILIGENCE: Computer can work for hours without any
break and creating error.
• VERSATILITY: We can use computer to perform completely
different type of work at the same time.
• POWER OF REMEMBERING: It can remember data for
us.
• NO IQ: Computer does not work without instruction.
• NO FEELING: Computer does not have emotions,
knowledge, experience and feeling.

1.4.2 Basic applications of Computer
A computer has high speed of calculation, accuracy,
reliability which made it an integrated part of our life as well
as business organizations. Computers are being used almost
every walk of life.
Office Management: Almost every organization (business or
non-business) are moving towards making paper-less office
so that computers are widely used today.
Internet: It is a network of computers in the world. You can
browse through much more information than you could do in
a library. Through E-Mail you can communicate with a
person sitting thousands of miles away in seconds. There is
chat software that enables one to chat with another person on
a real time basis. Video conferencing tools are becoming
readily available to the common man.

Digital video or audio composition: Audio or video composition and
editing have been made much easier by computers. Graphics engineers
can use computers to generate short or full length films.
Desktop publishing: With desktop publishing, you can create page
layouts for books on your personal computer.
Computers in Medicine: You can diagnose diseases. You can learn the
cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance imaging to examine the
internal organs of the human body. Software is used for performing
surgery. Computers are used to store patient data.
Mathematical Calculations: Thanks to computers, which have
computing speeds of over a million calculations per second we can
perform the biggest of mathematical calculations.
Banks: All financial transactions are done by computer software. They
provide security, speed and convenience.

Travel: One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make
hotel reservations online. It reduced the time wastage and
travel time for everyone.
Examinations: We can give online exams and get instant
results. You can check your examination results online.
Telecommunications: Software is widely used here. Also all
mobile phones have software embedded in them for
maintaining customer details and also sending message, audio
and video through the mobile software. Now a day’s internet is
available in the mobile phone itself.

Computers in Business: Shops and supermarkets use software, which
calculate the bills. Taxes can be calculated and paid online. Accounting is
done using computers. One can predict future trends of business using
artificial intelligence software. Software is used in major stock markets.
One can do trading online. There are fully automated factories running
on software.
Certificates: Different types of certificates can be generated. It is very
easy to create and change layouts.
News: There are many websites through which you can read the latest or
old news.
Robotics: Robots are controlled by software.
Aero planes: Pilots train on software, which simulates flying.
Weather analysis: Supercomputers are used to analyze and predict
weather.

1.5 Components of Computer System
Computer system is made up of a number of components. These are –
• Input unit
• Memory unit
• Central Processing unit
• Output unit
1.5.1 Input unit
Computer needs input to perform a particular task. Information or data
that is entered into the computer using input device is called as input.
Input device is the computer unit that sends data and set of instructions to
the computer system.
Examples – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Camera etc.
Other Input Devices

Examples – Pointing Devices, Light Pen, Voice/Speech Input, Scanners,
Bar Code Reader, Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) etc.
1.5.2 Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and
instructions for processing. Computer memory capacity is expressed in
terms of Bytes. A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit
which can represent a data item or a character. Higher capacity of
computer memory is expressed as.
➢ 8 bits = 1 Byte
➢ Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
➢ Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
➢ GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
➢ TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
➢ PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB

1.5.3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU stands for Central processing unit. It is also known as
microprocessor or processor. A CPU is brain of a computer. It is
responsible for all functions and processes. Regarding computing power,
the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. The CPU
is consisted of thin layers of thousands of transistors. Each transistor
receives a set of inputs and produces output.
The two typical components of a CPU include the following:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
There is electronic circuitry in arithmetic logic unit which executes all
arithmetic and logical operations. Its function is obvious from its name.
It performs arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division as well as comparisons. The unit can compare
numbers, letters, or special characters.
Power point presentation created by Ajaj

Control Unit(CU) There is circuitry in the control unit which uses electrical signals to
instruct the whole computer system for carrying out or executing, already stored
program instructions. Its name clearly shows that it controls and co-ordinates
computer components.
1.5.4 Output Unit
The output unit is used to present soft and hardcopy of information. The VDU (Visual
Display Unit or Monitor), printer and speaker are common output units.
Keyboard, Mouse and VDU
➢ Keyboard
To solve a problem it is necessary to give data and instructions to the Computer. This
can be done through input device. The keyboard is an example of an input device that
accepts data and translates it into electronic signals. Instructions and data can be
entered in through it. Approx all commands to software can be given from the
keyboard.
a) Types of Keyboard

There are several types of keyboards that are in use today.
1. 101-Key Enhanced Keyboard
2. 102-Key Enhanced Keyboard
3. 104-Key Windows Keyboard
4. Multimedia Keyboard
b) Keyboard Interface –
1. Wired
2. Wireless
c) Wired Interface –
In case of wired interface, keyboards are connected to a PC using the following connectors:
1. PS/2
2. USB
➢ Mouse-
Mouse is a pointing device which can be moved on a smooth surface to simulate the
movement of cursor that is desired on the display screen. The mouse is not an alternative to
t he keyboard for entering data. Text and numbers still have to be keyed in, but selection
from menus and drawings are easier with a mouse. There are 2 keys, 3 keys and scrolling
facilities available in mouse.

a) Types of Mouse –
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Laser Based Optical Mouse
b) Mouse Interface –
1. Wired
2. Wireles
c) Wired Interface – 1. PS/2
2. USB
In case of wired interface, keyboards are connected to a PC using the following connectors:
➢ VDU (Visual Display Unit)-
A VDU is a Visual Display Unit. A monitor is like a television that displays text and graphics on the screen. The
monitor is an output device that displays on the screen the information that is requested by the user from
the system.
Types of Monitors –Monitors are classified based on the technology that they use to display images such as:
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
4. Plasma

5. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Other Output Devices- Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the
user in the desired from.Theoutput is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display
device, or on paper (hard copy).Examples – Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Printers, Plotters,
Speakers etc..
1.5.5 Computer Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or
permanently. Computer memory is used for storing your files on the computer. Without
computer memory, you wouldn’t be able to save any files.
Types of Memory –
Memory can be divided into two types –
1. Volatile memory (Primary Memory) –
Volatile memory temporarily stores the data. It loses data as soon as the system supply is turned
off.
2. Non-volatile memory (Secondary Memory).
Non-volatile memory stores data permanently. It does not lose the data even if the system
supply is turned off. There are several types of Secondary storage devices for computers.
These storage devices offer a wide range of storage options –

Floppy Disk – 1.44 MB
• CD (Compaqt Disk)- 700 MB
• DVD (Digital Video/Versatile Disk) – 4.7 GB
• BD (Blue-Ray-Disk) – 25 GB
• Hard Disk
• Pen Drive
• Memory Card
Further, memory is classified into physical memory.
• Physical Memory – Physical memory is the total amount of memory installed in the
computer. For example, if the computer has two 1GB Memory modules installed, it has a
total of 2GB of physical memory.
The different types of physical memory are:
• RAM – Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores the data and it is a
volatile memory. Once the system turns off, it loses the data. RAM is used as a
temporary data storage area.
Types of RAM-

1. SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
2. DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory o
SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic RAM.
o RD RAM – Rambus Dynamic RAM
o DDR1 RAM – Double Data Rate 1st RAM
o DDR2 RAM – Double Data Rate 2nd RAM
o DDR3 RAM – Double Data Rate 3rd RAM
Different types of DRAMs which are used in a
desktop are:

• ROM – Stands for Read Only Memory. It stores the data permanently
and it is a non-volatile memory. It does not lose the data even after the
system turns off. As a result, ROM is a permanent data storage area.
The different types of ROM are:
1. PROM – Programmable Read-Only Memory
2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
3. EEPROM/Flash ROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
4. Flash Memory –Flash memory is the high-density device. It is a non-
volatile memory. It is fast in reading and writing data.

1.6 Concept of Hardware and Software-
Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also
sometime called the machinery or the equipment of the computer.
Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the
monitor, the mouse and the processing unit.
However, most of a computer’s hardware cannot be seen; in other
words, it is not an external element of the computer, but rather an
internal one, surrounded by the computer’s casing.
A computer’s hardware is comprised of many different parts, but
perhaps the most important of these is the motherboard. The
motherboard is made up of even more parts that power and
control the computer.
1.6.2 Software
Computer software is a set of instructions and documentation that
tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task that’s called
Software. There are different types of software depending on the
requirement of user or Computers.
Software mainly falls into two general categories:
1.6.2.1 Application software
Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such
things as database programs, Word processors, Web Browsers and
spread sheets.

MULE TECHNICAL INSTITUTE SUBHASHNAGAR
Course On Computer Concept (CCC) Page 13
1.6.2.2 System software
Controls and adjust the Computer operations, and unifies all of the Computer
components into a functional and smooth running system. System software also
provides the Computer users with a means of gaining access to the system and its
resources. Operating system prepares the computer for use and also controls the
different devices attached to the computer. Operating system is the example of system
software.
1.6.3 Programming Languages
A programming language is a set of commands, instructions, and other syntax use to
create a software program. Languages that programmers use to write code are called
“high-level languages.” This code can be compiled into a “low-level language.” Symbols
like <, >, ==, and != are common operators.
Examples –
• high-level languages include C++, Java, Perl, and PHP.
• Low-level languages include H.T.M.L., C etc.

THE BEGINNING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE WORK

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