ppt computer by suhel

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Topic No-1 Introduction to Computer
Power Point Presentation Created By Suhel
MULE VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE –
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1.2 Introduction
1.2 Introduction-
A computer is a multipurpose electronic
device that can receive process and store
data. They are used as tools in every part
of society together with the Internet.
There are a lot of different components
inside them, and they all serve different
purposes. They all need to work together
for the computer. so a more formal
definition of Computer is —“Computer is
an electronic device that receives data as
input from input device and process
using processing device and stores data
then give the output
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1.3 Classifications of computers: Computers differ based on their data processing
abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality
1.3.1 Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer
that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or
hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
1.3.2 Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
1.3.3 Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in
both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost
effective method of performing complex simulations
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1.3.4 On the basis of Size
1 – Micro Computer Micro computer also known as “Personal
Computer” is a digital computer
that works on a microprocessor.
• Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini
computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
• Laptop Computer: a portable computer
complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a
desktop computer and larger than a notebook
computer.
• Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook
/PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no
keyboard but the screen serves both as an input
and output device.
Benefit – Small Size, Low Cost, Portable
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Minicomputer is a midsized,
multiprocessing and multi-
user computer.
Multiprocessing is the process
of running multiple programs
or processes at a given time.
The mini computer is a
medium range computer. It is
also known as the mid-range
server.
Benefits –Low Cost
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Mainframe computer capable of
handling and processing very large
amounts of data quickly. They are
used by large institutions, such as
government agencies and large
corporations.
Benefit – Large Memory
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Super computer is the fastest and most expensive type of computer
Super Computer Super computer specialize in high
speed processing of data applications that uses large
amount of calculations use super computer.
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The computer as we see it today is a result of extensive
research and development through the decades. The brief
history of its evolution are outlined below. There are
totally five computer generations known till date.
First-generation computers used vacuum tubes and
values as their basic electronic component. They were
extremely large in size and electricity consuming. Some
of the first-generation computers are: ENIAC (electronic
numerical integrator and calculator) – it was built in
1946 at the university of PENNSYLVANIA, U S A by
JOHN ECKERT and JOHN MAUCHLY
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Second generation: 1959-1965 [Transistor based]: In
the generation of computers, transistors were used in place of vacuum
tubes. Transistors are more compact than vacuum tubes as they are made
up of semiconductors. They are also more durable than vacuum tubes. Its
size was used smaller as compared to the first-generation computers and it
was used mostly for scientific purpose. IBM 1401- IT was used for was
business application. CDC 3600- IT was used for scientific purpose.
Third generation: 1965-1971 [Integrated Circuit
based]: PDP – 8 -Developed by DEC in 1965. IBM- 360- Developed by IBM
in 1964. In the third generation of computers integrated circuits (ICs) began
to be used. These ICs were called chips. These ICs are more compact than a
transistor. Single ICs has many transistors, registers and capacitors. So the
computer built of such components became smaller
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Forth generation: 1971-1980 [VLSI microprocessor based]:
The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit
elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to
have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers
became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. In this
generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating
system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc.,
were used in this generation. Some CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer) CRAY-
1(Super Computer) PDP 11 STAR 1000 of the computers developed during
this period are DEC 10.
Fifth generation: 1980-onwards. [ULSI microprocessor
based]: In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology. All the high-level languages like C and
C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
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• SPEED: In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex
computation, faster than computer.
• ACCURACY: Since Computer is programmed, so whatever input we give
it gives result with accurately.
• STORAGE: Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate
format.
• DILIGENCE: Computer can work for hours without any break and
creating error.
• VERSATILITY: We can use computer to perform completely different
type of work at the same time.
• POWER OF REMEMBERING: It can remember data for us.
• NO IQ: Computer does not work without instruction.
• NO FEELING: Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience
and feeling
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1.4.2 Basic applications of Computer
A computer has high speed of calculation, accuracy, reliability which
made it an integrated part of our life as well as business organizations.
Computers are being used almost every walk of life.
Office Management: Almost every organization (business or non-
business) are moving towards making paper-less office so that
computers are widely used today.
Internet: It is a network of computers in the world. You can browse
through much more information than you could do in a library.
Through E-Mail you can communicate with a person sitting thousands
of miles away in seconds. There is chat software that enables one to
chat with another person on a real time basis. Video conferencing tools
are becoming readily available to the common man.
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Digital video or audio composition: Audio or video composition
and editing have been made much easier by computers. Graphics
engineers can use computers to generate short or full length films.
Desktop publishing: With desktop publishing, you can create page
layouts for books on your personal computer.
Computers in Medicine: You can diagnose diseases. You can
learn the cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance imaging to
examine the internal organs of the human body. Software is used
for performing surgery. Computers are used to store patient data.
Mathematical Calculations: Thanks to computers, which have
computing speeds of over a million calculations per second we can
perform the biggest of mathematical calculations.
Banks: All financial transactions are done by computer software.
They provide security, speed and convenience
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Travel: One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel reservations online. It
reduced the time wastage and travel time for everyone.
Examinations: We can give online exams and get instant results. You can check your
examination results online.
Telecommunications: Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones have software
embedded in them for maintaining customer details and also sending message, audio and
video through the mobile software. Now a day’s internet is available in the mobile phone
itself.
Computers in Business: Shops and supermarkets use software, which calculate the bills.
Taxes can be calculated and paid online. Accounting is done using computers. One can
predict future trends of business using artificial intelligence software. Software is used in
major stock markets. One can do trading online. There are fully automated factories
running on software.
Certificates: Different types of certificates can be generated. It is very easy to create and
change layouts.
News: There are many websites through which you can read the latest or old news.
Robotics: Robots are controlled by software.
Aero planes: Pilots train on software, which simulates flying.
Weather analysis: Supercomputers are used to analyze and predict weather.
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Computer system is made up of a number of components. These are –
• Input unit
• Memory unit
• Central Processing unit
• Output unit
1.5.1 Input unit
Computer needs input to perform a particular task. Information or data that is
entered into the computer using input device is called as input. Input device is the
computer unit that sends data and set of instructions to the computer system.
Examples – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Camera etc.
Other Input Devices
Data can be fed into a Computer through input devices. Input devices accept data in
its original format and translate the data into electronic signals the Computer can
process
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Examples – Pointing Devices, Light Pen, Voice/Speech Input, Scanners,
Bar Code Reader, Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) etc.
1.5.2 Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and
instructions for processing. Computer memory capacity is expressed in
terms of Bytes. A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest
unit which can represent a data item or a character. Higher capacity of
computer memory is expressed as.
➢ 8 bits = 1 Byte
➢ Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
➢ Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
➢ GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
➢ TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
➢ PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
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1.5.3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU stands for Central processing unit. It is also known as microprocessor or
processor. A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and
processes. Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a
computer system. The CPU is consisted of thin layers of thousands of transistors.
Each transistor receives a set of inputs and produces output.
The two typical components of a CPU include the following: Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
There is electronic circuitry in arithmetic logic unit which executes all arithmetic and
logical operations. Its function is obvious from its name. It performs arithmetic
calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division as well as
comparisons. The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special characters.
Control Unit(CU) There is circuitry in the control unit which uses electrical signals to
instruct the whole computer system for carrying out or executing, already stored
program instructions. Its name clearly shows that it controls and co-ordinates
computer components.
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1.5.4 Output Unit
The output unit is used to present soft and hardcopy of information.
The VDU (Visual Display Unit or Monitor), printer and speaker are
common output units.
Keyboard, Mouse and VDU
➢ Keyboard
To solve a problem it is necessary to give data and instructions to
the Computer. This can be done through input device. The keyboard
is an example of an input device that accepts data and translates it
into electronic signals. Instructions and data can be entered in
through it. Approx all commands to software can be given from the
keyboard.
a) Types of Keyboard
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There are several types of keyboards that are in use
today.
1. 101-Key Enhanced Keyboard
2. 102-Key Enhanced Keyboard
3. 104-Key Windows Keyboard
4. Multimedia Keyboard
b) Keyboard Interface –
1. Wired
2. Wireless
c) Wired Interface –
In case of wired interface, keyboards are connected to a
PC using the following connectors:
1. PS/2
2. USB
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➢ Mouse-
Mouse is a pointing device which can be moved on a smooth surface to simulate the
movement of cursor that is desired on the display screen. The mouse is not an alternative to t
he keyboard for entering data. Text and numbers still have to be keyed in, but selection from
menus and drawings are easier with a mouse. There are 2 keys, 3 keys and scrolling facilities
available in mouse.
a) Types of Mouse –
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Laser Based Optical Mouse
b) Mouse Interface –
1. Wired
2. Wireles
c) Wired Interface – 1. PS/2
2. USB
In case of wired interface, keyboards are connected to a PC using the following connectors:
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➢ VDU (Visual Display Unit)-
A VDU is a Visual Display Unit. A monitor is like a
television that displays text and graphics on the
screen. The monitor is an output device that
displays on the screen the information that is
requested by the user from the system.
Types of Monitors –Monitors are classified based
on the technology that they use to display images
such as:
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
4. Plasma
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Other Output Devices- Output device receives
information from the CPU and presents it to the
user in the desired from.Theoutput is usually
produced in one of the two ways – on the display
device, or on paper (hard copy).Examples – Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD), Printers, Plotters, Speakers
etc.
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Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information
temporarily or permanently. Computer memory is used for storing your files on
the computer. Without computer memory, you wouldn’t be able to save any
files.
Types of Memory –
Memory can be divided into two types –
1. Volatile memory (Primary Memory) –
Volatile memory temporarily stores the data. It loses data as soon as the system
supply is turned off.
2. Non-volatile memory (Secondary Memory).
Non-volatile memory stores data permanently. It does not lose the data even if
the system supply is turned off. There are several types of Secondary storage
devices for computers.
These storage devices offer a wide range of storage options –
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• Floppy Disk – 1.44 MB
• CD (Compaqt Disk)- 700 MB
• DVD (Digital Video/Versatile Disk) – 4.7 GB
• BD (Blue-Ray-Disk) – 25 GB
• Hard Disk
• Pen Drive
• Memory Card
Further, memory is classified into physical memory.
• Physical Memory – Physical memory is the total amount of memory
installed in the computer. For example, if the computer has two 1GB
Memory modules installed, it has a total of 2GB of physical memory.
The different types of physical memory are:
• RAM – Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores the
data and it is a volatile memory. Once the system turns off, it loses the
data. RAM is used as a temporary data storage area.
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Types of RAM- RAM is the main memory of the computer. It holds the data until the system
is turned off. Once the system is switched off, the data is lost. As a result, it is known as the
temporary data storage area. There are two types of RAM, Static RAM and Dynamic RAM
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1. SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
2. DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory o SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic RAM.
o RD RAM – Rambus Dynamic RAM
o DDR1 RAM – Double Data Rate 1st RAM
o DDR2 RAM – Double Data Rate 2nd RAM
o DDR3 RAM – Double Data Rate 3rd RAM
Different types of DRAMs which are used in a desktop are:
• ROM – Stands for Read Only Memory. It stores the data permanently and it is a non-volatile
memory. It does not lose the data even after the system turns off. As a result, ROM is a
permanent data storage area.
The different types of ROM are:
1. PROM – Programmable Read-Only Memory
2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
3. EEPROM/Flash ROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
4. Flash Memory –Flash memory is the high-density device. It is a non-volatile memory. It is fast
in reading and writing data.
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1.6 Concept of Hardware and
Software-
When we think of a computer, we
generally picture computer hardware:
the monitor, the keyboard, and the
electronic circuitry contained within the
rectangular case. There is more to a
computer than this, however. The
missing element is software–the
instructions that tell the computer how
to operate the hardware. All computers
must have these two components to
function.
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1.6.1 Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also sometime
called the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in
a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit.
However, most of a computer’s hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not
an external element of the computer, but rather an internal one, surrounded by
the computer’s casing.
A computer’s hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the
most important of these is the motherboard. The motherboard is made up of
even more parts that power and control the computer.
1.6.2 Software
Computer software is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a
computer what to do or how to perform a task that’s called Software. There are
different types of software depending on the requirement of user or Computers.
Software mainly falls into two general categories:
1.6.2.1 Application software
Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as
database programs, Word processors, Web Browsers and spread sheets
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THE BEGINNING IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT PART OF THE WORK

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