methods related to research as well as in studying the behavior of human,most relatable content related to educational psychology and diagnosing the the human behavior

1. •OBSERVATION
•EXPERIMENTAL
•DEVELOPMENTAL
a) LONGITUDENAL
b) CROSS SECTIONAL

2. OBSERVATION METHOD
 Observation method is used to study
the behavior of human as well as animal.
 Observation word has derived from
LATIN word OBSERVARE-TO KEEP
OPEN, TO LOOK OUTSIDE.
 Defination:-
Observation means to employ listening &
seeing about the situation or an individual
behavior.

3. CHARACTERSTICS/FEATURES
 Based on senses
 Direct technique
 Data collecting technique
 Continuous
 Use of experience
 Behavior of human being
 Micro-study
 Formal & informal
 Qualitative & quantitative
 Oldest

4. STEPS INVOLVEIN OBSERVATION
 Planning
 Detailed instructions
 Accurate recording
 Specific variables
 Management of time
 Analysis of fact
 Interpretation
 Verification of result
 Generalisation

5. MERITS & DEMERITS
MERITS
 Objective & scientific
 Planned & systematic
 Reliable & valid
 Economical
 Flexible
 Specific
 Behaviour of children ,abnormal
person & animal
 Behaviour of individual or
groups
 Ground for experimental
method
DEMERITS
 Trained observer
 Subjective
 Artificiality
 Long wait
 Difficult in observing
personal problem
 Difficult in studying
unconscious mind
 Difficult in studying
the internal behaviour
 Lack of validity

6. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
 Experimental method is most highly
developed, accurate, reliable, valid &
objective method of studying behavior.
 This was developed by WILLIOM WUNDT-
1879 at Lipzing Laboratory.
 The word ‘experiment’ come from Latin
word “exptimentum”- ‘trial’ or ‘test’
 Defination:- An experiment is an
observation under controlled conditions.

7. CHARACTERSTICS/FEATURES
Psychological laboratory
Experimenter
Subject
Stimulus
Response
Variables

8. PROCESS OF TRESTMENT
 Lab of experiment
 Reviewing past Literature
 Statement of the problem
 Formulation of hypothesis
 Designing & manipulating the independent variables
 Dependent variables & its measurements
 Establishing control
 Selection of design & subject
 Experimental procedure
 Analysis of the result
 Inference & conclusion
 Confirmation & verification

9. MERITS & DEMERITS
MERITS
 Reliable & valid
 Exact science
 Universal applicable
 Wide application
 Quantitative
measurement
 Special activities
 Pre-planned
 Variation & repetition
 Verification
 Utility in education
DEMERITS
 Lengthy & time consuming
 Expensive
 Difficult in controlling
variables
 Problem of measuring
dependent variables
 Artificiality
 A gulf between laboratory &
life
 Every phenomena cannot be
studied
 Restriction of time & place

10. DEVELOPMENTAL MERHOD
 Developmental method also called Genetic method.
 This method is used for investigating the
characteristics of children & the ways in which these
characteristics change with growth & development.
Growth
Follow-
up
Trend

11. GROWTH METHOD
 Growth method is used to seek knowledge of the nature &
rate of changes that take place in human organism.
 These are helpful to study when various aspects of growth
among children are first observable, accelerate future,
remain rather stationary, attain optimal development &
decline.
Longitudinal
method
Cross-
sectional
method

12. LONGITUDENAL METHOD
 This method follow the same subject , group of subject or a
institution over a relatively long period of the time
 It is a kind of extended case-study method as it involves a life
long span of same subject, group or institution.
LIMTATIONS
 Sampling weaknesses.
 No improvement in tools.
 Unwieldy & unmanageable
 Require extensive facilities
 Considerable amount of money & maximum
perseverance.

13. CROSS-SECTIONAL METHOD
 In this method the random samples of individuals of
successive ages are selected & one set of measurement
of different individuals from each age level are taken as
the basis for developing growth norms.
LIMITATIONS
 Individuals at each level may not be comparable.
 Chance differences between samples may be seriously
bias the result.

14. AASTHA BHATIA
B.Ed, M.Ed
Teacher Assistant