Inductive and deductive method of teaching It is generally starts from the specific to general. This method is generally known as Statistical Method, Scientific Methods and Empirical Method It quite popular method for framing generalisation. In this method we proceed from Known/ Concrete to Unknown/ Abstract

1. Inductive and deductive
method of teaching

2. Inductive method
• It is generally starts from the specific to general. This method is
generally known as Statistical Method, Scientific Methods and
Empirical Method It quite popular method for framing generalisation.
In this method we proceed from Known/ Concrete to Unknown/
Abstract

3. Definitions
• Keynes, “ Inductive method is to establish laws on the basis of
examples or instance.”Miller, “Induction is a process of reaching
general conclusions from particular instances.”William Gee,
“Inductive method is a process of reasoning from particular to general
or from individual to Universal.”

4. Types of Induction Method
•
Experimental Inductive Method, Statistical Inductive Method
• Experimental Inductive Method
In this method Principles, theories and laws are tested by its
application to real life situation or through their real life application in
natural settings.
• Statistical Inductive Method
In this method Principles, theories and laws are formulated on the
basis of statistical analysis.

5. Steps of Inductive method
• Steps of Inductive Method
1. Collection of evidences/ data:by observationsurvey and Inspections2.
Formulation of hypothesis:Student with the help of teacher form hypothesis or
tentative solutions of the problem
• Steps of Inductive Method
3. Discrimination and analysis: Discriminate the factors on the basis of Similarities
and Differences in variables and factors And do analysis of the situation 4.
Generalisation and Abstraction: On the basis of similarities of trends of a
particular Phenomena student reach on generalisation about some principles,
theories and Laws
• Steps of Inductive Method
5.Verification:Students do effort to verify the truth of the principles, laws and
theories in the similar situation at different time.6. Application/
Prediction:Verified principle then recommended to apply in real life situationOr
prediction are made about the phenomena

6. Role of a teacher
• ROLE OF THE TEACHER :A guide, friend and philosopherHelps the students in
developing tools of data collection. Assist students to Generate
Resources(Financial and Material) . Help to formulate Hypothesis: Assist the
students to formulate hypothesis which are feasible and viable as per resources
and time limitations. To organize data: During execution of the project teacher
should help the students to organize raw data in meaningful way..
• ROLE OF THE TEACHER To allocate the duties . Supervise the progress of project
work. Encourages his students to work collectively, and co-operatively. Help his
students to avoid and correct mistakes. He makes it a point that each member of
the group should contributed something to the completion of the project. Help to
draw inferences .Evaluation: Evaluation of the Project work and Reports
submitted by the Group.
• ROLE OF THE TEACHER Maintenance of Record for timely review and Future
Consultation: Teacher should assess the Strength and weakness of the Project
task: Feed back and appraisal: Concluding remarks and Submissions:

7. Advantages
Psychological laws of learning: It is a method of teaching based on psychological laws of
learning.Students centered: It is students centered and provide scope to entertain
Individual Differences( Interest, Capacity and Aptitude).Active Participation: in this method
students Take active ParticipationDevelop spirit of cooperation/ Cooperative Venture: It
imbibes the spirit of cooperation as it is a cooperative venture.
Stimulates interest: Stimulates interest in natural as also man made situations.Arouse
interest: A project can be used to arouse interest in a particular topics as it blends school
life with outside world.Develops Curiosity: By keeping students busy it helps to arouse
Curiosity.Natural Method for Innovative Discoveries:Permanent Learning: Self-acquired
permanent learning
Realistic and practical in nature:
Induction method collect evidences form real life so it is more realistic and practical in
natureDynamic in Nature:This method has dynamic approach to establish and reject
hypothesis. Whole process can be repeated many a time till reframe the Theory.Good
Relationship

8. Limitations
• It is a time consuming method.
It is a very costly method as it involves tours, excursions, purchase of
apparatus and equipments etc.Less Scope:All topics are not able to
teach through this method.Not for all Age Groups:It is not applicable
for all school age groups.Literature is not available:Good textbooks on
these lines have not yet been produced.Wrong generalization:There is
possibility that students may draw wrong generalisationsNon-
conclusive: Method is not absolutely Conclusive due to human factor
there is involvement of probability

9. Deductive method of teaching
• Introduction: Deduction starts with known generalizations or Theory
to verify the Facts/instances/ specific; This method is generally move
from abstract/unknown to concrete/known. It quite popular method
to verify the Theories/instances/specific.
• It is just the opposite of inductive method.
• General to specific.

10. Definitions
• Keynes, “ Deductive method is to reach at specific conclusion
assuming establish laws as basis.”Miller, “Deduction is a method of
using a general principle to reach at specific conclusions.”William
Gee, “By deductive method is meant a reasoning from general to
particular or from Universal to individual.”

11. Steps of Deductive Method
• 1. Presentation of general Principle: Teacher present the theory2.
Establish Relationship: between principles/ Theory and facts3. Collect
Data to test the truth : Students try to discover truthby verifying the
collected data.

12. Merits of deductive method
• Merits of the Method Supplementary to Inductive Method of Teaching: 1. It help
to complete the Inductive method by supplement the process2. Economical: easy
to present established theory and explain the basicconcept3. Less Burden on
Teacher: they just narrate the theory and students memorize it. 4. Mostly used
Method: Small children to know fact even adult learn thorough this method at
pace.5. More Scope: Applicable for all concept, at all stage and for all type of
students.6. No Fear of Wrong Conclusion: No change to reach on wrong
conclusion
• Merits of the Method 7. Weightage to Memory: In this method Students has to
memories the facts without going for deep understanding. 8. Provide Pace: For
completion of curriculum. 9. Suitable for Prediction: Teacher and Students can
predict. 10. Verification of theories and facts: 11. Suitable for Social Sciences:
According to Gide and Rist, “This method is suitable for social sciences especially
for political economy where experiment is impossible, deductive approach is
suitable to draw conclusion.” 12. Time Saving. 13. Save Energy and Efforts:

13. Demerits of the Deductive Method
• 1. Encourage Cramming: 2.Discourage Heuristic Attitude: 3. Lack of
Pupil Participation: 4. Un-psychological: not consider Individual
Differences 5. Unnatural: All Students are not able to think in abstract
without concrete Ideas/Experience.6. Spoon Feeding:7. Difficult to
Understand: Difficult for beginner to understand abstract Idea8.
Unscientific: Because approach in confirmatory not Explanatory9. No
Originality: not a method of discovery, it is a method of
presentation10. Not Nurture Creativity:11.Un- Interesting