What is data? its type, tool and techniques to be used in educational research or action research, along with their advantages and disadvantages.

1. UNIT- 4
Research Tools & Samples
4.1) Types of data:- Qualitative And Quantitative
Data
4.2) Techniques & Tools Of Data Collection :-
(c) questionnaires & Schedules
(d) Interview
(e) Rating Scale & Tests

2. The information that is collected and arranged in
a meaning full way is called data.
TYPES OF DATA
a. On the basis of source
b. On the basis of names and whole numbers
c. On the basis of quality and quantity

3. The information that is collected and arranged in a
form of symbols or narratives (alphabetic) is
known as qualitative data.
• Verbal or other symbolic material
• Responses to open-ended questions

4. The information that is collected and arranged in a
form of numerical figures is known as quantitative
data.
• Parametric and non-parametric.
• Data are close-ended & hardly provide depth &
detail.

5. a)Tests
b)Questionnaires
c)Schedules
d)Rating Scale
e)Interview

6. Tests consists of a series of tasks which the subject is
required to perform and to measure general mental
ability.
CHARACTERISTICS
a) Validity
• Content validity
• Criterion-related validity
• Construct validity
b) Reliability
• Test-retest method
• Split –half method
c) Usability

7. 1) Planning
2) Preliminary draft
3) Tryout
4) Item analysis
5) Final draft

8. It is a device consisting of a series of
questions dealing with some
psychological , social education .
Types
a) Open-ended
b) Closed-ended

9. 1) Purpose of questionnaire
2) Language
3) Information level of the respondents
4) Social acceptance of responses
5) Leading questions
6) Sequence of questions
7) Types of questions
8) Length of questionnaires
9) Experts’ opinion
10) Preliminary tryout of questionnaire
11) Validity
12) Reliability
13) Administration
14) Analysing and interpreting

10. Merits
a) Cheap & very quick method to collect data
b) Helpful in geographical scattered population
c) No time limit
d) No biasness
Demerits
a) Cannot be used with children & illiterates
b) Return rate is 40%-50%
c) Incomplete responses
d) Sometime respondent may not like to respond in written form
e) Difficulty for researcher to ambiguity

11. Schedule is a device consisting of set of questions which are asked
&filled by an interviewer, in a face to face situation with another
person.
Merits & demerits
Merits
a) The percentage of response is much higher in schedule than a
questionnaire.
b) The answers are not likely to be biased as the field worker is
personally present to remove any doubt.
c) Help to increase the degree of responses.

12. d) It is filled up by the field worker himself.
e) Help to spot errors mode in sampling.
f) It also economizes time & expense of the
investigation.
Demerits
a) Respondent may change his/her answer.
b) Hard work in comparison to questionnaire.
c) It is costly & con be adopted to cover only a
smaller geographical area unlike the mailed
questionnaire.
d) A large number of field workers may not be
easily available.

13. Rating scale refers to a scale with a set of points which
describe varying degrees of the dimension of an attribute
being observed.
TYPES OF RATING SCALE
a) Numerical scale
b) Graphical scale
Steps in constructing
a) Statement should be preside
b) Variety
c) Clarity
d) Objectivity
e) Uniqueness

14. Merits
a) Consume much less time than other methods.
b) Interesting for the respondent & especially used graphic
methods.
c) Used with respondent who have minimum training.
d) Wider range of applications used in different areas.
e) Can be used one time.
Demerits
a) The error of central tendency.
b) The contrast error
c) The halo-effect
d) The logical error

15. Interview is a conversation with a purpose.
It is especially appropriate when dealing
with abnormal persons. It can also make
cross questioning possible.
TYPES
1) Individual and Group Interviews.
2) Structured and Unstructured.

16. THANK YOU
Aastha Bhatia
Educationalist