This document discusses various landforms, landscapes, and geological processes. It describes landscapes as visible features like bodies of water and mountains. Landforms are geomorphic features on Earth's surface ranging from large plains and plateaus to minor hills and valleys. Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller particles through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering involves physical forces like freeze-thaw cycles while chemical weathering includes processes like carbonation and hydration. Specific landforms like karst and different river and coastal erosion features are also outlined.

1. Landforms & Landscapes processes

2. Landscape. Landscapes are the visible features of a land. Landscapes in an area can be the water bodies, mountains etc. In this photo the sea, mountain, trees are the landscapes.

3. Landforms. Landforms are the geomorphic feature on the surface of the earth, ranging from large-scale features such as plains, plateaus, and mountains to minor features such as hills, valleys, and alluvial fans.

4. Weathering Weathering is the decomposition of rocks to form smaller particles. Weathering is divided into two: Chemical weathering: Weathering of rocks in which chemicals play an important role. Mechanical weathering: weathering of rocks in which physical components play an important role.

5. Mechanical weathering Processes of mechanical weathering: Freeze thaw Salt crystal growth Disintegration Pressure release.

6. Chemical weathering. Processes of chemical weathering: Carbonation solution Hydrolysis Hydration oxidation

7. Surface features The term karst refers to well developed features on dry lime stone. There are two types of karst: Cockpit karst Tower karst Tower karst Cockpit karst

8. River processes In rivers the erosion occur in these processes: Abrasion- the wearing away of the bed and bank by load carried by a river Attrition- the wearing away of the load carried by the river which creates smaller particles like gravel and small stones. Hydraulic action- the force of air and water on the sides of the river.

9. Factors affecting erosion Load- the heavier the particles carried more the rate of erosion Velocity- more the velocity more the power. Human impact- production of dams, bridges etc.

10. waves Swash is the movement of water up the beach. Backwash is the movement of water down the beach. There are two types of waves: destructive wave: Have short wavelength High height Low period of waves More back wash Caused by local winds

11. Constructive waves: Long wavelength Low height Low frequency High period of waves Swash is more Caused by winds formed in distances Low energy waves

12. Features of marine erosion The erosion in sea rocks are caused because of the salt water in the sea. Different shapes are formed due to erosion such as: Stacks Archs Stumps

13. Coral reefs coral reefs are calcium carbonate structures made of reef building stony corals. Different types of reefs: Fringing reef- grows along the shore. Barrier reef- grows away from the shore. Atoll reefs- grows on the remains of volcanic foundations in the sea.