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- 1. MGT 370 DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS Chapter 2 Stress and Time Management Dr. Akanksha Bedi * * AgendaStressLewin’s force fieldGeneral model of stressStress managementTime management * * Costs US economy $500 billion annuallyStress related problems at work include:AbsenteeismTurnoverJob DissatisfactionAccidentsPhysical Health of Employees Management of Stress and Time
- 2. * Ineffective Management The Role of Management Employee Stress * Lewin’s Force Field Driving Forces Restraining Forces * Stage 1) Alarm: increase in anxiety, fear, sorrow or loss. Stage 2) Resistance: attempt to control stress using defense mechanism.AggressionRegressionRepressionWithdrawalFixatio
- 3. n Stage 3) Exhaustion: stop trying to defend against stress. Three Stages of Reactions to Stress * A General Model of Stress StressorsAnticipatoryTimeEncounterSituational ReactionsPhysiologicalPsychological ResiliencyPhysicalPsychologicalSocial * Time Stressors Encounter Stressors Situational Stressors Anticipatory Stressors Four Sources of Stress * Could/Should we eliminate stress from our lives?EustressChallenge is not to eliminate stress, but to
- 4. understand how it arises and to manage it in a way that does not derail your life and work So Why Not Eliminate Stress Altogether? * A Hierarchy of Approaches Enactive Strategies: Eliminate stressors Proactive Strategies: Develop resiliency strategies Reactive Strategies: Learn temporary coping strategies Managing Stress * Eliminating Stressors Insert Table 2.3 * Spending time on important matters Distinguishing between important tasks versus urgent tasks Focus on results rather than methods Not feeling guilty when saying “no” Effective Time Management
- 5. * Time Management Matrix *UrgentNot UrgentImportantRelevant to current goals/objectives Need to be addressed ASAPRelevant to current goals/objectives Don’t need to be addressed right awayNot ImportantNot relevant to current goals/objectives Need to be addressed ASAPNot relevant to current goals/objectives Can wait * Identify task to be accomplished - this is “final product” i.e. complete English paper Break this task down into actionable steps – individual, small tasks that need to be done i.e. Read source material, create outline, write paper,
- 6. proofread paper Consider time dimensions – what order do tasks have to be done in, what external time factors exist? i.e. identify due date for paper, then work backwards for setting time deadlines for individual tasks Assign priorities to tasks Note: pay attention to how priorities change as time goes on Using To-Do Lists Effectively * 2 minute ruleIf something can be done in 2 minutes or less, just do it, don’t bother scheduling and planning it Be aware of your “prime time”What time of day do you work best on:Complex tasks?Social tasks?Quiet tasks?Schedule these tasks for those times to increase the efficiency of the time you expend. Additional Time Management tips * What’s the difference?Be effective: do right tasks, not just anything that comes upBe efficient: maximize output (i.e. what you accomplish) with given input (i.e. fixed time) Which is more important? Effectiveness versus Efficiency
- 7. * Eliminating encounter stress through membership in a stable, close-knit group or community. Emotional Bank Account: Compares investments in relationships to deposits and withdrawals in bank accountsThe more people interact positively, the more deposits are made. Collaboration * Effectively eliminating stress and increasing productivity by changing aspects of work. To eliminate stressors at work:combine tasksform identifiable work unitsestablish customer relationshipsincrease decision- making authorityopen feedback channels Work Redesign * Resiliency: Moderating the Effects of StressPhysiological ResiliencyPsychological ResiliencySocial ResiliencyCardiovascular conditioning Proper dietBalanced lifestyle Hardy personality Small-wins strategySupportive social relations Mentors Teamwork
- 8. * Heart diseaseStress related illness (i.e. low emotional involvement)Reduced ability to develop hardiness Negative Effects of Type A Personality * Small wins strategyDeep-relaxation strategiesmeditationyogaself-hypnosisbiofeedback Antidotes for Type A’s * Summary Use time effectively by basing your time management program on a personal mission statement Give important activities priority over urgent ones
- 9. Increase your resiliency by leading a balanced life Increase social resiliency by forming an open, trusting relationship with at least one other person * * QUESTIONS? * MGT 370 DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS Chapter 6 Motivation Dr. Akanksha Bedi * * AgendaUnderstanding performanceMotivationAbilityNeed theoriesFairness and Equity
- 10. * Performance = Ability x Motivation (Effort) Ability = Aptitude x Training x Resources Motivation = Desire x Commitment Formula for Performance * Relationship Between Satisfaction and Performance EMPHASIS ON PERFORMANCE EMPHASIS ON SATISFACTION LOW HIGH HIGH LOW Indulging Integrating Ignoring Imposing
- 11. * Satisfaction → Motivation → Perform Content Cows give more milk Old View of Motivation * New View of Motivation Motivation Satisfaction Outcomes Performance * 1. Motivation begins with establishing moderately difficult goals that are understood and accepted. Motivation → Performance Goals should be specific, consistent, and appropriately challenging, and provide feedback Include subordinates in goal-setting process (if possible)
- 12. * 2. After setting goals, managers should remove obstacles to performance. Motivation → Performance * Is the problem Ability or Motivation? Performance and Motivation * Resupply Retrain Refit Reassign Release Video Role Plays Five Tools for Improving Ability
- 13. * Using rewards and discipline to encourage exceptional behaviors and extinguish unacceptable behavior. Performance → Outcomes * Behavior Shaping Strategies * Job Characteristics Model * Maslow Hierarchy of NeedsAlderfer’s ERG TheoryMcClelland NeedsHerzberg’s Two Factors What Motivates YOU? Need Theories
- 14. * Workers evaluate what they get from the relationship (outcomes) to what they put in (inputs) and compare this ratio to other’s in a comparison group. Workers who perceive inequity are motivated to adjust their own or other worker’s inputs and/or outcomes. Fairness and Equity * Allows employees to select from a “menu” of benefits, i.e. health benefits, insurance, etc. Cafeteria Style Systems * Integrative Model EFFORT (Desire and Commitment) PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES (Extrinsic and Intrinsic) SATISFACTION +
- 15. - Absenteeism And turnover Commitment 2. ABILITY Aptitude Training Resources 5. SALIENCE Personal needs 6. TIMELINESS 1. GOALS/EXPECTATIONS Accepted Challenging and specific Feedback 4.EQUITY Social comparisons Personal expectations 3. REINFORCEMENT Discipline Rewards * SummaryClearly define an acceptable level of performance or specific goalsRemove obstacles to reaching goalsMake rewards contingent on performanceTreat discipline as a learning experienceTransform acceptable behaviors into exceptional onesIdentify rewards that appeal to the individualCheck subordinates perceptions of reward equityProvide timely rewards and feedback *
- 16. * QUESTIONS? * I interview a manager named kendy. She has 2 strong positive aspects.first is she is good at motivation! Second she is good at managing stress. And she is the manager both in ‘kickin kasian’ restaurant and “boba mike tea”.And that is the interview information: (and please see the powerpoint about these two positive aspect.) and each aspect write 2 and half pages. Total 5 pages. First How to motivating yourself or your employee? Kendy: everyone have their own emotion, I do too, but I always motivating myself and my employee, I will try my best to solving their problem and communicate with them. And I always to make good workplace, always talk to them should have positive attitude, and the most important thing is money, work for money, work for life. Second Are you having stress while you are working? What kind of stress do you have right now? Time Stressors,.Encounter Stressors,Situational Stressors,Anticipatory Stressors. Answer : Try not to think about stress. Everything about working makes me feel stress. For example: customer service, a lot of customers, etc. I will listen to music, watch tv shows and play with my dog to release my stress. double-spaced, 12-point Times font, 1 inch margins. Two strengths of the manager’s skill sets- based on literature (one academic citation each) The paper must integrate theory and concepts from the course
- 17. and apply them to the manager being examined. The paper must also go beyond the content in the textbook and include at least four relevant academic citations. Scholarly and professional journals. References should be presented using APA style, An original scholarly paper is typically an article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, but can also be a chapter in an edited volume (NOT a textbook). HINT: publications is that pages in scientific journals are typically numbered per volume (year), whereas popular print media number the pages per single issue.