The document discusses two major earthquakes: the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake and the 1960 Chile earthquake. It provides details on the causes, impacts, and responses to each earthquake. The Bam earthquake was caused by movement on the Bam fault, killed over 30,000 people, and destroyed 80% of buildings. Chile has developed strict building codes since 1960 and their response to a 2010 earthquake showed effective emergency response and reconstruction.

1. CASE STUDY
EARTHQUAKE IN BAM , IRAN 2003
CHILE 1960
PREPARED BY
ALEX RAJAN
ANISHA LALU
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE & DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

2. EARTHQUAKE SINCE 1900
Source : Google image

3. TECTONIC PLATES
BAM EARTHQUAKE 2003,IRAN
Source : Google image

4. • THE BAM AREA HAS AN UNDERGROUND MADE OF A SERIES OF FAULTS. THE
MAIN ONE CALLED BAM FAULT HAD BEEN INACTIVE FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
• THOUGH THE EARTHQUAKE WAS ON THE SOUTHERN PART OF BAM, THE MAIN
DIRECTION OF THE HORIZONTAL MOTION OF THE WAVES WAS EAST-WEST AND
WAS PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF THE MAIN FAULT LOCATED AROUND
3 KM EAST OF BAM.
• IT SEEMS THAT THE BAM FAULT CHANNELED THE ENERGY OF THE EARTHQUAKE
IN ITS DIRECTION, NORTH-SOUTH, BUT IN THE SAME TIME IT ACTED LIKE A
BOOMERANG OR AMPLIFIER BY SENDING BACK THE ENERGY ON AN EAST-WEST
DIRECTION
Source : Google image

5. IRAN IS A PART OF ALPH HMALAYAN OROGENIC BELT,YOUNGEST AND LAST
OROGENIC REGIONS OF THE WORLD
Source : Google image

6. AN OROGEN OR OROGENIC BELT DEVELOPS WHEN A CONTINENTAL PLATE CRUMPLES AND IS
PUSHED UPWARDS TO FORM ONE OR MORE MOUNTAIN RANGES; THIS INVOLVES A SERIES OF
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES COLLECTIVELY CALLED OROGENESIS. OROGENY IS THE PRIMARY
MECHANISM BY WHICH MOUNTAINS ARE BUILT ON CONTINENTS
Source : Google image

7. • 26 DECEMBER 2003
• RICHTER SCALE : 6.8
• TIME : 5.00 AM
• EPICENTER : BAM
• CAUSE : ARABIAN PLATE MOVING
NORTHWARDS AGAINST EURASEAN PLATE
• DEATH TOLL : 30000
• INJURED : 20000
• HOMELESS : 75000
• 80% BUILDING DESTROYED
• 300 PEOPLE MISSING 3 MONTHS LATER
• BAMS 2500 YEAR OLD CITADEL
(ARG E BAM) AN INTERNATIONALLY
KNOWN HERITAGE SITE ,
COMPLETELY DESTROYED
LARGEST MUD BRICK
CITADELBUILT OUT OF MUD
BRICKS, CLAY STRAW AND
THE TRUNKS OF PALM TREES,
IT IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN THE
LARGEST STRUCTURE OF ITS
KIND IN THE WORLD.
•THIS WAS NOTED ON THE VARIOUS
SITES WHERE BUILDINGS WHICH
WERE MOSTLY RUINED HAD THEIR
MAIN AXIS ORIENTED NORTH-
SOUTH (ARG-E-BAM, BAM AND THE
VILLAGES ON THE EAST OF BAM).
THEREFORE, THEY COULD NOT
WITHSTAND THE WAVES COMING
FROM THE EAST (BAM) OR WEST
(VILLAGES EAST OF BAM) AND
PERPENDICULAR TO THEM

8. BAM CITADEL BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
BAM CITADEL AFTER EARTHQUAKE
Source : Google image

9. BAM BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
AFTER RECONSTRUCTION , 2016

10. TRADITIONAL HOUSES OF BAM

11. GRID – IRON PLANNING

12. BEFORE
AFTER
DAMAGED PIXELS, SINGLED OUT IN
RED, SUPERIMPOSED TO THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE- AND
POSTSEISMIC RADIANCES
IMAGE
TAKEN
ON
SEPTEMBER
200
IMAGE
TAKEN
ON
DECEMBER
2004

13. image of Bam City taken on September 30, 2003, with the groun truth superimposed, i.e.,
the collapse ratio is color coded as follows: cyan (20%–50%), green (50%–80%), and
yellow (80%–100%).
REFERENCE : https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exploiting-SAR-and-VHR-Optical-Images-to-Quantify-Chini-
Pierdicca/da0c032f874a468f10dc7df3ba2307664f18bca7

14. image of Bam City taken on September 30, 2003, with the map of the damage derived from
our procedure superimposed in red.
REFERENCE : https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exploiting-SAR-and-VHR-Optical-Images-to-Quantify-Chini-
Pierdicca/da0c032f874a468f10dc7df3ba2307664f18bca7

15. DISTRIBUTION OF DETECTED DAMAGE AREAS USING COLOR-MODIFIED QUICKBIRD IMAGE.
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/e/earthquake+southern+chile
REFERENCE

19. • ABOUT 80% EARTHQUAKE HAPPENS ALONG THE
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE.
● CHILE, BOLIVIA, MEXICO, UNITED STATES, JAPAN,
NEW ZEALAND, ETC.
VOLCANOES

20. WHAT HAPPENED?
A RECORD BREAKING EARTHQUAKE
LARGEST EARTHQUAKE RECORDED IN
20THNCENTURY
MAGNITUDE : 9.4 – 9.6
AFFECTED COAST OF CHILE
IT TRIGGERED TSUNAMIS,VOLCANOES
ETC……
WHEN DID IT HAPPEN?
•MAY – 22 – 1960
•7:11 PM – 7.21
•LASTED AROUND 10 MINUTES
•MAY 21ST TO JUNE 6 1960
WHERE DID IT HAPPEN?
•570 KM FROM SANTIAGO
•NEAREST CITY WAS VALDIVIA
•IT WAS AT CHILE-PERU TRENCH
•32.2KM DEEP
•RUPTURE ZONE WAS ESTIMATED AROUND
1000KM FROM LEBU TO PUERTO AISEN
•RING OF FIRE
WHY DID IT HAPPEN?

21. AFTER SHOCKS

22. WHAT CHILE DID RIGHT
EARTHQUAKE DON’T KILL PEOPLE BUILDINGS DO…..
CHILE DEVELOPED STRICT ANTI-SEISMIC BUILDING
CODES
PUYEHUE VOLCANO –ERUPTION -SO IT MAY
BE POSSIBLE THAT THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE
MADE THE ERUPTION STARTED, CAUSE THEY
ARE JUST
200 KM AWAY FROM EPICENTER.

23. CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE 2010
• MAGNITDE : 8.8
• TIME SPAN : 90sec
• AFTERSHOCKS : 7 nos. MAGNITUDE :5.5 to 6.9
• CAUSES
• THE NAZCA PLATE MOVED UNDER AND EASTWARD OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN
PLATE MAKING IT A DESTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY
• THE EPICENTRE OCCURRED 21 MILES BELOW THE EARTHS SURFACE
EFFECTS
• SHORT TERM:
• A 15 STOREY BUILDING COLLAPSED IN CONCEPCION LEAVING UP TO 60 PEOPLE
TRAPPED
• ROADS WERE BLOCKED BY DEBRIS, BRIDGES COLLAPSED AND THERE WERE
REPORTS OF LORRIES FALLING INTO CHASMS CREATED IN THE GROUND
• COMMUNICATION LINES, ELECTRICITY AND WATER PIPES HAD BEEN CUT OFF
• MANY NEW BUILDINGS HAD NOT BEEN BADLY DAMAGED AS THEY HAD BEEN
BUILT TO RESIST EARTHQUAKES

24. LONG TERM:
• THE COST OF REBUILDING CHILE IS ESTIMATED TO TAKE UP TO 20% OF THE
COUNTRIES GDP LUCKILY THEY CAN AFFORD THIS
• THE TOURISM INDUSTRY WAS HIT
• MILLIONS OF DOLLARS LOST IN THE CHILEAN WINE INDUSTRY, ONE OF THE TOP
TEN WINE DISTRIBUTERS IN THE WORLD
SECONDARY EFFECTS
• GENERATED A TSUNAMI LOCATED 400 MILES OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF CHILE.
• TSUNAMI WARNINGS WERE RELEASED IN CHILE AND ALL OVER THE PACIFIC
COAST. 9 FOOT WAVES HIT THE CHILEAN COAST
• THERE WERE ALSO OUTBREAKS OF FIRES DUE TO BROKEN GAS PIPES AND
ELECTRICITY AND WATER MAINS BREAKING
RESPONSE
IMMEDIATE:
• EMERGENCY SERVICES FOUND IT DIFFICULT TO ACCESS CONCEPTION DUE TO
DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE
• THE NORTH-SOUTH HIGHWAY WAS RESTORED THE NEXT DAY USING METAL
PLATES MAKING THE WORST HIT AREAS MORE ACCESSIBLE FOR AID
• THE QUAKE LED TO LOOTING IN SOME AREAS
• A STATE OF EMERGENCE WAS DECLARED BY THE CHILEAN PRESIDENT

25. RECONSTRUCTION:
• 10 DAYS AFTER THE QUAKE MORE THAN 90% OF THE HOMES IN THE DISASTER
AREA HAVE REGULAR POWER AND WATER
• MANY BUILDINGS HAD BEEN BUILT TO WITHSTAND A MAGNITUDE 9
EARTHQUAKES THESE STILL STOOD STRONG AND WERE LARGELY INTACT
• THE RECONSTRUCTION IS ESTIMATED TO COST THE GLOBAL INSURANCE
INDUSTRY $7 BILLION
• CHILES ECONOMY IS ONE OF THE MOST DIVERSE IN THE REGION AND
THEREFORE HAS NOT BEEN EFFECTED BY THE LOSS OF A MAIN INDUSTRY
• HIGH RATES OF INSURANCE IN CHILE MEANS RECONSTRUCTION CAN TAKE PLACE
TO THOSE WORST DAMAGED AREA. HAITI ON THE OTHER HAND FOUND THE
WORST DAMAGE IN UNINSURED SLUM AREAS AND HAS THEREFORE FOUND IT
HARD TO BEGIN RECONSTRUCTION
• EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
• NETWORK OF SENSORS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO
• RECORD SEISMIC ACTIVITY
• TWO “DART” (DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF
TSUNAMIS)STATIONS ADDED TO NORTHERN
• COAST OF CHILE
• SIREN SET UP IN COASTAL REGIONS WERE USED BY NAVY TO WARN PEOPLE OF
POSSIBLE WAVES

26. CULTURE OF PREPAREDENESS
•MORE THAN ONE LAKH PEOPLE WERE EVACUATED FROM COASTAL AREAS WITHIN HOURS
•YOUNG CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT HOW TO REACT IF DISASTER STRIKES
•“ONEMI” (EMERGENCY SECTION OF THE INTERIOR MINISTRY) HAVE A PROGRAMME CALLED CHILE PREPARADO
OR CHILE READY
THEY VISIT SCHOOLS & ORGANIZE WORKSHOPS AND DELIVER EMERGENCY KITS
•DEATH TOLL DECLINED

28. NPDM 2009: THE VISION- NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NPDM)
2009 -INDIA
• THE POLICY COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT COVERING
INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS; DISASTER
PREVENTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS, TECHNO-LEGAL REGIME;
RESPONSE, RELIEF AND REHABILITATION; RECONSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY;
CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT; KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT.
• IT FOCUSES ON THE AREAS WHERE ACTION IS NEEDED AND THE INSTITUTIONAL
MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH SUCH ACTION CAN BE CHANNELIZED.
CHAIRMAN – PRIME MINISTER
STATE LEVEL
DISTRICT LEVEL
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR ANIMALS
• RESCUE AND RELIEF OF ANIMALS WILL NOW BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF DISASTER
OPERATIONS IN THE COUNTRY.
DMP: THREE PARTS
• PRE-DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• DISASTER RESPONSE
• POST-DISASTER PLAN.

29. Reference
• A Case Study of the Bam Earthquake to Establish a Pattern for Earthquake Management in Iran
Keramatollah Ziaria*, Reza Ziarib, Somayeh Ziaric ,a) Professor of Town and Regional Planning, Faculty of
Geography, Department of Geography and Town Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran b) M.A of
Architecture, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran C) Ph.D. Student of Geography and
Urban Planning, Alborz International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
• Application and prospect of a high-resolution remote sensing and geo-information system in estimating
earthquake casualties, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2165–2178, 2014,www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-
sci.net/14/2165/2014/,doi:10.5194/nhess-14-2165-2014
• BAM, IRAN EARTHQUAKE OF 26 DECEMBER 2003, MW6.5: A STUDY ON THE STRONG GROUND MOTIONS,
13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada,August 1-6, 2004,Paper No. 8001
• LESSONS LEARNT FROM SHELTER ACTIONS AND RECONSTRUCTION OF BAM AFTER THE DESTRUCTIVE
EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 26, 2003, The 14 ,World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17,
2008, Beijing, China
• Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003 ICG Reconnaissance Mission ICG report 2004-99-1
16 April 2004 Report prepared for and in cooperation with Geological Survey of Iran
• Chile%20Earthquake_%20U.S.%20and%20International%20Response%20-%20EveryCRSReport.com.html
•