Pakistan relies heavily on its rivers and dams for water resources. The main rivers include the Indus and its eastern tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, and Beas. Dams are constructed across rivers to store water for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and other uses. Currently, 10 major dams have been completed, including Mangla and Tarbela Dams, while others like Dasu and Neelum-Jhelum are under construction. Pakistan faces water shortages due to mismanagement and drought. Improving water infrastructure through new dams and better irrigation systems can help address the crisis.

1. Submitted by:
MUHAMMAD ALAMGIR
REGESTRATION NO.
2019-AG-7297
SECTION:
“D”
ASSIGNMENT:
SOIL SCIENCES
DEGREE:
BS (HONS) AGRI-SCIENCES
Submitted to:
SIR DR. ZULFQAR

2. Sources of water
 NATURAL SOURCE:
Rainfall, rivers, glaciers, ponds, lakes, streams, karez.
 ARTIFICIAL SOURCES:
Consist the surface water from rainfall and rivers , which is in
excess of the requirement for irrigation and other uses is stored in dams and other
reservoirs. This water is used for hydroelectric power generation.
This water is also used for irrigation and daily uses.

3. RAINFALL
Two major sources of rain fall:
 Monsoon rainfall:
Annual rainfall from July to September is about percent.
Pakistan has both arid and semi-arid zones.
Indus plain receives 212mm seasonal rainfall and 53mm in
rabi and kharif season .
 Western disturbance:
The rain fall varies as we move towards northeast to the
south of the country. The rainfall is due to western disturbance.

4. Rivers
 Pakistan been blessed with a number of rivers which are tributaries to the Indus .
 Main rivers which join Indus from eastern side are Jhelum , Chenab, Beas , besides
three
 Minor rivers are the HARO, SOAN and SIRON.
 There are no. of small rivers which join the river indus.
Dams
 Most common hydroelectric power comes from hydroelectric dams.
 In Pakistan dams are also used for irrigation in different parts of country.
 Typically, a river is blocked by a dam to create a large reservior of water.
 Water falls from reservoir it turns turbines and electricity is generated.

5. Utilization of water
IRRIGATION
POWER GENERATION
DRINKING
INDUSTRY
 Out of 169,384 billion cubic meter 96% water is used for agricultural purpose .
 Remaining 2% water is used for domestic purpose and 2% is used for
industrial purpose

6. Water crises
 As we all know our country is facing sever shortage of water these days .
 Our country is rapidly moving from water “stressed” to water “scare”
 Annual water availability fall below 1000 cubic meters per person.
 There are two main reason for water crisis in Pakistan
NATURAL REASON
MIS-MANAGEMENT

7. NATURAL REASON
 This is due to prolonged drought which is beyond the control of man.
OR
 In the year when rainfall is not normal or below the normal state,
country generally faces water shortage.
 For example, Government reduces 5% quota in Sindh and Punjab due
to bad rainfall.
 This thing also decrease the level of MANGLA dam.

8. MIS-MANAGEMENT
 The average in flow of Indus and its tributaries is 141.67maf. Of which 97% is
used for agricultural purpose and the remaining 3% is used for domestic and
industrial purpose.
 Out of 141.67maf around 106maf is diverted into the one of largest but in-
efficient irrigation system.
 Remaining 36maf is diverted to sea unused. A total loss.
 Out of 106maf which is diverted into irrigation net work 50%water is lost
during field operation and reaching of water at crop root zone.

9. How to reduce water crisis
 In Pakistan the solution of this condition is only construction of dam.
 So government should start the construction of these dams immediately;
CHASMA DAM
KALABAGH DAM
RAISED MANGLA DAM
MIRANI DAM
GOMALZAM DAM

10. WATER MANAGEMENT
 People should be educated to conserve water by cooperation.
 Further government should laws for water conservation, like many
western countries.
 Efforts be made to convert the present rotation based irrigation system
to demand oriented system.
 Pakistan must now pursue water security and provision as a national
security goal followed by a national water policy.
 We should also manage water which is used for drinking and domestic
purposes.

11. DAMS:
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at suitable location
across a river valley to store flowing water.
PURPOSE OF DAM
Hydro power
irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
drought and flood control
navigational facilities

12. OPERATIONAL PROJECTS
 There are 10 big dams which we discussed;
MANGLA DAM
TERBELA DAM
HUB DAM
MIRANI DAM
SABAKZAI DAM
GOMAL ZAM DAM
ALLAI KHWAR DAM
DUBAR KHWAR DAM
WARSAK DAM
KHANPUR DAM

13. MANGLA DAM
• Construction started: 1961
• Completed: 1967
• Located on: Jhelum river
• Height: 147m or 482 ft
• Length: 3,140m or 10302 ft
• Cost $1.47 billion
• Type of dam Embankment dam

14. TERBELA DAM
• Construction started: 1968
• Completed: 1976
• Located on: Indus river
• Height: 143.26m or 470ft
• Length: 2,743.2m or 9000ft
• Cost: $1,497million
• Type of dam: Earth filled dam

15. HUB DAM
• Construction started: 1963
• Completed: 1981
• Located on: Hub river
• Height: 48m or 157ft
• Length: 24,300 acres
• Cost: RS. 1,191.81million
• Type of dam: Earth filled dam

16. Mirani Dam
• Construction started: 2002
• Completed: 2006
• Location: Dasht River
• Height: 39m or 127ft
• Length: 1,020m or 3,350ft
• Cost: RS. 5,267.90 million
Type of dam: concrete faced rock dam

17. Sabakzai Dam
• Construction started: 2004
• Completed: 2007
• Location: ZOHB river
• Height: 34.7m or 114ft
• Length: 395m or 1,296ft
• Cost: RS. 1.4 billion
• Type of dam: Earth and rock fill dam

18. GOMAL ZAM Dam
• Construction started: 2007
• Completed: 2015
• Location: GOMAL river
• Height: 133m or 437ft
• Length: 231m or 758ft
• Cost: RS. 18,056.060million
• Type of dam: curved gravity, roller
compacted concrete

19. ALLAI KHWAR DAM
• Construction started: 2003
• Completed: 2013
• Location: ALLAI KHWAR river
• Height: 51m or 167ft
• Length: 88m or 289ft
• Cost: Rs.15,669.76 million
• Type of dam: reinforced cement
concrete

20. DUBAR KHWAR DAM
• Construction started: June,2003
• Completed: December, 2013
• Location: DUBAR KHWAR river
• Height: 32m or 133ft
• Length: 202m or 663ft
• Cost: Rs. 22, 208.1 million
• Type of dam: Gravity and rolled
compact concrete

21. WARSAK DAM
• Construction started: 1949
• Completed: 1960
• Location: Kabul river, Peshawar
• Height: 76.2m or 250ft
• Length: 140.2m or 460ft
• Cost: Rs. 156 million
• Type of dam: Gravity dam

22. KHANPUR DAM
• Construction started: 1968
• Completed: 1983
• Location: HARO river
• Height: 51m or 167ft
• Length:
• Cost: Rs. 1,352 million
• Type of dam: Gravity dam

23. UNDER CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
DASU HYDRO PROJECT
NEELUM JHELUM PROJECT
GOLEN GOL POWER PROJECT

24. FUTURE PROJECTS
DIAMER BASHA DAM
MUNDA DAM PROJECT
AKHORI DAM PROJECT
KALABAGH DAM
BUNJI HYDRO PROJECT

25. CONCLUSION
 Total power generation capacity is 17,457MW in Pakistan.
 This include the hydropower generation capacity of 5,013MV.
 The thermal power generation capacity of 12,169MW.
 The nuclear power generation capacity of 462MW.
 The potential for hydropower generation in Pakistanis of the order of
54,527MW.
 Current short fail is about 7,000 MW in Pakistan.