Water Resources of pakistan
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The document discusses water resources in Pakistan, including glaciers and canals. It lists the names and details of several major glaciers in Pakistan, such as the Siachin Glacier which is 75km long and the Baltoro Glacier which is 62km long and most visited. It also notes that Pakistan has over 13,680 square km of glacier area. The document then provides a brief definition of canals and notes that Pakistan's major rivers, including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, all have associated canal systems.
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Water resources of pakistan A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Profes...
Pakistan has limited water resources to support its growing population. Surface water comes from three main rivers - the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab - which flow from the Himalayas. Groundwater is an important supplemental source but overuse has caused the water table to drop rapidly in many areas.
Water resourses of pakistan, nadeem ashraf
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Water resources of pakistan
This document summarizes the water resources of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan receives water from the Indus River basin and its tributaries, monsoon rains, western disturbances, and glacial melt. It notes that agriculture currently uses 93% of water resources but that demand from domestic and industrial sectors is increasing. It also provides details on surface water sources like rivers and dams, as well as groundwater sources found primarily in Punjab and Sindh provinces. The document concludes by stating that Pakistan is facing a growing water shortage due to increasing population pressures.
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This document discusses water management in Pakistan. It covers the country's water resources, which include glaciers, rivers, lakes, rainwater and underground sources. It notes that 69% of water is used for agriculture, 23% for industry and 8% for domestic uses. The document then outlines Pakistan's macro and micro level water management approaches. At the macro level, it discusses dams, barrages, canals and irrigation channels. At the micro level, it discusses public water supply systems, irrigation channels and industrial use. It also lists several environmental impacts of current water management practices, such as damaged ecosystems and reduced wildlife habitat. Finally, the document provides suggestions to improve water management, such as building smaller dams and restoring natural river
River Indus
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia at 3,180 km long. It originates in Tibet near Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar and flows through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Thatta, Sindh. Along its course it passes many other rivers that also eventually flow into the Indus and it is the longest and most important river for Pakistan.
Water problems and solutions in Pakistan
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
Water resources, its distribution and currennt situation 1
The document discusses water resources and the current water situation in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan's water resources come from surface water like rivers and glacial melt, and groundwater aquifers. However, issues like increasing population, sedimentation reducing reservoir capacity, groundwater depletion, and low irrigation efficiency are exacerbating water scarcity. Urgent action is needed to improve water infrastructure and management to handle the country's growing water challenges.
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Water resources of pakistan A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Profes...
Pakistan has limited water resources to support its growing population. Surface water comes from three main rivers - the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab - which flow from the Himalayas. Groundwater is an important supplemental source but overuse has caused the water table to drop rapidly in many areas.
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The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Water resources of pakistan
This document summarizes the water resources of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan receives water from the Indus River basin and its tributaries, monsoon rains, western disturbances, and glacial melt. It notes that agriculture currently uses 93% of water resources but that demand from domestic and industrial sectors is increasing. It also provides details on surface water sources like rivers and dams, as well as groundwater sources found primarily in Punjab and Sindh provinces. The document concludes by stating that Pakistan is facing a growing water shortage due to increasing population pressures.
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River Indus
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia at 3,180 km long. It originates in Tibet near Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar and flows through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Thatta, Sindh. Along its course it passes many other rivers that also eventually flow into the Indus and it is the longest and most important river for Pakistan.
Water problems and solutions in Pakistan
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
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The document discusses water resources and the current water situation in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan's water resources come from surface water like rivers and glacial melt, and groundwater aquifers. However, issues like increasing population, sedimentation reducing reservoir capacity, groundwater depletion, and low irrigation efficiency are exacerbating water scarcity. Urgent action is needed to improve water infrastructure and management to handle the country's growing water challenges.
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The document discusses water resources in the Indus Basin irrigation system in Pakistan. It notes that the main sources of water are rainfall, groundwater, and surface water. Agriculture accounts for 69% of water usage. The Indus River system originates in Tibet and flows through Pakistan and India, with the Indus Water Treaty dividing the western and eastern rivers between Pakistan and India. Major dams discussed include Tarbela Dam, which is one of the largest earth-filled dams in the world, and Mangla Dam, the second largest dam in Pakistan. Barrages are also discussed as structures used to regulate and stabilize river water for irrigation and other uses.
Irrigation System Of Pakistan
Pakistan relies heavily on agriculture, with 75% of the population dependent on farming. However, the irrigation system is over 100 years old and managing it presents challenges. Traditional irrigation methods include furrow, strip, and basin techniques, while modern sprinkler and drip systems are not yet widely used. The irrigated area covers 18.63 million hectares served by 150 dams, 18 barrages, and 45 canal systems. Surface water comes from the Indus River and its tributaries according to the 1960 water treaty between Pakistan and India. Punjab has the largest irrigated area of 14.41 million hectares served by 23 canals, while Balochistan relies on an underground well system called karez to
Indus River
The Indus River is Pakistan's longest river, originating in Tibet and flowing through northern Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. It has an extensive basin covering parts of Pakistan, India, China, and Afghanistan, and supports Pakistan's largest irrigation system. This system, which includes major dams like Tarbela and Mangla, numerous barrages and canals, irrigates over 14 million hectares of farmland and is vital to Pakistan's agriculture and economy.
Rivers of pakistan
The document summarizes the major rivers of Pakistan. It discusses the five main rivers of the Punjab region (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Indus), as well as other notable rivers like the Soan and rivers in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Gilgit. It provides details on the origins, lengths, tributaries, and other key facts about Pakistan's various river systems.
Pakistan Geography - Forest In Pakistan - Pakistan Location
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The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests. Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.
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The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc.
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
Importance of Water Resources in Pakistan
Water resources in Pakistan include both natural resources like rainfall, rivers, glaciers, and wells, as well as artificial resources like dams and reservoirs. Rainfall and glacial meltwater are particularly important, providing water for agriculture, hydropower, and replenishing surface water. The Indus River and its five major tributaries supply over 150 million acre feet of surface water annually. Dams like Mangla and Tarbela are also critical, while groundwater meets 37% of public water supply needs and is increasingly used for irrigation. Overall, Pakistan has an abundance of water resources but must manage them sustainably to ensure long-term availability.
Irrigation system of pakistan
The document provides an overview of water resources and irrigation management in Pakistan. It discusses irrigation as a system to artificially apply water to soils for plant growth. The major components of Pakistan's irrigation system are described, including intake structures, conveyance canals, and field application methods. An overview of the history and development of irrigation in the region is given. Key elements of Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System are summarized, such as the major dams, barrages, link canals, and distribution of irrigated areas.
Water Crises In Pakistan
This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and issues related to water management and crisis. It mentions various dams, barrages and river basins that provide water resources in Pakistan. It then outlines factors contributing to water issues like reduced rainfall, poor management, climate change, lack of political will, and household ignorance. Rising population and decreasing availability of water per capita are said to be leading to a water crisis. The document calls for building more reservoirs and effective management to address the serious problems faced by the people.
irrigation systems
Irrigation is crucial for agriculture in Pakistan due to low rainfall. The main sources of irrigation are (1) canals dug from five major rivers flowing into the Indus River, which irrigate 70% of agricultural land, (2) wells that collect groundwater, especially common in Punjab, (3) tube wells that use electric pumps to draw more water from wells, and (4) dams and ponds that collect and store rainwater for use during dry periods. In the dry province of Balochistan, an additional method of underground tunnels called karez are used to transport groundwater without evaporation. Overall, irrigation is vital as it enables crop growth and agricultural production, which is important for Pakistan's economic
Plains, plateaus and deserts in pakistan
The document summarizes the major geographic features of Pakistan, including plains, plateaus, and deserts. It describes the Indus Plain and its tributaries, and divides the Indus Plain into three sections: the Upper Indus Plain, Lower Indus Plain, and Indus Deltaic Plain. It also discusses the Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Balochistan Plateau, Thal Desert, Cholistan Desert, and Nara and Thar Deserts. The document provides details on the locations, elevations, soils, irrigation, and other characteristics of each of these key geographic regions in Pakistan.
Topography of Pakistan by Haider Salman
The document provides information on the topography and physical features of northern mountains in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges: the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. Key details include the high altitudes and glaciers of the Karakoram range, location and peaks of the Himalaya range, and rivers that flow from the Hindu Kush mountains. It also summarizes important valleys, passes, crops, and way of life in the northern mountain regions of Pakistan.
Irrigation system of Pakistan
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES IN PAKISTAN
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
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This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and challenges facing the water sector. It outlines Pakistan's four main river basins - the Indus Basin, Kharan coastal basin, Makran coastal basin, and some rain-fed lands. It also mentions Pakistan's three main dams. The majority of water is used for irrigation, with small amounts used for drinking and industry. Pakistan currently faces a severe water shortage due to prolonged drought and mismanagement. This shortage threatens agricultural production, economic stability, and disputes between provinces over water distribution.
Baluchistan Geography
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
The Salt range and Potwar Plateau
The document summarizes the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau regions of Pakistan. The Salt Range is a series of low hills and mountains between the Indus and Jhelum rivers containing large salt deposits like at Khewra salt mines. The Potwar Plateau lies between the rivers and contains historic sites like Taxila and Rohtas Fort. The climate is arid and agriculture is limited without irrigation, but the regions have mineral resources and oil/gas fields that are economically important.
Canal system of Pakistan
The document discusses the canal system of Pakistan. It describes three main types of canals: perennial canals that provide water year-round, non-perennial canals that receive water only during monsoon seasons, and inundation canals that flow only during rainy periods. It then provides details on specific canals in Pakistan derived from the Ravi, Chenab, Jehlum, Sutlej, and Indus Rivers, identifying the barrages and headworks that control water flow and the regions irrigated by different canals.
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the presentation includes details about head works and barrages, how they operate, what are the differences between them and it includes a list of names of different barrages and head works in Pakistan.
Topography of Pakistan
This is a presentation which I have created as an assignment. By sharing this presentation, I hope o'level students like me would get a good help! :)
Effects of Climate Change on the Glaciers of Pakistan
- The document discusses glaciers in Pakistan, noting that they cover over 13,000 sq km and are melting rapidly due to rising temperatures. Glaciers are retreating at a rate of 5.9 km for Siachen Glacier and 0.36% annually for Himalayan glaciers.
- Melting glaciers threaten water supplies for Pakistan's agriculture and hydroelectric power. They also increase risks of flash flooding from new glacial lakes.
- Recommendations include reducing fossil fuel use to lower temperatures, conducting comprehensive glacier studies, and developing water conservation plans.
STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA
The document summarizes the structure and physiography of India. It divides India into several physiographic divisions based on geological structure and landforms: the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal Plains, and Islands. It describes the key features of each division, including their positioning, formation processes, and distinguishing characteristics. The Islands are further divided into Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands, with details provided on each group.
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Development of water resources in Pakistan Notes for CIE
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The document discusses water resources in the Indus Basin irrigation system in Pakistan. It notes that the main sources of water are rainfall, groundwater, and surface water. Agriculture accounts for 69% of water usage. The Indus River system originates in Tibet and flows through Pakistan and India, with the Indus Water Treaty dividing the western and eastern rivers between Pakistan and India. Major dams discussed include Tarbela Dam, which is one of the largest earth-filled dams in the world, and Mangla Dam, the second largest dam in Pakistan. Barrages are also discussed as structures used to regulate and stabilize river water for irrigation and other uses.
Irrigation System Of Pakistan
Pakistan relies heavily on agriculture, with 75% of the population dependent on farming. However, the irrigation system is over 100 years old and managing it presents challenges. Traditional irrigation methods include furrow, strip, and basin techniques, while modern sprinkler and drip systems are not yet widely used. The irrigated area covers 18.63 million hectares served by 150 dams, 18 barrages, and 45 canal systems. Surface water comes from the Indus River and its tributaries according to the 1960 water treaty between Pakistan and India. Punjab has the largest irrigated area of 14.41 million hectares served by 23 canals, while Balochistan relies on an underground well system called karez to
Indus River
The Indus River is Pakistan's longest river, originating in Tibet and flowing through northern Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. It has an extensive basin covering parts of Pakistan, India, China, and Afghanistan, and supports Pakistan's largest irrigation system. This system, which includes major dams like Tarbela and Mangla, numerous barrages and canals, irrigates over 14 million hectares of farmland and is vital to Pakistan's agriculture and economy.
Rivers of pakistan
The document summarizes the major rivers of Pakistan. It discusses the five main rivers of the Punjab region (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Indus), as well as other notable rivers like the Soan and rivers in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Gilgit. It provides details on the origins, lengths, tributaries, and other key facts about Pakistan's various river systems.
Pakistan Geography - Forest In Pakistan - Pakistan Location
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The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests. Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.
Miandam Swat
The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc.
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
Importance of Water Resources in Pakistan
Water resources in Pakistan include both natural resources like rainfall, rivers, glaciers, and wells, as well as artificial resources like dams and reservoirs. Rainfall and glacial meltwater are particularly important, providing water for agriculture, hydropower, and replenishing surface water. The Indus River and its five major tributaries supply over 150 million acre feet of surface water annually. Dams like Mangla and Tarbela are also critical, while groundwater meets 37% of public water supply needs and is increasingly used for irrigation. Overall, Pakistan has an abundance of water resources but must manage them sustainably to ensure long-term availability.
Irrigation system of pakistan
The document provides an overview of water resources and irrigation management in Pakistan. It discusses irrigation as a system to artificially apply water to soils for plant growth. The major components of Pakistan's irrigation system are described, including intake structures, conveyance canals, and field application methods. An overview of the history and development of irrigation in the region is given. Key elements of Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System are summarized, such as the major dams, barrages, link canals, and distribution of irrigated areas.
Water Crises In Pakistan
This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and issues related to water management and crisis. It mentions various dams, barrages and river basins that provide water resources in Pakistan. It then outlines factors contributing to water issues like reduced rainfall, poor management, climate change, lack of political will, and household ignorance. Rising population and decreasing availability of water per capita are said to be leading to a water crisis. The document calls for building more reservoirs and effective management to address the serious problems faced by the people.
irrigation systems
Irrigation is crucial for agriculture in Pakistan due to low rainfall. The main sources of irrigation are (1) canals dug from five major rivers flowing into the Indus River, which irrigate 70% of agricultural land, (2) wells that collect groundwater, especially common in Punjab, (3) tube wells that use electric pumps to draw more water from wells, and (4) dams and ponds that collect and store rainwater for use during dry periods. In the dry province of Balochistan, an additional method of underground tunnels called karez are used to transport groundwater without evaporation. Overall, irrigation is vital as it enables crop growth and agricultural production, which is important for Pakistan's economic
Plains, plateaus and deserts in pakistan
The document summarizes the major geographic features of Pakistan, including plains, plateaus, and deserts. It describes the Indus Plain and its tributaries, and divides the Indus Plain into three sections: the Upper Indus Plain, Lower Indus Plain, and Indus Deltaic Plain. It also discusses the Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Balochistan Plateau, Thal Desert, Cholistan Desert, and Nara and Thar Deserts. The document provides details on the locations, elevations, soils, irrigation, and other characteristics of each of these key geographic regions in Pakistan.
Topography of Pakistan by Haider Salman
The document provides information on the topography and physical features of northern mountains in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges: the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. Key details include the high altitudes and glaciers of the Karakoram range, location and peaks of the Himalaya range, and rivers that flow from the Hindu Kush mountains. It also summarizes important valleys, passes, crops, and way of life in the northern mountain regions of Pakistan.
Irrigation system of Pakistan
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES IN PAKISTAN
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
Water crisis in pakistan A presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and challenges facing the water sector. It outlines Pakistan's four main river basins - the Indus Basin, Kharan coastal basin, Makran coastal basin, and some rain-fed lands. It also mentions Pakistan's three main dams. The majority of water is used for irrigation, with small amounts used for drinking and industry. Pakistan currently faces a severe water shortage due to prolonged drought and mismanagement. This shortage threatens agricultural production, economic stability, and disputes between provinces over water distribution.
Baluchistan Geography
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
The Salt range and Potwar Plateau
The document summarizes the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau regions of Pakistan. The Salt Range is a series of low hills and mountains between the Indus and Jhelum rivers containing large salt deposits like at Khewra salt mines. The Potwar Plateau lies between the rivers and contains historic sites like Taxila and Rohtas Fort. The climate is arid and agriculture is limited without irrigation, but the regions have mineral resources and oil/gas fields that are economically important.
Canal system of Pakistan
The document discusses the canal system of Pakistan. It describes three main types of canals: perennial canals that provide water year-round, non-perennial canals that receive water only during monsoon seasons, and inundation canals that flow only during rainy periods. It then provides details on specific canals in Pakistan derived from the Ravi, Chenab, Jehlum, Sutlej, and Indus Rivers, identifying the barrages and headworks that control water flow and the regions irrigated by different canals.
Headworks and barrages in pakistan
the presentation includes details about head works and barrages, how they operate, what are the differences between them and it includes a list of names of different barrages and head works in Pakistan.
Topography of Pakistan
This is a presentation which I have created as an assignment. By sharing this presentation, I hope o'level students like me would get a good help! :)
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Similar to Water Resources of pakistan
Effects of Climate Change on the Glaciers of Pakistan
- The document discusses glaciers in Pakistan, noting that they cover over 13,000 sq km and are melting rapidly due to rising temperatures. Glaciers are retreating at a rate of 5.9 km for Siachen Glacier and 0.36% annually for Himalayan glaciers.
- Melting glaciers threaten water supplies for Pakistan's agriculture and hydroelectric power. They also increase risks of flash flooding from new glacial lakes.
- Recommendations include reducing fossil fuel use to lower temperatures, conducting comprehensive glacier studies, and developing water conservation plans.
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Glaciers are melting rapidly due to climate change, threatening water supplies. The Himalayas contain the largest store of glacial ice outside the poles and supply water to over 2 billion people. As glaciers melt, initial floods will be followed by water shortages. Regions heavily dependent on glacial meltwater for agriculture, like parts of South America, are particularly at risk. Wildlife is also threatened by habitat loss as glaciers recede. Water harvesting techniques are helping high-altitude communities adapt to less predictable water availability.
Lect10 chap12 climate
Glaciers are large, long-lasting masses of ice that form on land and move downhill due to gravity. They are part of Earth's hydrosphere and contain about 75% of the fresh water on the planet. Glaciers erode the underlying rock surface through plucking and abrasion, creating characteristic U-shaped valleys and other erosional landscapes. As they move, glaciers also deposit unsorted sediment in the form of moraines, till, and outwash plains.
Glaciers
Glaciers form when snow does not melt completely each summer and layers of snow are compressed into ice over many years. Glaciers contain ice, snow, water, rocks, and sediments, making the ice appear dirty. Though glaciers look solid, they slowly move due to pressure from their own weight, deforming and flowing over the landscape aided by meltwater at their base. Meltwater streams carry debris from the glacier which is deposited elsewhere by rivers and lakes. Some glaciers reach the ocean, forming ice shelves or breaking off into large icebergs. Moraines of deposited sediment form along the edges and fronts of glaciers. There are different types of glaciers including alpine glaciers in mountain cirques
Glaciers
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that accumulates over many years. Glaciers form in areas where snow accumulation exceeds melting. Due to their great mass, glaciers slowly flow downhill like rivers. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape and form characteristic landforms as they advance and retreat. Melting glaciers provide fresh water for many communities but are now threatened by global warming.
RIVER OF ICE
1. A glacier is a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land that masses downhill under its way.
Glacier is part of the earth’s hydrosphere.
Along with the sea, ice glaciers are known as the cryosphere.
2. GROUP OF GLACIER:
They fall into two general groups based on their form size and flow characteristics
3. Alphin glacier that is surrounded by mountains is called an alpine or mountain glacier.
Glaciated valleys are through like U-shaped with board floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides
The valleys may contain littered debris or debris shaped as moraines with a swampy appearance.
There may be taken gouged out of the rocky floor or formed by debris within the valley.
Cirque Glacier: Bowl-like hollow structures are called cirque glaciers. They are formed inside the mountains and tend to move towards the valley. A glacier that forms in a cirque is a cirque glacier. Piedmont Glacier: When the steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, then a piedmont glacier occurs e.g Malaspina glacier that falls into Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Hanging glacier: When the major valley glacier thins out, that becomes a hanging glacier. Tidewater glaciers: These are valley glaciers that reach the sea, and they provide breeding habitat for seals. These glaciers are the ones that form small icebergs.
4. Continental glaciers are those vast masses of ice sheets covering stretches of land. Such glaciers flow over large areas that are unconfined, where they bury the landscapes underneath
Today, continental glaciers are only present in extreme polar regions: Antarctica and Greenland Historically, continental glaciers also covered large regions of Canada Europe and Asia, and they are responsible for many distinctive topographic features in these regions.
The ice sheet blankets 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica.
FORMATION AND FLOW:
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER:
Glaciers are an essential indicator of the study of environmental change, thereby making people aware of the increasing global warming. Due to the continuously growing industrialization, and use of automobiles, there is a rising graph of air pollution triggered by the emission of carbon monoxide and other harmful greenhouse gases. The outcome of all these is the catastrophic increase in global warming and greenhouse gases.
Glaciers come in a huge range of shapes and sizes. Different glaciers, and even different parts of the same glacier, can have a variety of different thermal, hydrological and dynamic characteristics. Glaciers occur in locations ranging from the poles to the equator, and most parts of the world have experienced the direct effects of glaciation at some time in the past. Glaciers currently occupy less of the planet than they have done in geological history, but nevertheless exert a profound influence on the global environment. Our developing understanding of glaciers will play an important role in our understanding of the global environmental system
ocean and man
The document discusses the formation of oceans on Earth. As the molten surface cooled over time, volcanic gases formed an atmosphere and water condensed from the atmosphere to form oceans. Life then emerged in the oceans. The three major oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian - formed as the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart. These oceans have varying depths, islands, currents, and features such as coral reefs and mid-ocean ridges. The document also describes how salinity and temperature vary in ocean waters due to factors like evaporation, rainfall, and ocean currents.
The Antarctic Ice System
The document discusses different types of ice found in Antarctica and their importance:
1. Sea ice forms annually on the ocean surface around Antarctica and plays a key role in global ocean circulation and cooling.
2. Ice shelves are thick floating sections of ice that flow slowly off the land into the ocean. They act as barriers to slow the flow of continental ice sheets into the ocean.
3. Ice sheets cover over 98% of the continent and have accumulated over millions of years. Their high reflectivity helps cool the planet. Loss of ice from warming is concerning as it could lead to sea level rise.
slide 4.ppt
1. Glaciers are large, long-lasting masses of ice that form on land and move downhill due to gravity. They are part of Earth's hydrosphere and cryosphere.
2. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape through plucking and abrasion, forming features like U-shaped valleys, cirques, and arêtes. They deposit unsorted sediment in the form of moraines, outwash plains, and other landforms.
3. Past glaciation, such as the most recent ice age, had significant direct and indirect impacts on North America including stripping soil and sediment, excavating lake basins, and forming recessional moraine sets and flood features. Evidence of even older
Chapter 12 graphics- glaciers (1) [Autosaved].ppt
a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier.Fjords
ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain ...Nunatak
Periglacial' describes a landscape that undergoes seasonal freezing and thawing, typically on the fringes of past and present glaciated regions.
Lesson 2 past and present distribution of ice
Glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change as they advance and retreat in response to temperature fluctuations. In the past, during the Pleistocene epoch, ice coverage was around 3 times greater than today. The largest ice sheets were located in Antarctica, Greenland, North America, and Scandinavia. Glaciers exist in both polar and mountainous regions due to factors like latitude, which influences solar radiation levels, and altitude, which impacts temperature through the environmental lapse rate. Ice can be classified by size, location, and degree of constraint into different types such as ice sheets, ice caps, valley glaciers, and cirque glaciers.
Weathering and Erosion.ppt science 5 wea
1. Weathering and erosion shape Earth's surface through various mechanical and chemical processes that break down rocks and transport sediment.
2. The main agents of erosion are water, wind, ice (glaciers), gravity, and waves. Water is the most significant agent, shaping landforms through erosion and deposition of sediment in rivers and coastlines.
3. Glaciers erode primarily through plucking and abrasion, which grind down rock and carry sediment, leaving characteristic landforms such as cirques and sharpened peaks.
Glaceirs 2
Glaciers form where snow accumulation exceeds melting. They move via basal sliding and flow. Glaciers erode land into characteristic features like U-shaped valleys and cirques. They deposit unsorted sediment called till, forming moraines, outwash plains, and other landforms. Past glaciation scraped away soil over large areas, gouged out lake basins, and left moraines as ice sheets retreated. It lowered sea levels and flooded valleys, shaping present-day coastlines. Tillite rock records testify to even older glacial periods in Earth's deep past.
Geography of Pakistan.pptx
Pakistan has a diverse geography due to its location between major mountain ranges, rivers, and deserts. It has several physiographic regions including the Indus river plain, Balochistan plateau, Potwar plateau, Salt range, and Thar desert. Pakistan also has significant natural resources like agricultural land suitable for crops, and reserves of coal, natural gas, salt, gold, and other minerals. The climate varies regionally from tropical to temperate depending on elevation.
ESC111+-+Lecture+5.pdf
- Plate tectonics theory states that the Earth's outer shell consists of about 20 rigid plates that move slowly over the asthenosphere.
- The lithosphere comprises the Earth's rigid outer shell and varies in thickness between continental and oceanic plates.
- There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new sea floor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally.
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Water Resources of pakistan
- 2. Group Members: • 31: Farhan Khan • 32: Sardar Ali • 33: Asad • 34: Sibghat Ullah • 35: Syed Atiq Ahmad
- 3. Water Resources Of Pakistan 1) Glaciers: • “ Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses ” • Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. • What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. • Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic.
- 4. Glaciers Of Pakistan: 1: Siachin Glacier: • 75 kilometers • Width is 4.8 km • Height of about 4800m • Siachen glacier contains about 200 cubic kilometers of ice. • Pakistan has got some pretty good share when we talk about glaciers. Because it has some big glaciers like siachin, baltoro etc • The glacier area of Pakistan is about 13,680 sq km •Important glaciers are:
- 5. 2: Baltoro Glacier: • 62 kilometers long • It is most visited glacier, thus more famous than others. 3: Biafo Glacier: • 67 Kilometers (Wikipedia)
- 6. 4: Hispar Glacier • 49 Km 5: Batura Glacier • 57 km • It lies in Batura Valley Passu in the Gojal region of the Gilgit- Baltistan of Pakistan.
- 7. 6 : Chogo Lungma Glacier: (44 kilometers) 7 : Rimo Glacier: (45 km) 8 : Panmah Glacier: (42 km)
- 8. Canals: • Can be defined as an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.
- 9. Canals Of Pakistan Canal Of River Ravi Canals Of river Jhelum Canal Of River Chenab Canals Of River Indus Canals Of River Sutlej