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1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
129 www.erpublication.org
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Abstract— This study addresses the operation of Laser
Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) and industrial cutters for
identifying the aspects of vibration velocity or displacement.
This has been indicated in terms of the accuracy of cutting tools
within industries and the positive influence of LDV in enhancing
the accuracy of cutting tools. The study has analysed industrial
cutters with respect to the factors of LDV by indicating stability
cutting parameters, cutting accuracy and automation with LDV.
In addition, LDV and measurements, and the operation of LDV
itself has also been discussed. Investigating for an optimum
process for reducing vibrations during the process of machining
is essential in order to have efficiency throughout the procedure
and better results. By identifying the mentioned aspects and the
associated literature of the research, the study has further
suggested that LDV is a relevant technique in order to eliminate
the vibrational factor and improving the accuracy of the cutting
tools.
Index Terms— Accuracy, Cutting Tools, Doppler Effect,
Laser Cutting, Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV)
I. INTRODUCTION
Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDV) have been utilised in
terms of noncontact and nonreactive evaluations. Several
applications such as optimising acoustic characteristics
towards a new product, active noise compensation,
measurement of hearing aids, are based on the concept of
Laser Doppler Vibrometry. Out of such applications,
measurements regarding the cutting procedures, in
developing ultrasound tools for instance, are involved as well.
This study would analyse industrial cutters with respect to the
Laser Doppler Vibrometry and address the impact of
vibration velocity or displacement on the accuracy of cutting
tools in industries [1].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The process of cutting tools contributes in presenting several
types of associated products that are presented for quality and
rapid functioning [2]. Studies have indicated that current
cutting tools would be beneficial in terms of accuracy and
cleanliness in cutting procedures. This means that identifying
processes that are associated with the cutting tools for
presenting quality outcomes is essential [3]
Paul Ukpaayedo Sukpe, MSc Mining and Power Engineering (2012)
Wroclaw University of Technology Poland, BSc Mechanical Engineering
(2008) Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana.
Horley, Surrey United Kingdom, Mobile: +447472209472
A. Stability Cutting Parameters
In a related study [4] in terms of depicting the stability cutting
parameters in terms of LDV, it highlighted that high-speed
milling functioning of thin walls could be restricted by the
regenerative effect, causing poor finishing of the surface. For
the optimisation of the cutting procedure with respect to
productivity and quality surface, measuring the frequency
response function (FRF) of the walls have been identified in
the discussed study. This would identify modal characteristics
that contribute in acquiring stability lobes in order to indicate
the parameter values of the optimal system as a necessity for
stable cutting situations [5].
The mentioned research was directed towards indicating the
variation of FRF measurements that were obtained through
the LDV instrument and accelerometer sensors. This was
done throughout the milling operation, involving the
work-piece of thin-walled aluminium (1 mm thickness and 30
mm height). The study depicted that variations on the FRF
values had a strong impact on stable cutting bounds. Their
results also identified that high quality and suitable surface
finish was obtained in this way [6].
B. Cutting Accuracy and Automation with LDV
In another study [7] regarding continuous processing
accuracy and productivity from LDV, this aspect has been
addressed in terms of adaptive laser cutting (ALC) system. It
utilises a dynamic feedback system for analysing and
regulating the laser power, course of cutting, and optimisation
of cutting parameters automatically and maintaining
consistent accuracy as well.
The study further states that this system is specifically
functional in operating thicker steels through automation
because machine speed is usually at a particular level and is
responsible for variations in the properties of the focused
material. The study depicts that ALC contributes in the
cutting process by automatic adjustments with respect to the
changed conditions, operating at the maximum speed and
optimum efficiency. This helps in avoiding the necessity to
monitor the cutting speed and further contributes in more
productivity [8].
C. LDV and Measurements
Gatzwiller et al. [9] have identified that LDV presents
accuracy and diverse noncontact vibration transduction for
situations where mounting the vibration transducer on a
vibrating object is difficult. Such conditions are for
applications that are associated with vibration measurements
for rotating surfaces, structures that are light weighted,
A lifetime model of industrial cutters informed by
Laser Doppler Vibrometry Impact of vibration
velocity or displacement on the accuracy of cutting
tools in industries
Paul Ukpaayedo Sukpe

2. A lifetime model of industrial cutters informed by Laser Doppler Vibrometry Impact of vibration velocity or
displacement on the accuracy of cutting tools in industries
130 www.erpublication.org
objects targeted in water, objects behind glass layers, and
remote targets. Utilising LDV for such applications has the
need for focusing practical problems, because their
elimination would provide better outcomes.
The discussed study has addressed these issues and depicted
how to operate them so that measurement precision, accuracy,
and reliability could be achieved at a maximum level. These
issues were the high temperature surfaces, noise floor
encountered when measuring processes are conducted on
rotating targets, glass layers, speckle noise, operating with
mirrors, and mass loading with an LDV [10].
The study further states that another factor should be
identified, which is the cutting accuracy, regarding the
associated tools and vibrations of the related machines could
present displacements. These are usually not focused during
the course, which automatically indicates the inaccuracy of
the used cutting tool. As most machineries are open towards
worn and torn, aspects related with predisposition should be
analysed. In this context, LDV helps in detecting vibrational
structure damages, also involving cutting machines [11].
III. MEASUREMENT TOOL OPERATION
Analysing the operation of the LDV instrument and the aspect
of industrial laser cutting would contribute in understanding
the influence of vibration velocity on the accuracy of cutting
tools within industries [12].
A. Laser Doppler Vibrometry
LDV is used to conduct noncontact vibration measurements,
in which the laser from this scientific instrument is transmitted
towards the targeted surface, and then the vibration amplitude
and frequency can be observed with respect to the Doppler
shift from the reflected beam frequency, which is based on the
movement of the concerned surface. The output of this
instrument is usually an analogue voltage in a continuous
manner [13].
LDV is relevant when it comes to targeting factors that cannot
easily be directed. In this context, the mentioned continuous
voltage is directly proportional to the concerned velocity
factor, which is present along the pathway of the directed laser
beam. A vibrometer in general, comprises of a two-beam laser
interferometer, which is projected towards the measurement
of a frequency or phase difference in terms of an internal
reference beam and the beam that is being tested [14].
The name itself indicates the use of Doppler effect in order to
obtain the vibration velocities. The operation involves
inducing a Doppler frequency shift on the imposed laser
based [15]. The linear relation can be analysed between the
velocity component and the direction of the laser beam as it is
developed based on the Doppler shift among the mentioned
two aspects. In turn, this indicates the linear relation between
velocities and the frequency variations of the laser beam.
Doppler shifts are generally small relatively to the laser
fundamental frequency and for analysing such small values
requires the use of interferometry. This concept contributes in
combining the high frequency oscillations and further
reducing them to lower values for better understanding [16].
The following figure depicts the operation of the LDV. Light
coming from the laser block enters the beam splitter
mentioned as BS1 and is split into two pathways of the
reference beam and an object beam. The object beam is
transferred from BS3 and then focused on a particular point
on the sample vibrating object through the lens. The operation
involves the diversion of the backscattered light from BS3
and then transmitted towards BS2 [17].
Now, the backscatter combines with the frequency of the
shifted reference beam. This interference occurs at BS2 and
based on the Doppler effect, it identifies any frequency
difference present between the sample object and reference
beam at the BS2, in terms of an intensity modulation.
Vibrometers generally utilise He-Ne, which initiates the
Doppler frequency shift of almost 3.16 kHz. The
photo-detectors identified as PD1 and PD2 in the figure, they
convert the optical signal into an electrical signal and also
contributes in decreasing noise and drift [18].
Fig. 1 Laser Doppler Vibrometry Operation
B. Industrial Cutters
In terms of industrial cutters, the LDV technology can be
applied by implementing laser for cutting materials and for
processing industrial manufacturing applications. The
focused laser beam from the LDV instrument is targeted
towards the concerned material, and based on the laser cutting
aspect, it would either burn, melt, vaporise, or blown up, and
an edge, comprising of good-quality surface finishing is left.
Industrial cutters are associated with cutting flat-sheet
material, and structuring and piping them [19].
IV. DISCUSSION
LDV is a technique, in which a surface beam is presented onto
a particular surface and from the Doppler shift; extraction of
the amplitude and frequency of the produced vibration is
conducted. The mentioned technique is utilised in several
industries that are based on current technology in this sector
as this process has been efficiently proven in comparison with
other methods. The literature section has identified the
process of milling. Milling itself is an essential process for
cutting machines and the vibration velocity components that
are involved. These contribute in utilising the milling
vibration tool measurement throughout the course of cutting
from LDV [20].

3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
131 www.erpublication.org
This indicates that searching for an optimum procedure for
avoiding vibrations throughout the machining process is
essential. This is in particular to the required high accuracy
and efficient productivity needs in manufacturing of parts.
Analysing cutting forces in the spindle structure by using
displacement sensors has been reported as a significant
approach. Even so, analysing quality on a long-term basis is
an issue because the sensor signal could include offset drift
that is a major contribution in terms of producing
displacement within the spindle.
In the above sections, for having accurate predictions
regarding the dynamic model properties within a machining
system, LDV is utilised. This is because this technique serves
as a noncontact method in order to measure the vibrations for
the rotating spindle. This identifies the importance of those
vibrations and the velocity and displacement factor involved
in vibration measurements. Before the implementation of
LDV, accuracy of cutting tools had not been imposed at a
higher level in different industries because of the influence of
vibration velocity.
In terms of rotary mechanisms, they have bearings for
supporting the rotating parts, their weights, and the forces that
are related to the rotary motion and vibration. Large forces are
present in this context, which could damage the machinery
and hence have an impact on cutting tools when they interact
with the torn down machine. Vibration is based on the mass,
stiffness, and damping factor of the object, and the machine
that needs to be operated.
This is the reason that studies have suggested to minimise the
tendencies of vibrations in the machining process. Forced
vibrations that are based on periodic forces provided by the
system are also responsible for damaging it. This includes
unbalanced rotating masses and the engaging of multitooth
cutters. The machine tool would oscillate based on the force
frequency and if the frequency is associated with the structure,
the machine would then resonate in the natural manner of the
vibration.
This identifies the importance of limiting vibrations within the
tool structure of the machine because the outcomes are poor
surface finishing, damages to the cutting edge and irritating
noises as well. In order to enhance the current capability of
cutting edges, the accessible cutting tool materials, high stable
and power machine related tools and strong cutting tools are
needed.
V. CONCLUSION
This study has addressed the concept of Laser Doppler
Vibrometry (LDV) and industrial cutters. The study has
identified the impact of vibration velocity on the accuracy of
cutting tools within industries and the importance of the
cutting tools in the related sectors as well. The study suggests
that based on the discussed literature LDV is an appropriate
technique in this context for elimination the vibrational factor
and enhancing the accuracy of cutting tools.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project consumed huge amount of work, research and
dedication. Still, implementation would not have been
possible if we did not have any support of many individuals
and organizations. Therefore we would like to extend our
sincere gratitude to all of them.
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4. A lifetime model of industrial cutters informed by Laser Doppler Vibrometry Impact of vibration velocity or
displacement on the accuracy of cutting tools in industries
132 www.erpublication.org
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Paul Ukpaayedo Sukpe, MSc Mining and Power
Engineering (2012) Wroclaw University of Technology Poland, BSc
Mechanical Engineering (2008) Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology Ghana. Horley, Surrey United Kingdom
Mobile: +447472209472