Summery about Gothic and Romanesque architecture in Europe (Italy ,France,Germany,England and Spain (Gothic) Reference : Fletcher (A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN COMPARATIVE METHOD).

1. InEurope
Done By Yazid Hamoda (1300703006

2.  Romanesque architecture is an architectural
style of medieval Europe characterized by
rounded arches. There is no consensus for the
beginning date of the Romanesque
architecture, with proposals ranging from the
6th to the 10th century.
 According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the
word "Romanesque" means "descended from
Roman" and was first used in English to
designate what are now called Romance
languages.

3. In Italy

5.  Transepts were usually added, and the chancel
prolonged further east than in the basilicas, the
church partaking more and more of a well-
defined cross on plan, as at S. Michele.
 The transepts were the ,same breadth as the
nave, which was usually twice the width of the
aisles.
 The choir was raised considerably by means of
steps, and underneath, supported on piers, was
formed a vaulted crypt as at S. Miniato,
Florence.

7.  The problems encountered in the structure and
appearance of vaults was solved late in the
Romanesque period with the introduction of
pointed arched ribs which allowed the height
of both diagonal and transverse ribs to be
varied in proportion to each other.
 An early ribbed vault in the Romanesque
architecture of Sicily is that of the chancel at
the Cathedral of Cefalù.

9.  in Italy it is often
short or non-existent,
the church being of
cross shaped plan,
sometimes with apses
on the transept ends
as well as to the east.

12.  the interior, with rows
of columns and flat
ceiling recalling the
Early Christian
Basilican church.

13.  Over the crossing or
intersection of nave
and transepts is an
elliptical dome of later
date.

14.  Externally, blind
arcades, built in
stripes of red and
white marble,
ornament the
fa9adeswhich also
have small open
arcades, one above the
other ,producing a
fine impression

15.  Latin cross plan with
a nave and two aisles
and a much extended
transept

16.  The façade is
decorated by
numerous sandstone
sculptures, of
religious or profane
themes; they are
however now much
deteriorated

17. In France

24.  The façade is
decorated by more
than 70 sculptures,
organized into two
decorative themes,
the Ascension and
the Last Judgments,
which are cleverly
intermingled.

25.  All their faces, as well
as those of the other
faithful under the
arches, look toward
the Redeemer.

26.  The interior of the
nave is covered with
three domes, a
transept of great
length with lofty
towers over the north
and south ends, and
an apsidal choir with
four chevet chapels.

27. In England

33.  Cathedral built between
A.D. 1117 and 1190. The
interior is considered to
be
 the finest in the Norman
style next to Durham.
The nave is covered
with a painted wooden
ceiling of lozenge-
shaped compartments,
ornamenting what is
probably the oldest
wooden roof in
England.

34.  The nave aisles only
are vaulted

36.  with timber roof and
modern paintings.
Choir remarkable
for splendid carving.

37.  The plan influenced
that of S. Paul.
London, which it
inspired.
Exceptional lady
chapel.

39.  Norwich .The long,
narrow nave, aisleless
transepts

40.  the windows beneath
clerestory on south
side of nave, and the
vaulting throughout
are Perp.

41. In Germany

49.  The chapels
surrounding the
structure are of the
fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries.
 The western tower
has been added in
recent years.

50.  The building is of
interest, historically,
as the crowning place
of the Western
Emperors.
 Polygonal Plan.

52.  The facades have
semicircular headed
windows, framed in
with flat pilaster strips
as buttresses.

53.  Twin circular towers
flank the eastern and
western apses, and
the crossing of the
nave.
 transept is covered
with a low octagonal
tower, having a
pointed roof.

54. EuropeIn

56.  Originating in 12th-
century France and
lasting into the 16th
century
 Gothic Architecture was
developed in the
Medieval Era and
became the backdrop to
a number of Gothic
novels written years
after, such as Mary
Shelly's
"Frankenstein".

57.  In the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
centuries the Gothic carried to the utmost the use
of stone as a building material, heaping it up in
towers that rose on open archways vs through
the lofty roofs of the naves and transepts.
 The Gothic architects, developing still further the
principles of Romanesque architecture .
 elasticity and equilibrium Wahid were
substituted for those of inert "stability as
practiced by the Greeks and Romans.

59.  One of the defining characteristics of Gothic
architecture.
 used in the Islamic architecture before they
were employed structurally in medieval
architecture.
 A very narrow, steeply pointed ogive arch is
sometimes called a "lancet arch "

61.  Every vertical support in Gothic architecture
depended for its stability on being stayed by a
buttress.
 which in its turn was weighted by a pinnacle every
arch-thrust met another which counteracted it.
 In the case of the nave vaults, the collected
pressures of the vaulting and roof were
counteracted by arches.
 called flying buttresses, leaning against the nave
wall and supported at some distance by massive
piers.

62.  Every vertical support in Gothic architecture
depended for its stability on being stayed by a
buttress.
 which in its turn was weighted by a pinnacle every
arch-thrust met another which counteracted it.
 In the case of the nave vaults, the collected
pressures of the vaulting and roof were
counteracted by arches.
 called flying buttresses, leaning against the nave
wall and supported at some distance by massive
piers.

66. In England

68.  The problem for the mediaeval architects was
to vault, in stone, the nave of a church of the
basilican type
 and at the same time
 to provide for the lighting of the building by
means of clerestory windows in the nave walls
above the aisle roofs.
 The evolution of vaulting in England, as on the
Continent, involved the solution of a group of
constructive problems which have been
already hinted

69.  Thus it was in connection with the necessity for
counteracting the thrust of the nave vaults brought
down on piers that the greater part of the
evolution of the constructive side of the style took
place.
 In England the raising of the diagonal rib, which
produced the domical vault employed on the
Continent, seems to have been but little used, and
the method was either
 a) to make diagonal ribs segmental
 b) to make the diagonal ribs semicircular and stilt
the springing of the transverse and longitudinal
ribs

70.  a.) The Cathedrals of the old foundation are those
which, being served by secular clergy, were not
affected by the reforms of Henry VIII.(Salisbury)
 b.) The Cathedrals of the monastic foundation are
those which were originally served by regular
clergy or monks, and which were reconstituted at
the dissolution of the monasteries as chapters of
secular canons. (Durham)
 c) The Cathedrals of the new foundation are those
to which bishops have been appointed, viz., Ripon
and South well, which are old Collegiate Churches

72.  The plan has double
transepts, central
tower, and splendid.
 404 feet high, being
the loftiest in
England.

73.  The west facade is
weak, but there is a
fine north porch,
boldly projecting and
vaulted internally.

75.  An eastern transept
called the "chapel of
the nine altars," in
massive
 And a central perp.
Tower, 216 feet in
height, help to form a
group which for
strength of outline
and dignity have few,
if any, rivals

76.  Internally, the special
point is the massive
arcade of the Norman
nave, A.D. 1099-1128
 The finest in England,
the pillars about the
same width as the
openings, and quaintly
 Channeled with
characteristic spirals
and flutes.

78.  A choir of singular
interest, erected by
William of Sense, in a
style after French
models, on the
destruction of
Anselm's Norman
choir in 1170.
 In plan this choir
resembled that of the
Cathedral at Sens.

79.  At the extreme east is
the curious chapel
called " Becket's
Crown." Extensive
crypts are under all
the eastern portion.

80. IN FRANCE

81.  The southern style is remarkable for its rich
decorative facades and graceful cloisters, the
buildings of Provence being a new version of
old Roman features.
 In the north the style is the promising
commencement of a new epoch , The interiors
were close set with pier and pillar, and heavily
roofed with ponderous arching, forming a link
to the marvelous structures of the next three
centuries, where matter is lost in the emotions
expressed.

82.  In the south, internal buttresses, inclosing the
outer range of chapels, were preferred, as at
Vienne cathedral Round churches are rare in
this district. Towers are detached, resembling
Italian Gampanili.
 with magnificent capitals- which receive the
round arches of the narrow bays, and were left
entirely open, as glazing or tracery were not
required by the climate.

84.  Massiveness is the characteristic of all the early
work
 Walls were of rubble with facing stones.
 Elaboration was reserved for doorways in the
arcaded lower portion of the facades, which are
often models of simplicity and richness.

86.  Painted glass was not favored in southern
examples, small, clear-glazed openings being
employed to set off the opaque color
decoration of the walls.
 Stained glass favoring large openings was
gradually developed in the north.

89.  Completed in 1345
Notre-Dame de Paris
was among the first
buildings in the world
to use the flying
buttress
 The building was not
originally designed to
include the flying
buttresses around the
choir and nave but after
the construction began.

90.  Many small individually
crafted statues were
placed around the outside
to serve as column
supports and water
spouts.
 The statues were
originally colored as was
most of the exterior.
 The paint has worn off,
but the gray stone was
once covered with vivid
colors.

91.  the central portal,
dedicated to
the Virgin Mary, is
surmounted by a rose
window framed in an
arch itself in place of
the usual
sculptured tympanum
decorated with
statuary

92.  The "gallery of the
kings" above shows
the baptism of Clovis
in the centre flanked
by statues of his
successors.

93.  The facades of
the transepts are also
decorated with
sculptures

95.  shows an unusual
degree of artistic
unity; its lower tier
with three vast deep
porches is capped
with the gallery of
twenty-two over life
size kings, which
stretches across the
entire façade beneath
the rose window.

96.  Flanking the nave, the
two towers were built
without close regard
to the former design,
the south tower and
the north tower

97.  western façade of
the cathedral was
originally painted in
multiple colors

98. In Italy

105.  erected by the first Duke of Milan, is the most
important work of this period
 the largest mediaeval cathedral , and is built
entirely of white marble.

106.  In plan it consists of a
nave with a very small
clerestory, and double
aisles of extreme height.
 the nave terminating
with a circlet of
columns in the French
manner, but in closed in
a German polygonal
apse.

108.  Each facade consisted
of an open arcade of
two stories, one
originally advanced in
front and surrounding
the main building

109.  The lower columns
seem to rise out of the
ground, having no
bases, and the solid
and connected
character of the
tracery gives some
stability to the design,
so heavily loaded
above.

111.  The cathedral was
erected from the
designs of Arnolfo di
Cambio.
 the marble facades

112.  is chiefly remarkable
for the wide spacing
of the nave arcades

113.  the plan is cross
shaped

114. In Spain

116.  surface covered with
intricate geometrical
and flowing patterns
and rich orations

117.  without any regard to
its constructive
character is apparent.
Contrary to Northern
Gothic, broad wall
surfaces
 and horizontal lines
are special features of
the style.

118.  These fretwork
screens occupy the
whole window, and
are rich in detail

121.  It is about the same
length, but nearly 50
feet wider, and has
the choir closures
west of the crossing,
with a singularly
shallow apsidal
sanctuary

123.  is remarkable in that
the thrust of the
vaults is taken by
buttresses, which are
internal features, the
space between being
used as chapels.

129.  Christianity in Jordan is among the oldest
Christian communities in the world.
 Christians have resided in Jordan after the
crucifixion of Jesus Christ, early in the 1st
century AD.
 Christians are 390,000 (2.8-6%) of the
population of 6,500,000

130.  Jordanian Christians are among the oldest
Christian communities in the world, and the
majority have always been Orthodox adherents to
the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the
Holy Land, which is the 16 Church of St. James,
and was founded during Jesus' lifetime.
 Among the recognized denominations the Greek
Orthodox, Roman Catholic (Latin), Melkite Greek
Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Marionette
Catholic, Anglican, and Assyrian churches make
up the majority of Jordan's Christian population.

131.  In addition to the recognized denominations there
are religious societies that are allowed to meet
freely, but are not recognized as churches by the
government.
 Christians are well integrated in the Jordanian
society and have a high level of freedom, though
they are not free to evangelize Muslims.
 They form a significant part of the kingdom's
political and economic elite. Christians enjoy high
economic and social opportunities in the
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

132. Schools

133.  The Rosary Sister's
School is run by
the Catholic Church.
 The Franciscan Sisters
School is run by
the Franciscans.
 The National Orthodox
School is run by
the Orthodox Church in
Jordan and has received
The Cambridge Queen
Rania Award multiple
times.

134. Hospitals

135.  The first Hospital built in
Jordan was the
'Evangelical Hospital' built
in As-Salt by the Church
Missionary Society.
 The Italian Hospital
in Amman and
in Kerak were started by
a Catholic surgeon and is
entrusted to the Comboni
Missionary Sisters.
The Catholic Church also
runs a maternity hospital
and a general hospital
in Irbid in northern Jordan.

136.  The Government Hospital in Ajloun was
originally run by Baptists.
 The Annoor Sanatorium which
treats tuberculosis and other lung diseases was
founded by a Christian doctor. The Annoor
Sanatorium is located outside of Mafraq in
northern Jordan.
 Several Mission Clinics were also founded
across Jordan.

137. in Jordan

138.  Portions of the Biblical narrative took place in the towns and
the country side that now makes up Jordan.
 Bethany Beyond the Jordan where John the Baptist preached
and where Jesus Christ was baptized is located on the
Jordan side of the Jordan river.
 Also, Mount Nebo where Moses viewed the Land
of Canaan is located in western Jordan.
 In northern Jordan there is a small creek where an angel met
and wrestled with the patriarch Jacob.
 The rock struck by Moses to bring forth water and the
patriarch Aaron's tomb are both in southern Jordan.
 The ruins of the fortress of the Ammonites are on a
mountain overlooking downtown Amman. This is the site
where King David had Bathsheba's husband Uriah the
Hittite killed.

139.  Jordan also contains many sites of historical
importance to Christianity.
 Madaba, a city south of Amman, is the site of a large
ancient church with detailed mosaic tile work. There
have been many excavations in Madaba that have un-
earthed ancient Christian artifacts.
 There are many Arab and Frankish castles from the
period of the Crusades in Jordan. The most famous of
which is Ajlun castle located in the Ajloun district in
northern Jordan. Other castles include Montreal
(Crusader castle) and Kerak.
 Fuheis and Al Husn are two exclusively Christian
towns of Jordan.

140. Yazid Hamoda
1300703006
AABU UNIVERSITY