2. 3 - Urban Land Use Models
Simplified graphic summaries of large urban centres in the USA.
Used to describe the structure of the central city areas.
Economic and technological advances have superseded the usefulness of these models but they still describe the basic physical structure of a city.
3. Urban land use models
Common starting point is the CBD.
Models differ in how they explain the location and development of the city outside of the CBD.
Three main types of models:
Concentric zone model (Burgess 1920’s)
Sector model (Hoyt 1930’s)
Multiple-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman 1940’s)
4. Concentric zone model
Views the urban area as a set of four nested rings:
1 – transition zone: deterioration of old residential area, now high-density, low-income ghettos.
2 – zone of “working people” residential area (older homes on small lots.
3 – single-family house zone: population wealthy enough to afford housing choice, and able to commute.
4 – commuter zone: low-density suburbs.
13. CBD
Inner Suburbs
Outer Suburbs
Inner City
Burgess’s Concentric Model
14. Modeling Cities: Burgess
1 CBD - businesses, highest land value 2 Transition Zone - poorest people, blue collar used to live here 3 Independent Workers - apartments, blue collar workers (walk to work) 4 White Collar Homes - horse and buggy, streetcars 5 Commuters - no daily contact (lettuce farmers); later trains allow many
15. Concentric zone model
In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
–The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning
–Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern
–This was the city Burgess used for his model
–The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones
18. What is the Hoyt sector model?
Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or wedges.
Industry grew up in one part of a 19th century town, future industries would then develop in that sector.
As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore would grow out in a wedge shape.
20. A –The Central Business District (CBD)
This area contains shops, offices, banks, etc.
Land is expensive, and this area has high rents and multi storey buildings as a consequence.
There is very little space and competition is high.
Congestion levels are high.
Vegetated areas are sparse.
21. B1- Zone of Transition (Twilight zone)
This contains old industries that have been positioned in this zone for many years.
Over the past 20 years, this industry has been non- profitable and has closed.
This has led to high-unemployment.
This area should be re-developed into modern business districts.
22. B2- Low class residential housing
This group is made up of old 19th century buildings. With no gardens.
Often referred to as ‘slums’. These were the buildings that were knocked down in the 1960’s to be replaced with high rise flats.
The poorest people in the settlement live here, but is now highly admired and the place to live now (due to gentrification).
23. C- Council Estates
Semi-detached housing is found here with no gardens.
These houses are built on large estates.
Less expensive private estates can also be found here.
Often described as ‘medium class residential’ or ‘inter-war’ areas.
24. D- Commuter zone
This is a high class residential area where private, quality housing can be found.
Detached and semi-detached housing can be built on cheaper land.
Often lots of garages, big gardens, and many out buildings can be found here.
Most people commute to work from this zone as it is furthest away from the centre.
25. E- Countryside Areas
In the countryside surrounding the urban area, those seeking to escape from the urban area can live in pleasant surroundings.
However, they are still close to work.
Many satellite villages and towns surround major urban areas allowing people to live further away from the main settlement.
26. Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.
Modeling Cities: Hoyt
28. Multiple-nuclei model
Large cities develop by the spread from several nodes, not just the one CBD.
Individual nodes with specific functions (industrial, commercial, residential) developed originally due to benefits from clustering next to similar activities
29. Multiple nuclei model
The model has four geographic principles
–Certain activities require highly specialised facilities
•Accessible transportation for a factory
•Large areas of open land for a housing tract
–Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association
–Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area
–Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations
30. Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.
Modeling Cities: Harris-Ullman
31. Changes in Cities in the U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanisation and counterurbanisation
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
Developed Countries: suburbanisation
wealthy move to suburbs
automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’
better services
wealthy move to suburbs
counterurbanisation
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
