The document discusses the arterial supply of the brain. It describes the major arteries originating from the aorta including the brachiocephalic artery, common carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and branches of these arteries. It discusses the segments and branches of the internal carotid artery as it passes through the cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and communicating segments. It also describes the circle of Willis and its variants. Key arteries discussed include the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries as well as the basilar and vertebral arteries.
This document discusses various types of vascular malformations. It begins by describing malformations with arteriovenous shunts, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF), and pial arteriovenous fistulas. It then discusses malformations without shunts such as cavernous malformations, venous malformations, capillary telangiectasia, and Moyamoya disease. The document provides details on the characteristics, presentation, evaluation and treatment of different types of vascular malformations.
Intracranial lipomas are abnormal fatty deposits that result from abnormal embryonic development of the meninx primitiva. They are commonly associated with abnormalities in adjacent brain structures. Intracranial lipomas most often occur in the pericallosal region and are associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. MRI is used to identify lipomas, which appear as high signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images and lose signal on fat-suppressed sequences, confirming their fatty composition.
1. The document discusses various congenital brain malformations including cephaloceles, holoprosencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation, corpus callosum abnormalities, focal cortical dysplasias, tuberous sclerosis, lissencephaly, heterotopias, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, and myelination disorders.
2. Key imaging features of these conditions are described including characteristics seen on MRI and CT such as ventricular abnormalities, cortical malformations, white matter changes, and patterns of abnormal myelination.
3. The document emphasizes differential diagnosis of similar appearing conditions and notes that serial imaging may be needed to distinguish delayed myelination from hypomyelination.
This document contains summaries of multiple MRI scans showing normal cervical spine anatomy and various cervical spine injuries. The scans show things like normal ligaments, a left alar ligament tear, occipitoatlantal dislocation, types of dens fractures, burst fractures of C4 and C7, disk extrusion injuries of C5-6 and C6-7 with ligament tears, and a hyperextension injury with disk protrusion and ligament tearing. The scans were used to diagnose and guide treatment for injuries sustained in falls, crashes, and other accidents.
This document discusses spinal trauma, with a focus on cervical spine injuries. It provides details on:
- Epidemiology of spinal cord injuries and common causes
- Imaging techniques used to evaluate spinal trauma, including radiography, CT, MRI
- Clinical criteria like NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine Rule that can determine if imaging is needed
- Differences in cervical spine injuries between age groups and considerations for imaging children
- Types of fractures more common in the elderly
- Using CT to evaluate the thoracolumbar spine
- Advantages and limitations of various imaging modalities and techniques
2. Нуруу нугасны төрөлхийн
эмгэгүүдийн ангилал
1. Үндсэн ангилал
• Abnormalities of Neurulation
• Anomalies of Notochord Development
• Anomalies of Vertebral Formation and
Segmentation
• Normal Anatomical Variations
• Congenital and Developmental
Abnormalities
• Anomalies of the Caudal Cell Mass
23. Type II Chiari malformation in a 14-month-old child. Sagittal T1-weighted
images demonstrating hydrocephalus (A) with a small posterior fossa
and downward herniation of the cerebellum and medulla (B).
33. Neurenteric cyst in 3-year-old girl.
A and B, Sagittal T2-weighted (A) and axial T1-weighted (B) MR images show bilobed
neurenteric cyst (arrows) extending from central canal into posterior mediastinum.
C, Three-dimensional CT reconstruction image shows osseous opening (arrow) through
which neurenteric cyst passes. This opening is called the Kovalevsky canal.
35. Dermal sinus.
A and B, Sagittal schematic (A) and sagittal T2-weighted MR image (B) in 9-
year-old girl show intradural dermoid (stars) with tract extending from central
canal to skin surface (black arrows). Note tenting of dural sac at origin of
dermal sinus (white arrows). C, Axial T2-weighted MR image from same
patient as in B shows posterior location of hyperintense dermoid (arrow).
36. Thoracic dermal sinus ( black arrows ) and dermoid cyst (
white arrows ) on sagittal T1-weighted ( A ), sagittal T2-
weighted ( B ), and axial T1-weighted ( C ) MR images.
37. Thoracic dermal sinus ( posterior black and white arrows in A, and B ) and cyst
with enhancing abscess ( anterior white arrows in B ) with cord edema on sagittal
T2-weighted ( A ) and gadolinium-enhanced T1- weighted ( B ) MR images.
39. Type 1 diastematomyelia.
A–C, Sagittal T2-weighted MR (A), axial T2-weighted MR (B), and axial CT with
bone algorithm (C) images in 6-year-old boy show two dural tubes separated by
osseous bridge (arrows), which is characteristic for type 1 diastematomyelia.
40. Lumbar diastematomyelia and split cord with two hemicords ( short arrows in
A and B ), two dural sacs, and a bony septum ( long arrows in B and C ) on
axial T2-weighted MR images ( A and B ) and an axial CT scan ( C ).
41. Type 2 diastematomyelia.
A–C, Sagittal T1-weighted (A), coronal T1-weighted (B), and axial T2-weighted (C) MR
images in 9-year-old girl show splitting of distal cord into two hemicords (white
arrows, B and C) within single dural tube, which is characteristic for type 2
diastematomyelia. Incidental filum lipoma (black arrows, A and B) is present as well.
42. Lumbar diastematomyelia with tethered hemicords ( long
arrows ), no septum, and a lipoma ( short arrow ) on sagittal
T1-weighted ( A ) and axial T2-weighted ( B ) MR images.