1. Envi si oni ng Low Car bon
Ci t i es: chal l enges and
oppor t uni t i es
Prof es s or Deo Pras ad,
CEO: Co- operat i ve R earc h Cent re f or Low Carbon Li vi ng
es
Program D rec t or: Sus t ai nabl e D
i evel opm , B
ent E, UN SW

2. M k i n g c i t i e s b e t t e r o r ma k i n g b e t t e r c i t i e s :
a
- b u i l d i n g a n d p r e c i n c t a t a t i me – e n g a g i n g
c o mmu n i t i e s i n t hi s c ha l l e n g e ma y b e t he k e y
e na bl e r .
Cont ent
• Background
• Materials, technologies and system integration
• Whole building scale issues
• Precinct to urban scale issues
• Community scale issues
• Policies and Tools
• Co-operative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living: underpinning
innovations in the built environment

3. Backgr ound: Dr i ver s and Response
• Emerging concerns and responses
– Oil prices and energy conservation (1970’s)
– Environment and sustainability (1980=>)
– Climate change (2000’s =>)
o Mitigation challenges
o Adaptation challenges (resilience)
– Low Carbon (2010 =>)
– Affordability, efficiency and productivity

4. Climate Change

5. Ci t y Pr obl em Ci t i es ar e t he gr owt h
s:
engi nes f or t hei r nat i onal econom esi
Megatrends imply significant challenges for city decision makers
Megatrends Sustainable Urban Development
Globalization & Urbanization  Cities are competing globally
 Global players / trade volume increase to make their urban areas
 2030: 60% of population in cities attractive to live and to invest in
 High density living demands for new
patterns in infrastructure Compe-
titiveness
Demographic Change
 65+ generation will nearly double Gover-
by 2030 (from 7% to 12%) nance
Environ- Quality
 Need for adequate infrastructures ment of Life
as well as health- and elder care
 Challenge to balance between
Climate Change competitiveness, environment and
 Cities responsible for ~80% GHG quality of life, and to finance
 Need for resource efficiency infrastructure solutions
and environmental care  Achieve committed CO2 targets
 What is feasible in terms of proven technology, and for what cost and RoI?
|

6. Mega Issue -Urbanization
• Asia will have an urban level of 54% by 2030
• 40 % of the poor are already in urban areas
• The urban transition will receive a massive investment over
the next 50 years
• Infrastructure last for 80 –100 years
• Ensure “zero emission”in housing and mobility 54%
Source: World Population Prospects
3000 (2.6 billion)
2500
37%
2000 (1.4 billion)
1500
1000
24%
500
i t a upoP na br U
0
1975 2000 2030
l

7. .
.Urban transformation
.

8. Ecosystems
Built environments are parts of functioning ecosystems;
Many endangered species of plants and animals can be found in
urban areas;
Improving the health of ecosystems in urban areas during
building development can enhance services such as stormwater
retention and treatment and improve environmental quality.
 Forest loss is increasing
 Global construction consumes 875 million cubic meters of
timber per year (Roodman& Lenssen, 1995).
 “The share of bird, mammal, and fish species that are now in
danger of extinction is in double digits
 11 percent of all bird species, 25 percent of mammals, and
34 percent of fish”. (World Watch, 2001)
• ‘By the turn of the century it may be more
economic to mine for building materials in the cities
than outback’
• Challenge is not just conservation but
achieving optimal balance recreating
amenity where needed
(Positive Development)

11. Australia Building Sector Emission
Projection

12. GHG reduction model for commercial office buildings in
Australia
Source: Modelling building stock energy use and carbon emission scenarios. Greg Foliente and Seongwon Seo Ecosystem
Sciences, CSIRO, Highett, Australia 2012

14. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development)

15. P er of One
ow
15

16. Cool Roof s, Gr een Roof s ……
Art Rosenfeld – also applied himself to urban cooling:
•Raising the albedo of urban surfaces and increasing urban vegetation are easy
ways to conserve energy, save money and probably to reduce air pollution.
Experiments have shown 20--40% direct energy savings by increasing the
albedo of a single building, and computer simulation indicates that the indirect
effects of wide-scale albedo changes will nearly double the direct savings.
•At its maximum potential, a vigorous cool surfaces and shade trees program
could save annually $10 billion in energy and equipment costs, and eliminate
27 million metric tons of CO2 emissions (California case study).

17. Energy generation onsite: Semi transparent PV
Translucent BiPV
.
ECN building

18. BiPV for Korean Apartments
Drawing on UNSW modelling work and Yonsei University understanding of high rise
buildings and sustainable solutions

19. Australian showcase projects in major cities
.
High Rise
BRISBANE
60 kWp
.
Kogarah
SYDNEY
.
160 kWp
.
Original 629kWp
QV Markets
MELBOURNE
190 kWp Olympic Village
SYDNEY
Additional 72kWp
Melbourne
University
190 kWp

20. Sol ar Kogar ah ( AJC)
Kogarah SYDNEY 160 kWp
.
.
.
.

21. ‘D i
esgni ng w t h Sol ar P er’
i ow
– Im ages
Publ i c at i on/Eart hSc an
(Pras ad/Snow )

22. BI PV Roof Syst ems
• .

23. PV as part of Building function
221kWp of blessed Vatican PV

24. Building integrated concepts for façades
13 kWp PV at Vocational School Tyrol, Austria

25. Micro wind

26. Gl obal exam es - Japan
pl
Ota, Gunma, Japan - over 500 houses totalling 2,16 MWp

27. Gl obal exam es -
pl Net her l ands
BIPV application : Roof
Building name: Housing Area of Amsterfoot
Location: Netherlands, Amsterfoot
Building type: Residential
Completion: 1999
Type of PV : Polycrystalline
Quantity: 1323 kWp on 500 houses
900 solar hot water systems
80% houses face SW-SE arc

28. Achievable levels of PV power contributions to electricity consumption, using building surfaces
with more than 80% of maximum output
.
.
.
.

29. P i s grow ng f as t and get t i ng
V i
c heaper

30. Next Generation integrated products
3 section façade:
1/3 Upper section with
semitransparent PV
1/3 Middle viewing section
with blind
1/3 Bottom opaque section
below workplane
Base case
– electric
Single office
Ridge cap covers wires
wire from solar panels
goes to mechanical room
1
solar photovoltaic panel
Develop concepts and
shingles
(to inverter)
metal roof
3/4 in cavity, tyvek
plywood
design methodology
1 in spray insulation
or polystyrene
between studs
for façade with PV
Hot air
6 x 16 in duct
1

31. Chal l enges f or Net - zer o and
Low- ener gy hom es/ bui l di ngs
• Integration of solar technologies with the
architecture and with the envelope.
• Integration and optimization of solar with energy
efficiency technologies – must not be separate.
• Thermal storage and passive solar design – what
are the obstacles; need to integrate in standards
• And building resilience in future building stocks…..

32. Sm t ci t y- sm t gr i d… … … . …
ar ar ……. .

33. W e B l di ng… … …
hol ui ……
Life Cycle Cost of a Commercial Building
CABE, The impact of office design on business performance. 2004, The
Commission for Architecture $ the Built Environment: London.
| 33 |

34. • Client - Brookfield Multiplex
• Location - 1 Shelley Street -
King Street Wharf, Sydney
• One Shelley Street NSW
• Architect - Fitzpatrick &
Partners (Base Building)
Woods Bagot and Clive
Wilkinson Architects (Fitout)
• Project Value - AUD $390M
(Base Building and Fitout)
• Completion Date - April 2009
• NLA: 33,500 m2
• GFA: Over 75,000m2 GFA
(35,000 above ground &
40,000 below)
• Grade: PCA A Grade Office
Space +

35. • Green features • Fresh air and cooling are
combined in one efficient
system
• A passive chilled beam HVAC
system to create energy
efficient space cooling through
decreased fan power and air
quantity
• Harbour heat rejection
technology reduces water
consumption through the
elimination of cooling towers
and no base building water
demand other then the
sanitary features
• Dual pipe work has been
incorporated into the building
for future water recycling
technologies.

36. Measuring Success – Traditional Measures
1. Significant environmental benefits:
 Water savings of 50% + against typical A Grade buildings
 Energy savings of 55% against typical A Grade buildings
 Paper savings of 36% against typical A Grade buildings
 6 Star Green Star rated
1. Flexible working – ABW has increased space utilisation, enabled physical
changes to happen instantaneously.
2. International attention – 3m + website hits, more than 20 industry awards,
key publications including Frame and InDesign
3. An ongoing study by UTS and UNSW to measure the success of the
investment in the building.
Why do a Study?
“to better understand the relationships between green building,
indoor environmental quality, occupant perception and
satisfaction with the workplace.”

37. Indoor Environment Quality Detail – “IEQ”
Summary of Parameters
 Temperature, noise and illumination
 Humidity
 VOC
 Formaldehyde
 CO Spatial
 CO2
 Particulate
 Air movement

38. Aver age concent r at i on of VOC and i n
compar i son t he st andar d gui del i ne

39. Building use studies (continued)
Formaldehyde
Note: Formaldehyde was not detected in any sample at One Shelley Street
– Guidelines shown in the graph
NHMRC recommendation for formaldehyde(120 microgram/cubic meter)
WHO recommendation for formaldehyde(60 microgram/cubic meter)

40. Satisfaction Index for Group 1
Gr oup 1
© BUS M hodol ogy
et Post - occupancy
2011
Source: Evaluation of occupants’ experience at Macquarie Bank
Tenancies on behalf of Brookfield Multiplex and Macquarie. A study by
Leena Thomas, UTS, 2009-2011

41. Comfort Index for Group 1
Gr oup 1
© BUS M hodol ogy
et Post - occupancy
2011
Source: Evaluation of occupants’ experience at Macquarie Bank
Tenancies on behalf of Brookfield Multiplex and Macquarie. A study by
Leena Thomas, UTS, 2009-2011

42. Conclusion
 A successful team collaboration resulting in an iconic, flexible,
innovative, high performance space that enabled people a better work
experience.
 A building designed from the inside out.
 Commitment to evidence based research to quantify high
performance value across the triple bottom line.
 The most significant study undertaken in Australia and among the top
internationally as a result of its long-term nature and scale of
participants.
 A step to create better understanding of the relationship between high
performance building, indoor environment quality, occupant
perception and satisfaction with the workplace and worker productivity
and health.

43. Si ngapor e
ZEB
• S$10 million spent to retrofit of an existing
facility to incorporate some of the latest
energy-efficient inventions
• The building is able to generate as much
electricity as it consumes through renewable
energy. This works out to a net energy
consumption of zero over a typical year
• The solar panels which constitute about 15%
of the building cost
• 60 percent of utility bills usually goes into air-
conditioning. Sensors will detect the presence
of users and will direct fresh air to their
breathing zones. Recycled air will be used for
ambient cooling

44. CASE STUDY: CANADA
Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS),
University of British Columbia (UBC)
• Four storey 60,000 sq ft facility
• North America’s greenest building
• Net positive on energy
• Water self-sufficient
• 100% access to daylight
• Interactive ‘Living Laboratory’
• LEED Platinum rating
• Aims to create ‘Net Positive’
environmental impact
• Aims to achieve ‘The Living Building
Challenge’ certification

45. CASE STUDY: AUSTRALIA
Tyree Energy Technologies Building, University of New
South Wales
• Opened in January 2012
• Key design features contributing to
the Green Building Council of
Australia 6 Star rating include:
• Use of fly ash in concrete;
• Installation of trigeneration and a large
roof mounted photovoltaic array;
• Substitution of borewater for non-
potable uses together with rainwater
capture and reuse;
• Underground thermal labyrinths for
pretreatment of incoming air; and
• Desiccant dehumidification

46. UNSW TYREE EN GY TECH OLOGY
ER N
BUILD G - 150 kW P AR AY
IN p V R

47. CASE STUDY: INDIA
TERI University
• Passive solar design for natural light,
ventilation & solar protection
• Well insulated building fabric with high
performance glazing
• Rainwater harvesting and grey water
recycling and reuse
• Innovative technologies for cooling:
Earth Air Tunnel, Variable Refrigerant
Volume System, Thermal Mass
Storage
• 40% reduction in energy and 25%
reduction in water compared to a
conventional development

48. CASE STUDY: USA
Har var d Uni ver si t y
• Committed to reducing GHG emission
by 30% from 2006 levels by 2016
• 40 LEED certified university buildings
• 16% of energy comes from a number of
renewable energy sources
• 55% campus waste diversion and 100%
composting of landscape waste
• 35-70% local food produce to students
• LEED certification for existing buildings
(operation & maintenance)
• Harvard Office for Sustainability
leverages collective knowledge on
campus and oversees numerous
sustainability initiatives

49. Need t o val i dat e progres s ….
source: http://www.sydney2030.com.au/vision-in-2030/resources

50. 12,565 properties Energy use varies widely
throughout New York City within the same category
are covered by the of building type, indicating
Greener, Greater Building
the potential to achieve
Plan.
relatively large savings.
Source: New York City Local Law
84 Benchmarking Report •Recent mandatory discloser
AUGUST 2012
of energy in all buildings.
•If all large buildings could
improve to the 75th percentile,
the theoretical savings
potential grows to roughly
31% for energy and 33% for
GHG emissions.

51. Eco Ci t y Devel opment - Masdar Ci t y
– Project information:
• Masdar City locates in Abu Dhabi with a planned area of
6.4 km2 and will be home to 45,000 to 50,000 people and
1,500 businesses, primarily commercial and
manufacturing facilities specializing in environmentally
friendly products.
• The whole project will cost 22 billions USD.
– Current status:
• The project was Initiated in 2006 and construction began
in 2008.
• It was planned to complete the whole city through six
phases.
• Due to the impact of the financial crisis, Phase 1 of the
city, the initial 1,000,000 square meters, will be completed
in 2015. Final completion is scheduled to occur between
2020 and 2025.
– Vision: Zero waste, Zero Car, Zero Carbon
– Measures:
• Automobiles will be banned within the city; travel will be
accomplished via public mass transit and personal rapid
transit systems.
• Renewable sources (solar, wind and geothermal) will
provide power for not only operating the city but also
building the city.
• The reuse of runoff and rainwater

52. Si no- Si ngapor e Ti anj i n Eco Ci t y ( SSTEC) The
l at est eco ci t y m odel i n Chi na
Project Origin:
• Tianjin Eco City is a inter-government direct cooperation project
between China and Singapore
• It has enables gained momentum from strong political commitment,
while benefiting from Singapore’s extensive knowledge and
experience in integrated urban planning and water resource
management
Project Vision: SSTEC is envisioned as an “economically
sustainable, socially harmonious, environmentally friendly and resource-
conserving” city which will become a “model eco and low carbon city
replicable by other cities in China.”
Scale and Timeline:
 By 2020, SSTEC is projected to house 350,000 permanent and 60,000
temporary residents on 34.2 km2.
This city will be developed in three phases between 2008 and 2020.
Phase I is being implemented over 2008-2010, and will cover a start-up
area of 4 km2 and involve a projected population of 85,000.
Phase II (2011-2015) and Phase III (2016-2020) will each be
implemented over 5 years. By 2020, the city will be fully developed. The
start-up area has been completed and the Phase II currently is being
implemented

53. Rai si ng m ni m
i um per f or mance bar : EU
NEW …
S…
• ‘European Parliament voted for ‘zero energy buildings…. Zero
Energy Buildings is a key element in the renewed EU legislation
on buildings. During the last plenary session the Parliament
adopted new legal requirements for Europe’s buildings and their
energy performance
• From 2016 all new buildings in the EU will have to produce
more renewable energy onsite for example by solar panels than
they consume, the Parliament decided by recasting the Energy
Performance Buildings Directive of 2002.
• These zero energy buildings will include energy efficient
buildings whose overall annual primary energy consumption is
equal to or less than the energy production from renewable
sources on site. By 2015 national targets will be set to fix
minimum percentages of existing buildings to be zero energy’

54. Assessm
.
ent Tool s and t hei r use
BREEAM LEED GBTOOL NABERS GREEN STAR
Management Sustainable Sites Resource Energy use and Management
consumption GHG emissions
Health and comfort Water Efficiency Environmental Water use IEQ
Loadings
Energy Energy and IEQ Storm water Energy
Atmosphere runoff
Transport Materials and Quality of Storm water Transport
Resources service pollution
Water Indoor Environmental Economics Sewage outfall Water
Quality volume
Materials Pre-operations Transport Materials
Land use Community Landscape Land Use and
Transportation diversity Ecology
Site Ecology Toxic materials Emissions
Pollution Waste Innovation
Indoor air quality
Occupant
satisfaction

56. Identifying emission source at metropolitan scale—
red areas show higher ownership of cars per capita and hence higher carbon emissions

57. POLICY
Building Codes
Research Incentives
methodologies Tradeable certificates
Regulation
Disclosure
Measuring cultural capital
Star Ratings
Product diffusion modelling
Social network (agent
COMMUNITY based) modelling
Liveability Deliberative democracy
Affordability Crowd sourcing
Health
Amenity
Belonging

58. Innovations for a Sustainable Australian Built Environment

59. “
 Zero carbon buildings
 Carbon neutral precincts
 Engaged communities
 Advanced manufacturing
 Affordable solutions
 Major economic impact
“
 End users across industry
 World class research team
 Pathways to utilisation

60. Recent Government reports
include:
 National Strategy for Energy
Efficiency
 PM’s Task Group on Energy
Efficiency
 Built Environment Industry
Innovation Council
Recommendations
 Our Cities, Our Future
 Challenges at Energy-Water-Carbon
Intersections
 Productivity in the Buildings Network:
Assessing the Impacts of Building
Information Models
CRC for Low Carbon Living responding to a major challenge

61. “
 Links between low carbon
research and industry have been
piecemeal
 No strategic pathways, nor
appetite for adoption of low
carbon living
The CRC will deliver:
→ A new breadth and depth of partnerships
motivated to adopt low carbon living
→ An integrated and multi-disciplinary
“
approach
→ The catalyst for driving change
CRC funding will ignite this industry transformation

62. Government Manufacturing Development Professionals
Evidence base for Incubating next Enabling world Tools for
~$1billion/yr generation multi- class low carbon Australia’s
investment in purpose building property building design
government products development services industry
programs

63.  Integrated Building Systems
• Integrated solar technologies for buildings
• Low carbon materials
• Integrated design, showcase, ratings and standards
 Low Carbon Precincts
• Digital information platform
• Integrated assessment of design
• Precinct level demand forecasting for distributed infrastructure
networks
• Health and productivity co-benefits
 Engaged Communities
• Transition scenarios and affordability
• Drivers and barriers to community engagement
• Living laboratories
• Education and capacity building

64. LIVING LABORATORIES
 Property developments
→ Trialling new infrastructure
solutions and technologies
 Community groups
→ Trialling behaviour change, social
engagement programs
 Making it real
→ Research by doing
→ Program delivery & cost by
partner
→ Ongoing metering and survey
work by CRC
First step to widespread adoption

65.  Community education
→ Living Laboratories
 Tertiary education
→ TAFE partnerships
→ University
 Professional Development
→ Peak bodies and professional
institutes
 Doctoral research
→ 88 PhDs – identification process already
begun
→ Competitive stipends to attract best
→ CRC students to work with industry and
other research institutions
→ CRC students to undertake Graduate
Certificate in Research Management

66. PATHWAYS TO MARKET THROUGH A NETWORK OF END USERS
Major manufacturers with Major developers with the Large public utilities actively
the skills and infrastructure track record and ethos to seeking improvements in
to commercialise new implement findings across delivery of water and
integrated building systems all 3 research programs energy to the community
National standards and Architecture and engineering Community to adopt low
building code organisations SMEs to ensure early uptake carbon living through
to facilitate adoption across the professions effective media and
(new materials, systems (automated assessment tool, communication strategies
and designs, PIM) co-benefits calculator)
Industry peak bodies to Governments to ensure UN Environment Program
ensure dissemination effective policy and to facilitate regional uptake.
across their thousands of program development
member companies

67. “ “

68.  CRC engages with
many thousands of
SMEs through industry
bodies
 Two way
communication: end
user advice, vehicle for
implementation
 Led by Professor Ken
Maher – Gold Medal
winning architect and
Chair of Hassell Group

69. COMMERCIALIS NATIONAL LOW CARBON
ED OUTPUTS CAPABILITY IMPACTS
→ Integrated solar → Six networked Nodes of → Verified carbon
building products Excellence built on reductions
strong partnerships (annual auditing)
→ Low carbon materials
→ Industry and professions: → Communities engaged in
→ Tools and techniques up-skilled to lead high low carbon living
for integrated design performance integrated
and planning design and planning → Evidence base that
underpins government
→ Training and education → Leadership: Working policy and programs
packages with UNEP to act as
→ NewGen Apps for knowledge hub for Asia → Reduced barriers to
enabling low carbon Pacific effective collaboration
lifestyles.
The impact of our integrated approach will distinguish this CRC

70. Conclusions
•.
•.
The case for a low carbon future is evident – we now need to capture the
innovations for Australian industry.
• Need good evidence base to support design and planning innovations as
well as policy.
• Need to develop the next generation of tools, technologies, techniques for
delivery of affordable and sustainable built environment
• Need to build capacity for Australia to lead the low carbon future and
underpin our professional capability to compete globally.
• Need to foster a multi-disciplinary approach to dealing with built
environment problems. Value add through effective integration can be
significant. Social innovations are as much of an opportunity as
technological and design innovations.
• Need to mainstream this change

71. Creating sustainable futures
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