The lecture consists of two parts: 1. Introduction of my recent activity at JST-RISTEX on community based activities against global warming 2. Historical perspective of fluidization science and engineering In the latter a unique discussion was attempted on the structure of nature (existing things) and the 3 stage law in paradigm shift in scientific research. The history of fluidization research was then analysed in terms of the three stage law.

1. Fluidization
- Past and Future -
May 20, 2010
Fluidization XIII
Gyeong-ju, Korea
Masayuki Horio
Professor, Emeritus, TU A&T
Professor, Dept. of Politics, Ryukoku University
JST-RISTEX, R&D Area Director

2. JST-RISTEX: A Challenge in R&D
R&D Area: “Community Based Actions
against Global Warming and
Environmentally Friendly Society”
(FY2008-2013)
◆Call for R&D proposals(up to 0.3million $/year)

3. From April 2008 we
Requested to aim at 60-80% GHG reduction
Requested Trans-disciplinary collaboration
1. among Natural/Engineering and
Social/Human Sciences
2. among Academia, Regional People,
Government and Industry
Requested to Bring Social Issues into
Quantitative GHG Reduction Calculation
Requested to Collaborate with Director
and Advisers for R&D Management

4. GHG Minus 80% Scenario
【Transportation】
Changing All to EV
【Electricity】
Introducing
Renewables
(preferentially
【Livelihood】 replacing coal
Promoting first)
Energy saving
woody building 4

5. Several Waves of Modernization
after WWII (1950~; 1990~;---)
now brought all Crises on One Table
Financial &
Employment
Crises
Fuel
Price
Soaring

6. Anti-Global Warming Actions should
be tightly linked to
protecting/rebuilding
our life and Mind
Actions for Climate Changes
Money
New
Saving by
Res & Energy Industries
Saving and Jobs

7. If True Origin of Problems is
Modernization of too much
Dependence on Fossil Fuels,
Remodeling the ‘Modernity’ should
be the effective Solution !

8. The Program promotes Creative and
Transformative R&D Challenges for
Our ‘Historical’ Encounter with
Simultaneous Crises
① Vertical (bureaucratic) to
horizontal (trans-disciplinary)
② Real collaborative approach with
regional community
③ Appropriate technology adoption
④ Alter-modernization

9. Breaking down GHG reduction issue
into process & social factors
Mass-Energy Scenario Technical scenario
for GHG reduction development not
accommodating the
○○t/yr present social system
×
Social and temporal
Social coefficient (0~1) scenario
Social system reform plan, human •System inspection
resource raising, acceleration of •Policy development
realization rate •Consensus development
＝
Real reduction Human resource and
potential △△ t/yr governance development

10. Present Projects
From forests to houses : Co-
Development of Techniques and realization of carbon abatement and
Theories for the Integrated comfortable life to 2050
9
Restoration and Revitalization of
Local Commons Development of the
3 Method of Evidence-based
Analysis for Regional
To establish Regional Community Sustainability in Economy
System that Exits from Inducing 1 and Environment
5 Global Warming through
Introducing Micro Hydro power Construction of the Town of
Kiryu for the Future with Anti-
Proposing a Scenario and 7 Global-Warming through the
４ Road Map to realize a Regional Power
Nature Friendly Society
Model for the Sustainable
Shiga Feasibility Study of the Eco-
8 service Business Model using
“Sato-model”
2 Eco-point system
escaping from 10
Global Warming in Study on integrated policy to promote
Mountainous Region local renewable energy & its financial
– A Challenge of a scheme for realization by strategic
Small Village to alliance with Metropolitan government
share Nature-based and rural area government
6
Community among
Wide-Ranged Creating a Low-Carbon Production,
People Retail & Shopping System for Nagoya

11. Kiryu-City – Gunma Univ. Project
Proposing novel Eco-town Vision with Social Experiments
Sure leadership on
Nature/Cultural the quantitative People’s and
heritage and city × evaluation and × Children’s
government’s commitment
support dedication of
University
Target
Developing a path for CO2 emission reduction more than
80% by 2050 through achieving regional revitalization for
City Kiryu

12. Turning Listening 20t of CO2
lamps off × Insects’ Song = Reduction
Kiryu Times 2009 12

13. Creating Vital Foresters,
Lumberers and reeducated
Builders are necessary for
CO2 Capture and biomass
Utilization

14. Forest-to-Town Project
Forest Logs Lumber waiting Law temperature
Forest dryer（45℃）
management at lumbermill for drying
Young/skilled Forest-to-Town Academic
proof!
worker Direct-linkage creation PJ
Academic
proof! for direct cash flow back to
Training mountainside
Woody “Eco”-houses
Builder
production
Lumbering
Precutting
Furniture,
Painting
& panel
Wooden
fittings,
Academic
etc.
Carrying-in to proof!
building sites
Scientific proof and certification system 14
design for financial and institutional supports

15. Depopulation of Primary Sectors
%% Tertiary Sectors
60.0 (Service Industry)
Primary Sectors
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
Secondary Sectors
10.0 (Manufacturing Industry)
0.0
40
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
u
Primary Industry Secondary
Japan 1940-90
Tertiary

16. City-to-Village Project
Urban-
Real reduction Countryside
countryside
＝ population ×
t-CO2/yr increase
difference in per
capita GHG
emission
Effect of population transfer
＋ On site reduction effort
CO2 adsorption activity
＋ including forest
management and
nature restoration

17. Task Forces
Distributed Power-Gen TF
Regional Transportation with
Electric Storage TF

18. To Introduce EVs into Countryside and
Shopping Towns a new 9-Seater Low
Speed Electric Community Bus is
developed, which is to be promoted by a
new Supporting Organization
Manufacturer: Zero Sports Inc.
Collaborative Development with JST-RISTEX Projects
18

19. In this changing world Chem Engrs can
have high ‘legitimacy’ because:
1. Since Energy/Environment issues are controlled
basically and substantially by natural laws, policies
that do not satisfy them enough have to fail. Chem
Engrs can judge at least these issues.
2. In energy and resource conversion issues the
indices of efficiency and economy can never be
deceived. Chem Engrs can calculate them sure.
3. Communication is necessary for organizing
transformative actions for sustainability. Chem Engrs
have languages to communicate among different
disciplines as well as science and industries.

20. Check Appropriateness of Bio-Fuels
×0.45
Conv. Efficiency Large Scale Electr- ×0.9
No residues Power Stns icity EVs =0.28 Run
except for ash ×0.7
×0.5
×0.7 Gas
H2 =0.25 Run
Gasification
Reformer FCVs
Process
Gas 300～気圧の水素ステーション
×0.15
を町中に作るのは危険
Bio- Charcoal
GTL Gas =0.11 Run
mass ×0.5 ×0.8 Gas V
Fermentation ×0.7 ×0.2
Ethanol +
& Distillation EtOH Gasoline V =0.08 Run
Process
×0.2
=1.0 ×0.7×0.8 MeOH Methanol +
The Expressing & Gasoline V
=0.10 Run
heating Reforming Non- ×0.2
value DME volatile Diesel V
Residues issues
after
Scale affects =0.11 Run
harvest-
the conversion BDF fuel
ing
Overall Efficiency
Horio, Modern Chemistry, 2007.9

21. Check if Urban Hydrogen Fueling is
Appropriate
High P
Gas Reformer H2
Fuel Cell E
７００bar ７００bar
Hydrogen
High P ３００bar Motor
Hydrogen FCV
H2 H2 Tank
Tank Trucks Stations
Hydrogen Supply Infrastructure Hydrogen FCV
High-Pressure Supply System Concept and FCV
FC
E
Reformer Battery
Low P Low P
Gas Gas Gas Tank FCHV
Tank Trucks Gas Stn. Motor
Existing Supply Infrastructure FCEV or FCHV 21
With Battery no High-P H2 distribution necessary

22. Development of Socio-Technical
Systems
Technical System Realization in
Social Scale Social system
developments delay
Institutional system development
--- legal, financial, administrative, educational ---
Technical System development
Technical Seed Innovation
Once realized in society, technology is protected
by institutional systems.

23. To develop green technologies we need to
think how to change institutional systems
Lavish oil consumption based Socio-technical systems
Socio-technical systems against global warming
Lavish oil consumption based Social system inspection,
Social systems reform & detour
development
Lavish oil consumption based
Technical systems with
Technical systems sustainable energy sources
Technical innovation Innovation for appropriate &
premised on lavish oil
consumption sustainable technology
Global warming causing Society Society overcoming global warming

24. Chem Engrs have to develop more tie and
language to collaborate with a variety of
actors in the society
Chem Engrs will have to think more about
the ‘appropriateness’ of technology.
Chem Engrs will have to have more
responsibility in urgent social needs.
Chem Engrs will have to be more careful
and to think more deeply.

25. Fluidization Research
- Past and Future -

26. FCC really opened the era of
Enos, J.L.,(1964)
Capacity in world total [%] petroleum
FCC
year
The first dramatic success of fluid catalytic
cracking (FCC). See how desruptive the FCC
technology that time was to all other options.

27. Major post WWII Fluid Bed Process
Developments was a Historical Set of
Achievements
NIES & BRICs
development
?
Climate Change
& Oil Peak
FINEX

28. Now we are close to the
historical turning point.
We need a good historical
perspective.
But ‘History’ is still a way of
understanding.
Can be good and can be bad.

29. Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research

30. Is Progress of Knowledge Linear?
Paradigm
Progress in Paradigm
should then be analysed

31. Taketani’s Three Step Law for
the Progress of Sciences
Phenomenology Ptoremaios
Substantialism/ Johannes Kepler
Structurism /Nicolaus Copernicus
Essentialism Newton

32. Taketani’s Three Step Law
and the Structure of Nature
Phenomena Solution
Structure and
Structure
Boundary Conditions
First Principle Differential
Equation

33. Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research

34. Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1879 Pyrite Roaster
1922 Winkler Gasifier
1929 FCC 1st Patent Phenomenology
1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT)
joined FCC dev. ~1952
1942 1st FCC plant erection
1944 FBC 1st patent
~1952 umf, bed expansion,
heat transfer, viscosity, Structuralism
elutriation, slugging 1952~1961
1952 Two Phase Theory
Toomey-Johnstone
1955 Two phase reaction model Essentialism
1958~ Bubble measurements
1961~1973
1961 Davidson’s Bubble

35. Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1973 Geldart’s classification
Werther scale effect on
bubble distribution Phenomenology
Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast
Fluidization 1970~1980 5
1970s many FB gasifire tests
1977 1st US FBC boiler
1978 First direct Numerical
Simulation Structuralism
1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier 1980~1990 5
1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman
Cluster measurements
CFB study booming Essentialism
1993 Tsuji DEM
1990~20005
1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio
1997 Full phase diagram

36. Issues of the 2nd 30 years
Mode of Fluidization
Fast Fluidization
Cohesive Powders &
Agglomeration
Particle Properties and Fluidization
Direct Numerical Simulation
--Description from Particle Level--

37. Voidage distribution data by Li and
Kwauk (1980) Demonstrated clearly
the uniqueness of ‘Fast Fluidization’
(dp, p, Ar) for iron concentrate, almina, FCC and pyrite cinder, respectively,
were (105, 4510, 386.3), (54/81, 3160/3090, 17.8/50.6), (58, 1780, 12.4),
(56, 3050, 19,1).

38. Macro-scale and Meso-scale Structure
Concepts Proposed by Li and Kwauk
(1980)
the Well-
Developed
lower
Dense
Region

39. Phase Diagram by Li and Kwauk (1980)

40. A General Phase Diagram can be
Drawn for the Well-Developed lower
Dense Region
Super-
Critical
pd→
Fluid
P← Liq. like
like
→T
Gs-u0-pd phase diagram drawn from Hirama et al. [8] data
(Horio-Ito [1997])

41. A short remark
Turbulent & Fast Fluidizations
Horio, Ishii & Nishimuro, On the nature of turbulent and
fast fluidized beds, Powder Technology, 70, 229-236 (1992)
1. In ‘turbulent fluidization’
the emulsion phase is always rent into lumps
due to the high bubble fraction and to the
vigorous gas flow through bubbles.
☆The lumps are, however, still too large to be
suspended as ‘clusters’.
2. In ‘fast fluidization’
all lumps of particles are ‘clusters’ being
suspended by lightly particle laden fluid flow.

42. ‘Clusters’
Horio & Clift, A note on terminology: ‘Clusters’ and
‘Agglomerates’, Editorial, Powder Technology, 70, 196, 1992
3. Clusters,
are dense parts in a suspension
being lumped together
by fluid dynamic mechanism
not by surface forces.
Or we should call them ‘fluid-dynamic
clusters’.

43. For more arguments:
Please visit
Ch.2 Hydrodynamics (by Horio)
Grace, Avidan & Knowlton (eds.),
Circulating Fluidized Beds,
Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997

44. Some Attempts to Identify the
Structure of Clustering Suspensions

45. External viewing with laser sheets
Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating
Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994

46. External viewing with laser sheets
Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating
Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994

47. Cluster Paraboloids and
Interconnecting Channels
Horizontal sheet image
Vertical sheet image

48. 3D Image Construction
With Scanning Laser Sheet Method
Horio & Ito, Prediction of Cluster Size in Circulating
Fluidized Beds, J. Chem. Eng. Jp., 30, pp.691-697, 1997
U0=1.1m/s, Gs=0.092 kg/m2s

49. Internal viewing
Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating
Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994

50. Comparison of External and Internal
Picturing, Gs as parameter

53. A short
remark
Clustering suspensions’
Meso-scale structure
remained rather ‘similar’
irrespective of particle load.
More work needed.

54. Virtual Reconstruction of
Macro-Behavior from
Individual Particle Motion
By DEM/DPM

55. Normal and tangential component of Fcollision
and Fwall
Fn = k nD x n - h dx n
n
dt
Ft = m Fn x t Ft > m Fn
x t
Ft = k tD x - h dx t
 m Fn
t t Ft
dt
h = 2g g = ( ln e ) 2
km
( ln e ) 2 + p 2
SAFIRE (Horio et al.,1998~)
Rupture joint h c
Attractive force Fc Surface/bridge force
(Non-linear spring)
kn Normal dumping h n w/wo Normal Lubrication
Normal elasticity
No tension joint Tangential dumping h t
Tangential elasticity k t
SAFIRE is an extended Tsuji-Tanaka model
developed by TUAT Horio group
Friction slider m
w/wo Tangential Lubrication
Soft Sphere Model with Cohesive Interactions

56. COMBUSTION Spray Agglomerating AGGLOMERATION
Granulation/Coating Fluidization
FB
w/ Immersed Ash
Tubes : Melting
FB of Particles w/
Pressure Effect I-H
Solid Bridging van der Waals
Rong-Horio 1998 Tangential
FB w/ Interaction
2000 Lubrication
Kuwagi-Horio
Immersed Iwadate-Horio Effect
1999
Coal/Waste Tubes 1998
Combustion Parmanently Kuwagi-Horio
Rong-Horio Wet FB 2000
in FBC How we
1999
Mikami,Kamiya,
Extended DEM from Horio
Tsuji et.al.(1973)’s 1998
Particle-Particle Cold, Dry & Noncohesive
Single Char Heat Transfer
Combustion
Cases
Rong-Horio Natural Phenomena
in FBC
1999
Rong-Horio
OTHER
1999 Lubrication
Force Effect
SAFIRE Olefine Scaling Law
for DEM Scaling Law
Achievements Polymerization Noda-Horio for DEM
PP, PE Structure of
2002 Computation
Computation
Kaneko et al. Emulsion Phase Kajikawa-Horio
2000～ Kuwagi-Horio
1999 2002～
Kajikawa-Horio
Catalytic Reactions
2001
CHEMICAL REACTIONS FUNDAMENTAL LARGE SCALE SIMULATION

57. Effect of non-uniform Gas Supply on
Temperature Distribution in PE Reactor
Numerical
(Number of
particles=14000,
Ethylene
polymerization,
u=3umf)
Kaneko, Shiojima, Horio, DEM Simulation of Fluidized Beds for Gas-Phase Olephin
Polimerization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5809-5821(1999)

58. Effect of Metallic Sintering
1273K, u = 0.26 m/s, Dt=0.313s
Numerical
Snapshots of Solid Bridging Agglomerates grown on the
Particles without Surface wall (t=1.21s)
Roughness
Kuwagi, Mikami, Horio, Numerical Simulation of Metallic Solid Bridging
Particles in a Fluidized Bed at High Temperature, Powder Technol., 109, 27-
40(1999)

59. A short remark
DEM was proven to become a powerful
tool to analyze the phenomena, to reach
solutions for practical problems including
reaction, temperature nonuniformity,
sintering, agglomeration, deposition,
heat transfer, erosion, attrition, etc.
Need more study on individual particle
behavior and characteristics.
Measurement techniques of single
particle scale need to be developed.

60. Industrial Technology also
made significant Progress.

61. coal, wastes,
biomass
FCC
Coal
Biomass catalytic Catalytic
wastes cracking and bio
Gasificat- reactions
de-SOx,H2S,HCl Ion PP, PE
FBC
Olefin
power
gen. Applications polymeri
zation
of
Waste
manage-
Fluidization Iron ore hardening,
annealing,
reduction, patenting,
ment Powd. M
OTHER: Portland Cement,
Powder Si Ferrite, Ceramics,
mixing, Nanoparticles
handling chlorina
amusement, Drying,
tion &
healthcare agglom-
CVD
eration,
coatin’
food, drug design, fine materials

62. What Era we are in now?
Phenomena
Structure
First Principle
Over?

63. Shrinkage of Japanese
contribution to international FB
conference
Table 1 Trend of Japanese contributions to Engineering Foundation
Conference
Year 83 92 98 04 07 10
Fluidization III VII IX XI XII XIII
Contribution of Japan 17 11 10 5 3 9

64. Bow tie structure of information flow
SCC: strongly connected components
SCC
‘Fluidization’ area has been
such a ‘topos’ where a wide
variety of engineers and
scientists gather.

65. A short remark
Geldart classification, or
elutriation and freeboard
issue, or scaling issue
were all the leftovers
from the preceding
30years !

66. Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1879 Pyrite Roaster
1922 Winkler Gasifier
1929 FCC 1st Patent Phenomenology
1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT) ~1952
joined FCC dev. Bypro
1942 1st FCC plant erection
ducts
1944 FBC 1st patent
~1952 umf, bed expansion, Structuralism
heat transfer, viscosity, 1952~1961
elutriation, slugging
Bypro
1952 Two Phase Theory ducts
Toomey-Johnstone
Essentialism
1955 Two phase reaction model
1961~1973
1958~ Bubble measurements
Bypro
1961 Davidson’s Bubble ducts

67. Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1973 Geldart’s classification
Werther scale effect on
bubble distribution Phenomenology
Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast 1970~1980 5
Fluidization Bypro
1970s many FB gasifire tests
1977 1st US FBC boiler
ducts
1978 First direct Numerical Structuralism
Simulation
1980~1990 5
1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier
Bypro
1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman ducts
Cluster measurements
CFB study booming Essentialism
1990~20005
1993 Tsuji DEM Bypro
1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio ducts
1997 Full phase diagram

68. What Era we are in now?
New Un-
Phenomenology knowns
Bypro
ducts
Structurism
Bypro
ducts ?
First Principle
Bypro
ducts
Phenomenology

69. Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research

70. Meso-scale suspension structure issue
Structure, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag Expression
Multi-solids and PSD issue
Flow behavior, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag expression
Solid attrition, breakage and erosion
Charging and discharging issue
Particle-particle interaction issue
Gas-phase mixing and reaction issue
DEM-CFD and particle scale measurements

71. Frontier research and
Technology development
Technology Unknowns
Development Science
Technology Dev.: Science: Front of
Full Mobilization of knowledge world
all Knowledge wide

72. Dynamics of the Research Front
Develop-
Un-
ment knownCV Science AA
Science
Un-
Develop-
knownCV
Technology
Technology ment
Develop- Un- Science B
known Science B
ment

73. A short remark
Joining the Development
Researchers should independently
identify ‘Unknowns’ and solve the
Problem for the Success.
Researchers need to develop
concentrated research skill in the
professional fields
but also trans-disciplinary views.

74. More widely Researchers should
independently have Historical View and
Narrative to define coming issue
NIES & BRICs
development
?
Climate Change
& Oil Peak
FINEX

75. We have to keep strong
research activity.
SCC
SCC:strongly
connected
components
We need self activities to
make our SCC robust

76. Natural Science and
Engineering Science
Exchange would help
cumulonimbus cloud
They are
related to hail
crises.
Pyroclastic flow
Avalanche volcanic plateau
AICｈE Fluor Daniel Lectureship Award
Lecture (2001)

77. Why Engineering Science
Has Advantages ?
The presence of column wall makes
research much easier
artificial plant

78. Social & Human Science and
Engineering Science
Exchange would also help
AAAS 2010 Annual Meeting, San Diego
Traffic, Crowds and Society Symposium
Prof Andrea Bertozzi, Traffic, Crowds and
Society, organizer
Crowd Modeling and Criminality Crowding
From Cloud to Crowd !

79. Phenomena we should include
should now be wider
(a) Collapsed eruption column (b) Hail storm cloud (c) Columbia November 5, 2007
and pyroclastic flow formation
Stephen A. Nelson
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212082/hailfore.htm
News with De La Cruz
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/intro&textures.htm
http://veronicadelacruz.wordpress.com/category/weird-weather/

80. Kyushu Electric Power’s PFBC
Aug.11, 2002

81. Phenomena we should include
into Fluidization should now be
made wider
Meisner Effect can
suspend/fluidize superconductive
particles

82. ‘Fluidization’ in the wider sense
could be defined as:
Natural phenomena or human practices
in which particulate solids
including bodies of any sizes,
are made
free from internal friction
caused either by external or intraparticle
forces

83. Thank you very much
Join Session14
from15:00 for Smart
Particle Fluidization