Prof. Krishnan Baskar, Vice Chancellor, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Thiruneveli, gave presentation on Energy Efficiency Green Buildings at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event

1. Green Building Congress 2017, 04-07 October, Hotel Clarks Amer, Jaipur, India. –Theme: Preparing for Low Carbon future
• India, home to 18% of the world’s population, uses only 6% of the
world’s primary energy.
- Today about 240 million people without access to electricity.
• India is set to contribute more than any other country to the projected
rise in global energy demand, even so, energy demand per capita in
2040 is still 40% below the world average.
Oil demand increases by more than in any other country, approaching 10 mb/d by 2040.
Solid biomass, mainly fuelwood, is the only major source of energy ; for some 840 million
people in India today
• India’s urbanisation is a key driver of energy trends: an additional 315
million people – almost the population of the United States today –
are expected to live in India’s cities by 2040.
The “Smart Cities” programme, launched in 2015, puts a welcome emphasis on integrated
planning and provision of urban services (including power, water, waste and mass transportation)
Source: OECD/IEA, 2015 International Energy Agency, Paris, France
Challenges for India – Energy Sector

2. • A large expansion of coal output makes India the second-largest coal
producer in the world, but rising demand also means that India becomes,
before 2020, the world’s largest coal importer, overtaking Japan, the
European Union and China.
• “Make in India” campaign to promote manufacturing and the “24x7 Power
for All” drive for universal, round-the-clock electricity supply.
India’s energy-related CO2 emissions expected to reach 5-gigatonnes in
2040
• India has 45 GW of hydropower and 23 GW of wind power capacity, but
has barely tapped its huge potential for renewable energy. India is, aiming
to reach 175 GW of installed renewables capacity by 2022.
• Solar power is a key element of the government’s expansion plans.
Solar & Energy Efficient Design
Improved Indoor Air Quality
Usage of Green Materials
Proper Mechanical Systems
Efficient Lighting
Proper Testing & Maintenance
Advanced Features of a
Sustainable Building

3. Green Materials
Materials, production, use and disposal must beMaterials, production, use and disposal must be
safe for the planet. Most of the materials havesafe for the planet. Most of the materials have
specific range of conditions in which they best workspecific range of conditions in which they best work
Sustainable building materials have the followingSustainable building materials have the following
features:features:
•• Durable and easily maintainedDurable and easily maintained
•• Less processing requiredLess processing required
•• Low odorLow odor
•• Low emittingLow emitting
•• CostCost--effectiveeffective
•• AestheticAesthetic
Economics ofEconomics of Green BuildingsBuildings
Reduction in lighting energy requirements by at least 50 percent
Cut heating and cooling energy consumption by 60 percent
Reduced water consumption by up to 30 percent or more
Lower building operating expenses through reduced utility and
waste disposal costs
Lower on-going building maintenance costs, ranging from
salaries to supplies
Increase worker productivity by six to 16 percent
Higher property values and potentially lower lenders’ credit risk
Higher building net income
New economic development opportunities

4. Benefits of Sustainable ConstructionBenefits of Sustainable Construction
Sustainable construction makes wise use of all the
natural resources and a 50% reduction in energy use
Improves occupant health, comfort, productivity, reduces
pollution and landfill waste that are not easily quantified
A sustainable building may cost more up front, but saves
through lower operating costs over the life of the building
Building is designed as one system rather than a
collection of stand-alone systems with the help of the
integrated system approach
•Further research - Energy consumption, Water
use and waste management in a sustainable way
•Newer, efficient and healthier technologies
•Availability of computer software programs to
identify and evaluate options for a building
project
•Governmental support
•An active participation from every sector of the
society
Future of Sustainable Buildings

5. SSL: a new alternative to other lighting
technologies?
• Reduced heat generation • Use of less power • Longer life span
World Lighting Pollution
Lighting
corresponds to 19% of the
worldwide energy consumption.
Reducing energy consumption
by using LEDs will significantly
reduce the level of
CO2 emissions, therefore positively
impacting climate change
LIGHTLIGHTLIGHTLIGHT
3 traditional Technologies:
•Fire Incandescence
•Fluorescence & High
Intensity discharge
Oil lamp Incandescent bulbs Fluorescent bulbs

6. The fourth lighting technology
Solid: Light emitted by a solid: a piece of semiconductor
SSL: Creation of first light emitting diodes (LED)
At that time, LEDs were used for showing the time in an alarm clock
or as a battery indicator
One of the most significant assets of LEDs in lighting is life hours. LEDs life goes far beyond even the closest lighting technology,
which is currently cold cathode florescent lamps (CCFL), up to and beyond 20,000 hours of continuous operation. In addition,
LED lights do not fail catastrophically as they age unlike both incandescent and CCFL. 20,000 hours is the half life, which means
that the LED light is still illuminated, but has dimmed by about half.
LED Life – Compared with Conventional Light Sources
1,000 Hours 6,000 Hours 20,000 Hours

7. White LED: The Future Lighting Technology
• In the recent years: Tremendous gain in energy efficiency,
brightness and lifespan
•Although they are still
expensive, they have
come in the market for
residential lighting and will
replace in next 10 or 15
years
• For now, more than 50%
efficiency, but some
researchers think it’s possible
to have 90% efficiency!
Contrary to the traditional light
bulb which has 5% efficiency
and no perspective to do
better!
Perspectives & Advantages
Traffic signals, street light
ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications
Residential
Information boards
Buildings
Common application: Digital clock, battery level indicator, torch
Outdoor:
runway in airports

8. The many benefits of LED lighting make them a natural choice for an ever-expanding range of lighting applications. Virtually
every industry is now able to incorporate an LED-based solution for its design needs. Not to mention, recent government
mandates are now quickly contributing to the acceptance and adoption of LEDs for general lighting.
Applications

9. Yoshitaka Taniyasu and Makoto Kasu., Special Feature: Fr0nt-line Material Research Vol. 8 No. 8 Aug. 2010
Applications of UV-LEDs

10. Compactness, low cost of ownership and
environmentally-friendly composition, UV LED
continues to replace incumbent technologies like
mercury. The UV LED business is expected to
grow nearly $270M by 2017
.
LEDs emitting in the wavelength range
230-280nm can be used for UV ID
verification, barcodes, sterilization of
surface areas, water, bodily fluid detection
and analysis, protein analysis, drug
discovery, medical light therapy, polymer
and ink printing.
Environmental Impact of are these UV
LEDs Lower Energy Consumption,
Reduced Waste and No Hazardous
Materials UV LEDs provide several
significant environmental benefits
compared to alternative technologies.
UV LEDs have up to 70% lower energy
consumption compared to compact
florescent (CCFL) lamps. Additionally, UV
LEDs are RoHS compliant and do not
contain the toxic mercury often found in
CCFL technology. UV LEDs are also
much smaller in size and more durable
than CCFLs. UV LEDs are more resistant
to vibration and impact, resulting in less
product breakage and reduced waste and
maintenance expense.
MOCVD Wet Bench Scriber Prober
E-Gun Sorter
Epi Layer InGaN/GaN LED
Substrates (Al2O3(Saphire) or Sic)
InGaN/GaN LED
Substrates (Al2O3(Saphire) or Sic)
P
N
2” wafer
Excellence starts from the very beginning.
Every step in production process is carefully
Inspected and tested for quality assurance.
From Epitaxy to LED Chips

11. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 was awarded to Sir Venkata
Raman"for his work on the scattering of light and for the
discovery of the effect named after him".
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 was divided equally between
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar "for his theoretical studies of the
physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of
the stars" and William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical
andexperimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in
the formation of the chemical elements in the universe".
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded jointly to
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E.
Yonath"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".

12. PML
Process Flow for LED Fabrication
20,000 sq. ft. class 100 clean rooms
Materials
Matl. Testing
Lithography Device Process
Device Package
Electrical TestOptical Test
5 mm
Photovoltaic process:
Highly reliable
Low operation cost
Environmentally safe
Easy to install
No moving parts
Applications
Residential
Cost-effective way to provide power
to remote area
Space applications
satellite, space stations
Balakrishnam R. Jampana, Ph.D Thesis, WIDE BANDGAP InGaN SOLAR CELLS: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND DEVICE ENGINEERING,2010

13. Low cost High efficiency
Thin film
Organic
Tandem
Domestic Space
Thin film PV
Light weight
Radiation resistanceHigh efficiency
Applications:
Demands:
Technology:
Materials: Multicrystalline Si
III-Nitrides
a-Si ; CIS; CdTe
Monocrystalline
Si
Cost vs High Efficiency Solar Cell

14. Antireflection CoatingsAntireflection Coatings
(ARC)(ARC)

17. T h e a c t i v e a r e a c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f A l G a A s / S i s o l a r c e l l s
as hig h as 21.2 % i n t wo ter mi nal mode a nd 21.4 % i n four-terminal
c o n f i g u r a t i o n u n d e r A M 0 , 1 s u n a t 2 7 C h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d .
MOCVD growth of high quality AlGaAs on Si substrate for high efficiency solar cells
T.Soga,T.Kato, K.Baskar, T.Jimbo and M.Umeno
J. Crystal Growth 170 (1997) 447
Effect of thermal cyclic growth on deep levels in AlGaAs/Si heterostructures grown by MOCVD
K.Baskar, T.Soga, C.L.Shao, T.Egawa, T.Jimbo and M.Umeno
Applied surface science 113 (1997) 573
MOCVD growth of high efficiency current -matched AlGaAs/Si tandem solarcell
T.Soga, K.Baskar, T.Kato, T.Jimbo and M.Umeno
J. Crystal Growth 174 (1997) 579
High quality GaAs epitaxial layers grown from Ga-As-Bi solutions liquid phase epitaxy
S.Saravanan, K.Jeganathan, K.Baskar, J.Kumar, C.Subramanian, T.Soga,
T.Jimbo, B.M.Arora and M.Umeno
Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 36 (1997) 3385
Liquid phase epitaxial system for the growth of III-V compound semiconductors
S.Saravanan, K.Jeganathan, K.Baskar, J.Kumar and C.Subramanian
Communications in Instrumentation 4 (1997) 225
Heteroepitaxial technologies on Si for high efficiency solar cells
M.Umeno, T.Soga, K.Baskar and T.Jimbo
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 50 ( 1997) 203

18. Solar Cell EfficienciesSolar Cell Efficiencies
FACILITIES AVAILABLE FOR LED PROJECT
MOCVD –Class 10000 Clean Room
Photoluminescence System
HXRD for Epitaxial Layers

19. Since 17th May 1794
« LEDs with Solar - the light of
the world and future of the
Buildings»
Joyful &Colourful
INDIA
Since 07 September 1990
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