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NIPAH.pptx
- 1. Dr Jazeela Mohamed Siddique Senior Resident Department of Community Medicine Govt. TD Medical College, Alappuzha
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Emerging zoonotic disease • named after Sungai Nipah, a Malaysian village
- 3. HISTORY • 1999 : Nipah virus (NiV) first isolated in Malaysia and Singapore in outbreak among pig farmers • India – 2 outbreaks in 2001 and 2007 – West Bengal • 2001 : Siliguri village – human to human transmission • 2018 : Kerala – Calicut – 19 cases , 17 deaths • 2019 : Kerala - Ernakulam – 1 case 17 deaths
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY • Agent : Nipah virus • Family : Paramyxoviridae • Genus : Henipavirus • Structure : non-segmented ss RNA helical nucleocapsid AGENT FACTORS
- 5. • Fruit bats Pteropus (Reservoir host) • Pigs and horses (Amplifier host) • Humans HOST FACTORS
- 6. • Winter and Spring season (December – May) • Breeding season of bats • Date palm harvesting season ENVIRONMENT FACTORS
- 7. MODES OF TRANSMISSION Direct transmission • Pigs • Human to human • Bats Indirect transmission • Date palm sap • Fruits
- 8. CLINICAL FEATURES • Asymptomatic Acute respiratory infection Encephalitis • Incubation period : 4 – 14 days • Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) • Influenza like illness • Case fatality rate : 40 – 75% • Sequelae : Residual neurological deficit
- 9. DIAGNOSIS • All lab tests for acute febrile illness • All lab tests for prevalent AES • Early stage • RTPCR – throat and nasal swabs, CSF, urine, blood • Late stage • Antibody detection by ELISA (IgG and IgM) • Fatal cases • Immunohistochemistry on tissues collected during autopsy
- 10. TREATMENT • No drug or vaccine available • Patient isolation • Intensive supportive care – complications • Ribavirin
- 11. PREVENTION COMMUNITY LEVEL Health education • Awareness of the risk factors • Measures to reduce exposure to NiV
- 12. PRECAUTIONS • Maintain strict personal hygiene • Droplet and contact precaution • PPE • Appropriate house keeping practice • Safe collection and handling of lab samples • Handle dead bodies accordance with govt advisory HEATH CARE SETTING