A few guidelines for the management of nematodes in the nursery

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WHY WE NEED TO CONTROL
NEMATODES IN NURSERY
LEVEL?
• Nurseries are the usual focal points of nematode
infestation.
• Parasitic nematodes once introduced into the field cannot
be eradicated even by chemical means.
• After established of the crop in the field the control of
nematodes is difficult as compared to control in nursery
level.
• All the precautionary measures are taken in the nursery
level itself inorder to reduce the yield loss after
establishment of crop.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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IMPORTANT NEMATODES WHICH
INFEST NURSERY ARE?
• ROOT KNOT(Meloidogyne spp)
• LESION(Pratylenchus spp)
• STUNT(Tylenchorynchus spp)
• BURROWING(Radopholus)
• RENIFORM(Rotylenchulus)
• CITRUS(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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ROOT KNOT(Meloidogyne spp)
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LESION(Pratylenchus spp)
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STUNT(Tylenchorynchus spp)
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BURROWING(Radopholus)
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RENIFORM(Rotylenchulus)
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CITRUS(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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SOIL SOLARIZATION
• A method of killing nematode by heat.
• Temperature increased to lethal levels.
• Moist soil is covered with a plastic film during periods of
intense sunshine and heat thereby capturing radiant heat
energy by sun causing physical , chemical and biological
changes in soil.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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Success stories in different crops…
• Trapping heat with LLDPE 100 gauge film during summer for
15 days in tomato nursery gave 66% of reduction of root knot
nematode(AAU,Gujarat)
• Use of 400 gauge LDPE for 40-45 days is ideal for pre-sowing
treatment for controlling nematodes in cardamom nurseries.
• White PE mulching for 15 days on beds in betelvine reduced
nematode population.(Shivakumar and marimuthu,1987)
• TTPE mulches for 6 weeks caused 72.6 &88.5% decrease in
population densities of Tylenchorynchus vulgaris and
Hoplolaimus indicus respectively.
• Application of mahua cake before solarisation causes reduction
in nematode population.(Kamra and Gaur,1998)
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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SOIL FUMIGATION
Best method for nematode eradication in nurseries……
reported in circular published by Tea Research Institute
Srilanka issued on November 2009
Guarantees nematode free nursery beds and boosts up
the growth of plants.
The recommended soil fumigants are:
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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…contd…
• The chemical granule in contact with soil moisture is
transformed into active compounds mainly methyl
isothiocyanate which are light in weight and volatile in
nature.
• The MITC fumes produced penetrates inside soil
destroying active soil organisms.
• Exposure for one week to these fumes completely
eradicates the nematodes.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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FUMIGATION
RECOMMENDED MAINLY FOR PLANTATION CROPS MAINLY TEA
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INTEGRATED NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
• Integrated program of preventive measures ,sanitation and
nematicides help to reduce losses and injury due to
nematodes.
• Sanitation and preventive maintenance include
• Plant in pest and pathogen free soils.
• Disinfest all plant containers ,bins ,benches and
equipments.
• Restrict transfer of material from infested to uninfested
areas.
• Wash hands and disinfest tools regularly.
• Use nematode free propagating stock.
• Use raised benches.
• For greenhouse sanitation reduce the level of wind blown
soil into the structure.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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…contd…
• In case of chemicals used ;chlorfenapyr is an active
ingredient in the nematicide pylon against foliar
nematodes(Aphelenchoide spp).
• INM mainly practiced in case of ornamentals and planting
stock of fruits and nutS (William .T .Crow and
Robert.A.Dunn,University Of Florida)
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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…contd…
• Preplant treatments of potting media,raised
benches,ground beds and propagation benches is done by
application of recommended doses of :
• Aerated steam
• Live steam
• Chloropicrin
• Methyl bromide
• Metham-sodium
• Dazomet
• Sodium hypochlorite(1 part common bleach in 5 parts of
water) is used as surface disinfestant for containers ,bins
and equipments used in nurseries.
• Hot water at 122 degrees F is used for controlling
nematodes in caladium tubers.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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In forest nurseries….
• Providing alternate host during crop rotation or growing
same host continuously leads to surface more nematode
damage .
• In forest nurseries needle and stunt nematodes causes
damage to pine seedlings where white oak and cowpea
was the alternate host respectively.
• The recent studies proved that several varieties of
sorghum ,rye and legumes which were used as cover crops
are good hosts for stunt nematode.
• Nematodes doesn’t survive in soil for an extended period
without a suitable host .
• So use of fallow or alternating hosts with non-hosts can be
effective against nematodes.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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In Agronomic crops….and
vegetables….
• The practices followed are
• Soil solarization
• Crop rotation
• Nursery treatment with recommended dose of carbofuran
in cereals.
• Use of nematode resistant varieties of seeds.
• Add compost,rotted manure and leaves to soil inorder to
increase soil fertility and reduces incidence of nematode
infestation.
• Use of material that contain chitin which increases the
population of microorganisms that kill nematodes.
NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

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NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES