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By the end of the lesson, cadets
should be able to:
1. List and describe the three types of
burns
2. Assess the severity of burn injuries
3. Administer first aid treatment to the
victim
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• Introduction
• Types of Burns
• Severity of
Burns
• Treatment of
Burns
• Conclusion
Scope
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Definition:
Burns are injuries to the skin or
mucous membrane from
excessive heat or cold,
chemical substances or
electrical current
• Burns cause most painful injuries
• Accurate assessment is vital
• Management and rapid transport is
critical
Introduction
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• Thermal Burns:
– Destroy tissues through heat
– Burning in the tissues
continues for about 10
minutes following the critical
burn injury
– Smoke inhalation and carbon
monoxide poisoning
Types of Burns
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Thermal Burns due to ScaldingThermal Burns due to Scalding
Leg scalded by boiling waterLeg scalded by boiling waterCasualty burnt by overheated tool
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• Chemical Burns
– chemical contact
– destroy tissues through protein
coagulation
– extent of tissue destruction depends on
duration of contact, concentration &
amount of tissue exposed
Types of Burns
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Chemical Burns
Extensive damage to face due to usingExtensive damage to face due to using
corrosive pastecorrosive paste
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• Electrical Burns:
– Occurs when some body parts complete
the electrical circuit
– Electrical current passes through the body
and destroys internal tissue (muscles,
nerves, etc)
– Can be extremely deceiving (not obvious)
as there may be no significant signs of
surface burns
– A small surface wound may uncover
widespread underlying tissue damage
– May induce cardiac arrest (heart failure)
Types of Burns
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Electrical BurnsElectrical Burns
Oral burn from biting on electrical cable
High voltage electrical burn
through the sole of a shoe
Lineman burnt while attending to
electrical cable
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Severity of Burns
• First Degree:
- Superficial partial
thickness burn involving
only the epidermal area
- Redness, tenderness and
peeling
- Heals within one or two
weeks without scarring
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Severity of Burns
• Second Degree:
- Deep, partial thickness
burn involving the dermis
and epidermis
- Characterised by red or
mottled (spots) skin, often
with blisters
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• Third Degree:
– Full thickness burn
– All sensation is lost
– Characterized by
charred skin
Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
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• Reduce the spread of heat, pain and swelling by placing the burnt
area under cold running water or immersing it in cold water for at
least 10 minutes
• Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting
clothing from the injured area before it starts to swell
• Cover the injured area with clean, preferably sterile, non-
fluffy material
• A burnt face may be covered with a gauze mask, with holes cut
into it to assist the victim in breathing.
Treating Burns and Scalds
First AidFirst Aid
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• Do not break blisters or remove anything that is
sticking to a burn.
• Do not apply lotions, toothpaste, ointments or grease
to the injured area.
• NOTE:
For severe burns, call 995 for an
• emergency ambulance.
First AidFirst Aid
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What is the definition of burns?
Question 1
Burns are injuries to the
skin or mucous membrane
from excessive heat or
cold, chemical substances
and electrical current
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What are the features of
second-degree burns?
Question 3
Deep, partial thickness burn
involving the dermis and
epidermis
Characterised by red or mottled
(spots) skin, often with blisters
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While some burns may be treated
with first aid, most burns are
severe injuries that require
immediate medical attention.
In general, if you are unsure of the
severity of any burn, seek medical
attention promptly.
Conclusion
Editor's Notes
NOTES
Inform the trainees that at the end of this lesson, they are expected to achieve the three learning objectives set out as follows:-
- List and describe the three types of burns.
- Assess the severity, depth and extent of injury.
- Assess and administrate management treatment steps to the victim.
Briefly inform the cadets of the scope of the lesson
NOTES
Explain the definition of burns
Explain to the trainees that burns cause some of the most painful and catastrophic injuries you will encounter in the field.
Your accurate assessment, management and rapid transport of burn victims- particularly those with inhalation injuries - is often critical to their survival.
NOTES
State that there are three types of burns:
NOTES
State that thermal burn destroys tissue through heat.
Burning in the tissues continues for about 10 minutes following the critical burn injury.
Thermal burns are often accompanied by serious complications like smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.
NOTES
State that a chemical burn results when a chemical comes in contact with the skin.
Chemicals usually destroy tissue through protein coagulation rather than heat. The extent of tissue destruction in chemical burns depends primarily on three factors:
- duration of contact
- concentration or strength of chemical
- amount of tissue exposed to the chemical
NOTES
State that an electrical burn occurs some parts of the body complete the circuit between two conductors. Electrical burns can be extremely deceiving.
A small surface wound may cover widespread underlying tissue damage. As the current passes through the body, destruction of muscle, nerve, and blood vessels can occur. Tetanic muscle contractions can be strong enough to fracture long bones and the vertebrae. Further disruption of cardiac contraction or damage to myocardium can induce cardiac arrest.
Frequently, the electrical current interferes with the body’s own electrical activity, resulting in cardiac and neurogenic complications.
Arrhythmia, respiratory arrest, muscle spasm and seizures are all common conditions. In cases of cardiac arrest, defibrillation and CPR have proven to be effective. CPR must be continued until the patient is provided with ACLS.
NOTES
State that the depth of a thermal burn can range from a very superficial to very deep. The classifications of the depth are first, second and third degree.
First Degree: Involves only the outermost layer of skin. Superficial burns are characterised by redness, swelling, and tenderness
Second Degree: Affects the epidermis, and the skin becomes red and raw. Blisters form over the skin due to fluid released from the damaged tissues
Third Degree: All the layers of the skin are affected; there may be some damage to nerves, fat tissue, muscles, and blood vessels
NOTES
Explain that a first degree burn is a superficial partial thickness burn involving only the epidermal area.
Signs and symptoms includes redness, tenderness and peeling.
First degree burns heal within one or two weeks without scarring.
NOTES
State that second degree burn is a deep, partial thickness burn involving the dermis and epidermis.
The epidermal cells, which line the hair follicles and sweat glands, are usually preserved.
A second degree burn is characterised by red or mottled skin, pain, blisters or open weeping areas and swelling. This burn heals within two or three weeks without scarring.
NOTES
State that third degree burn is a full thickness burn which destroys the epidermis, dermis, sub-cutaneous layer, and deeper layers. All sensation is lost because the sensory organs are destroyed.
The third degree burn is characterized by white or charred skin, a loss of skin, and an absence of pain except around the burn margins. Healing is paralyzed with scar tissue formation.
NOTES
The instructor explains the treatment and management of a burn victim should follow the patient assessment method
Removal of casualty from danger area: The medic must remove the casualty from any immediate danger.
Primary survey:
- Ensure an open airway and adequate breathing. If unconscious, airway obstruction must be removed by head-tilt- chin-lift method. Give artificial ventilation if necessary.
- Ensure adequate circulation. In case of severe haemorrhage, arrest it immediately. Check carotid pulse and note shock signs.
- Fluid resuscitation in a burn casualty. Intravenous infusion is important. Lost fluids should be replenished immediately to prevent further dehydration.
NOTES
The instructor will revise the main sections of the topic:
- Definition
- Types of burns
- Assessment of burns
- Management of burns
The instructor will clarify any questions from the trainees.
