World History Patterns of Interaction Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19
Pgs 460—479

2. Section 1
Pgs 463—468

3.  Main reason for exploration
 Through overseas exploration, merchants ,and traders hoped to
benefit from the trade of spices in Asia
 Christians introduced to these items during the Crusades
 After the crusades Europeans still demanded these goods
 High demand=high prices
 Muslims and Italians controlled trade of goods from east to west
 Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants
 Italians controlled the trade across land routes of the
Mediterranean
 Resold to items at increased prices to merchants, severely cutting
merchants prophets
 Sought to bypass Italian merchants by finding a sea route
directly to Asia

4.  Crusades left feeling of hostility between Christians
and Muslims
 European nations believed they had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims and to convert non-
Christians throughout the world
 Wanted to Christianize the people of Asia
 Bartolomeu Dias explained motives
 “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light those who
were in darkness and grow rich as all men desire to do”

5.  Advances in technology made voyages of discovery
possible
 Shipbuilders designed a new vessel, which was sturdier
than earlier vessels and was able to sail against the
wind
 Earlier boats couldn't sail against the wind
 To better determine their location, Europeans used the
astrolabe
 Used magnetic compass invented by the Chinese

6.  Used to better determine
location at sea
 Perfected by Muslims
 Brass circle with carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees
 Using the rings to sight the
stars, the sea captain could tell
how far north or south of the
equator he was

7.  Portuguese sea captain
 explained motives for converting non-Christians
 “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light those who
were in darkness and grow rich as all men desire to do”
 sailed down the coast of Africa, until he reached the
tip, when he was caught in a storm
 The storm blew him and his crew to the southeast
coast of Africa, and he considered going to India
 Exhausted crew and short supply forced him to turn
back

8.  “Henry the Navigator”
 Portugal's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration
 Dreams of oversea exploration began when he
conquered the Muslim city of Ceuta
 First glimpse of the wealth outside of Europe
 Determined to reach the source of the wealth in the
East
 Wanted to spread the Christian faith
 In 1419, he founded a Navigational school in Portugal
 By time of his death Portugal had many trading posts
along the coast of Africa

9.  Muslim city in North Africa
 Conquered by Henry the
Navigator of Portugal
 Gave Portuguese, their first
glimpse of the wealth in the
east
 had exotic stores filled with
pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and
other spices
 Contained large supplies of
gold, silver, and jewels

10.  Portuguese explorer
 Reached the port of Calicut
 On the southwestern coast of India
 Amazed by the spices, rare jewels, and precious gems
that filled Calicut’s shops
 Filled ships with such items
 After returning from Calicut, he received a hero’s
welcome
 Voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea
route to India

11.  Located on the
southwestern coast of
India
 Filled with spices, rare
silks and precious gems
 Discovered by Vasco da
Gama
 Gave Portugal a direct
sea route to India

12.  Italian sea captain
 Convince Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by
sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean
 While “sailing to Asia” he reached the shores of an
island in the Caribbean, and believed he had reached
India, and claimed it for Spain
 Open way for European colonization in the Americas
 Increased tensions between Spain and Portugal
 Unknown if Columbus’ land he had claimed for Spain had
already been claimed for Portugal

13.  Stepped in between
Portugal and Spain
to keep the peace of
the two nations
 suggested the Line
of Demarcation

14.  Created to keep peace between
Portugal and Spain
 Suggested by Pope Alexander VI
 Imaginary dividing line, drawn
north to south through the
Atlantic Ocean
 All lands to the west would
belong to Portugal
 All lands to the east would
belong to Spain
 Later line would be moved
farther west to include parts of
modern-day Brazil for the
Portuguese

15.  A 1494 treaty between
Portugal and Spain
 Declared newly discovered
lands to the west of the Line
of Demarcation would
belong to Spain
 Declared newly discovered
land to the east of the Line
of Demarcation would
belong to Portugal

16.  Port city on India’s
west coast
 Captured by the
Portuguese
 Capital of
Portugal’s trading
empire

17.  City on the west coast
of the Malay peninsula
 Attacked by Portuguese
 Its capture gave the
Portuguese control of
the Strait of Malacca
 Later captured by the
Dutch

18.  Captured by
Portuguese after
they captured
Malacca
 Its capture allowed
the Portuguese gave
them control of the
Moluccas

19.  “spice islands”
 Very rich in spices
 Captured and
controlled by
Portugal after
they captured the
Strait of Malacca

20.  Portuguese sea captain
 Stressed country’s intense desire
to crush the Muslim-Italian
domination over Asian trade
 “If we deprive them [Muslims] of this their
ancient market there, there does not remain
for them a single port in the whole of these
parts, where they can carry on their trade in
these things. . . . I hold it as very certain that
if we take this trade of Malacca away out of
their hands, Cairo and Mecca are entirely
ruined, and to Venice will no spiceries . . .[be]
. . . conveyed except that which her merchants
go and buy in Portugal”

21.  Spanish sea
captain
 Claimed the
Philippines for
Spain
 Began settling
in them

22.  Netherlands
 Small country situated along the North Sea in
northwestern Europe
 Leading sea power
 Largest fleet in the world –20,000 vessels
 Established the Dutch East India Company
 Began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the
Indian Ocean trade

23.  Companies that established and directed
trade throughout Asia
 Had the power to
 mint money
 make treaties
 raise their own armies

24.  Founded in the early 17th century by the Netherlands
 Meant to establish and direct trade throughout Asia
 Had the power to
 mint money
 make treaties
 raise their own armies
 Richer and more powerful than England’s company
 Dutch eventually drove out the English and established dominance over the regoin
 established their trading headquarter at Batavia
 seized the port of Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands from Portugal
 increased its control over the Indian Ocean trade
 so many goods from the East traveling to the Netherlands, the nation’s
capital, Amsterdam, became a leading commercial center
 ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in several Asian countries
 controlled the Cape of Good Hope
 used as a resupply stop.

25.  On island of Java
 Location where Dutch
established their training
head quarters
 From their the Dutch
conquered several nearby
islands
. Batavia

26.  Controlled by
Dutch
 On southern tip
of Africa
Cape of Good
Hope

27.  Less powerful than the Dutch East India
Company
 Focused much of its energy on establishing
outposts in India
 Built up a successful business trading fine
cloth

28.  It struggled at first
 it faced continual attacks by the Dutch
 Eventually established an outpost in India in the
1720s.
 never showed much of a profit.

29. Section 2
Pgs 469—473

30.  1368—1644 (276 years)
 Caused China to become the dominant power in Asia
 rulers were not going to allow outsiders from distant
lands into their country in fear of them threating the
peace and prosperity they had brought to China when
they ended Mongol rule

31.  Son of a peasant
 Commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of china in 1368
 First emperor of Ming Dynasty
 Began reforms
 Agricultural reforms
 Increased rice production
 Improved irrigation
 Introduced farm fishing and the growing of commercial crops (cotton and sugar cane)
 Erase traces of Mongol past
 Promote China’s power and prosperity
 Used respected traditions to bring stability to China
 Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards
 Improved imperial administration
 Restoring the merit-based civil service
 Became a ruthless tyrant, later on in his rule, when problems began to develop
 Suspecting plots against his rule, he conducted purges
 Thousands of government officials were killed
 After his death, there was a struggle for power
 Father of Yonglo

32.  Located in southern
China
 Capital city under the
Yuan Dynasty
 Hongwu’s place of rule

33.  Son of Hongwu
 Became ruler of China, after a struggle for power, after his
father’s death
 Continued many of his father’s policies
 Moved the royal court to Beijing
 Had a far-ranging curiosity about the outside world
 1405 , before Europeans began to explore, he launched 7
voyages of expedition
 All led by Zhang He
 Hoped to impress the world with the power of Ming China
 Acomplished by voyages

34.  led Yonglo’s seven
voyages of expedition
 Distributed gifts, such
as gold, silver, silk and scented outs to everyone, to show
Chinese superiority
 As a result, more than 16 countries sent tribunes to China
 Many envoys traveled to China
 Chinese scholar-officials opposed this idea, saying that it was a waste
of valuable resources

35.  To keep influence of outsiders down, only the government was
able to conduct foreign trade
 In reality, trade flourished up and down the coast
 Prophet-oriented merchants sold goods such as spices and silk to
Europeans, for much less than what they were used to paying
 Demand for Chinese goods had a large effect on the economy
 Silk and ceramic making industries grew rapidly
 Manufacturing and commerce increased
 China did NOT become industrialized
 Idea of commerce offended China’s Confucian belief
 Chinese economic policies traditionally favored agriculture
 Taxes on agriculture lowered
 Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed

36.  First missionary, under Ming
rule, to have an impact
 Italian Jesuit
 Gained special favor at the Ming
court
 Able to speak and write Chinese
 Still opposed by many of the
educated Chinese opposed
Christianity

37.  Extravagant palace complex at the capital city, Beijing
 Monument to China’s isolationism
 Built by Yonglo between 1404 and 1420
 Known as foreign city because it was forbidden to all
commoners and foreigners
 Inside emperors conducted business of China and lived in
luxury
 Only emperor and his court lived in the palace
 Expensive to maintain
 6, 000 cooks to make meals for 10,000-15,000 people
 1949 converted into a museum and open to the public

38.  Ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and a government
out of money, all weakened Ming China
 Higher taxes and poor harvests pushed millions of
peasants to starvation
 Civil strife and rebellion followed
 Manchus invaded China
 The Ming couldn’t hold them back and the dynasty
collapsed

39.  From Manchuria
 Located beyond the northeast end of the Great Wall
 In 1644, they invaded China
 The Ming couldn’t hold them back and the dynasty
collapsed
 Took a Chinese name for their dynasty, like the
Mongols, naming it the Qing Dynasty
 1644—1911
 Bring Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and
Tibet under Chinese rule

40.  1644—1911
 Resisted by many of the Chinese
 Forced Chinese to wear hat in a ponytail as a sign of
submission
 Slowly earned respect of people
 Upheld traditional Chinese systems
 Made frontier safe

41.  Became emperor in 1661 and ruled for about 60 years
 Reduced government expenses and lowered taxes
 Gained support of Chinese intellectuals by offering
them government positions
 Enjoyed company of the Jesuits at court
 Informed him of the latest developments in science,
medicine, and mathematics in Europe

42.  Kangxi’s grandson
 Ruled from 1763—1795
 Helped China reach its greatest size and prosterity
 Often rose at dawn to work on the problems of his
empire
 Armed namads on its borders
 Christian missionaries
 European merchants
 Refused to make better trade arrangements with King
George III/England

43.  If foreign states wished to trade with China, they
would have to follow Chinese rules
 Dutch accepted these restrictions
 Diplomats paid tribute to China’s emperors
 Performing “kowtow” ritual
 As a result, dutch returned with many fine Chinese
goods, like porcelein, silk, and tea

44.  Ritual that merchants who
wanted to trade with China
were required to do
 Involved merchants
kneeling in front of the
emperor and touching their
heads to the ground nine
times

45.  British wanted to trade with
China, but didn’t like China’s
trade restrictions
 In 1793, King George III
asked for a better trade trade
arrangement , which Quian-
long refused

46.  Delivered letter from King
George III (England) to
Quian-long (China)
 Letter asked for a better trade
arrangement between England
and China
 Refused to “kowtow” the
emperor, although he bowed on
one knee

47. Sent Lord George
Macartney with a
letter to Quian-
long, asking for a
better trade
arrangement

48.  Conquered by the Manchus in 1636 and turned unto a
vassal state
 Existed in Korea’s shadow
 Organized their government according to Confucian
principles
 Adopted Chinese technology and culture, especially their
its policy of isolation
 When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty the
political relationship with China did not change. But
Korea’s attitude did.
 The Manchu invasion, combined with a Japanese attack in
the 1590s, provoked strong feelings of nationalism
 most evident in their art—of traditional Chinese subjects,
many artists chose to show popular Korean scenes

49.  Most Chinese families had farmed the land the same
way their ancestors had.
 during the Qing dynasty, irrigation and fertilizer use
increased
 Farmers grew rice and new crops, such as corn and
sweet potatoes, brought by Europeans from the
Americas.
 As food production increased, nutrition improved and
families expanded and the population exploded

50. Sons
 Only a son was allowed to
perform vital religious
rituals.
 A son also would raise his
own family under his
parents’ roof
 assuring aging parents of
help with the farming
 Men dominated the
household and their wives
 females were not valued, and
many female infants were killed.
 Although men dominated the
household and their
wives, women had significant
responsibilities.
 working in the fields
 supervised the children’s
education
 managed the family’s
finances
 most women were forced to
remain secluded in their
homes, but some found outside
jobs such as working as
midwives or textile workers.
Daughters

51.  The culture of early modern China was based mainly on
traditional forms
 The great masterpiece of traditional Chinese fiction was written
during this period
 Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan examines upper class
Manchu society in the 1700s.
 Most artists of the time painted in traditional styles, which
valued technique over creativity.
 In pottery, technical skill as well as experimentation led to the
production of high-quality ceramics, including porcelain.
 Drama was a popular entertainment,
 especially in rural China where literacy rates were low.
 Plays that presented Chinese history and cultural heroes
entertained and also helped unify Chinese society by creating a
national culture.

52. Section 3
Pgs 474—477

53.  “Warring States,” period
 Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates.
 They offered peasants and others protection in return for
their loyalty.
 Under this system, security came from a group of powerful
warlords.
 The emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead, having a
leadership title but no actual power.
 resembled European feudalism in many ways.
 The daimyo built fortified castles and created small armies
of samurai on horses
 Rival daimyo often fought each other for territory.
 This led to disorder throughout the land.

54.  became lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism.
 meant “great name.”
 built fortified castles and created small armies of
samurai on horses.
 Later they added foot soldiers with muskets (guns) to
their ranks.
 Rivals often fought each other for territory.
 This led to disorder throughout the land.
 hoped to gather enough power to take control of the
entire country

55.  defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital
Kyoto in 1568.
 sought to eliminate his remaining enemies.
 These included rival daimyo as well as wealthy Buddhist
monasteries aligned with them.
 In 1575, his 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed
an enemy force of samurai cavalry.
 first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in
Japan.
 was not able to unify Japan.
 He committed seppuku,

56.  the ritual suicide of a
samurai
 Nobunaga committed
seppuku in 1582, when one
of his own generals turned
on him.

57.  Nobunaga’s best general
 continued Nobunaga’s mission.
 set out to destroy the daimyo that remained hostile.
 By 1590, he controlled most of the country.
 did not stop with Japan.
 With the idea of eventually conquering China, he
invaded Korea in 1592 and began a long campaign
against the Koreans and their Ming Chinese allies.
 With his death in 1598, his troops withdrew from Korea.

58.  One of Hideyoshi’s strongest daimyo allies,
 completed the unification of Japan.
 In 1600 defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara.
 His victory earned him the loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan.
 became the sole ruler, or shogun.
 moved Japan’s capital to his power base at Edo
 To keep the daimyo from rebelling, required that they follow the “alternate
attendance policy” and other restrictions
 tamed the daimyo.
 a major step toward restoring centralized government to Japan.
 As a result, Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which would hold
power until 1867.
 On his deathbed in 1616, Ieyasu advised his son, Hidetada, “Take care of the
people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country.”
 Most Tokugawa shoguns followed that advice. Their rule brought a welcome
order to Japan.

59.  Tokugawa Ieyasu, completed the unification of
Japan.
 Ieyasu defeated his rivals.
 His victory earned him the loyalty of daimyo
throughout Japan

60. a small fishing village that would later become the city of
Tokyo.

61.  Japan was unified, but the daimyo still governed at
the local level.
 To keep them from rebelling, Ieyasu required that
they spend every other year in the capital.
 Even when they returned to their lands, they had to
leave their families behind as hostages in Edo.
Through this and other restrictions, Ieyasu tamed the
daimyo.
 major step toward restoring centralized government to
Japan.

62.  A dynasty of shoguns that ruled unified Japan from
1603 to 1867
 Their rule brought a welcome order to Japan’s power
until 1867 Japan enjoyed more than two and a half
centuries of stability, prosperity, and isolation under
the Tokugawa shoguns

63. Confucius
 the ideal society
depended on
agriculture, not
commerce.
 Farmers, not
merchants, made ideal
citizens
 peasant farmers bore the
main tax burden and faced
more difficulties than any
other class.
 Many of them abandoned
farm life and headed for
the expanding towns and
cities. There, they mixed
with samurai, artisans,
and merchants.
 Industrial, not agricultural
Reality

64.  The rise of large commercial centers also increased
employment opportunities for women.
 Women found jobs in entertainment, textile
manufacturing, and publishing.
 the majority of Japanese women led sheltered and
restricted lives as peasant wives.
 They worked in the fields, managed the
household, cared for the children, and obeyed their
husband without question

65.  Samurai attended ceremonial noh dramas,
 were based on tragic themes.
 read tales of ancient warriors and their courage in battle.
 In their homes, they hung paintings that showed scenes
from classical literature.
 traditional entertainment faced competition in the cities
from new styles of literature, drama, and art.
 Townspeople read a new type of fiction, realistic stories
about self-made merchants or the hardships of life.
 The people also read haiku
 Townspeople also attended kabuki theater.
 The paintings the people enjoyed were often woodblock
prints showing city life.

66.  Attended by townspeople
 Actors in elaborate
costumes, using music,
dance, and mime,
performed skits about
modern life.

67.  3-line verse poetry
 presents images rather than ideas.
On a journey, ailing
My dreams roam about
Over a withered moor.
MATSUO BASHO, from Matsuo
Basho
Tabi ni yande
Yume wa Kareno o
Kakemeguru
MATSUO BASHO, in Japanese

68.  The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, when shipwrecked
Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of southern Japan.
Portuguese merchants soon followed.
 They hoped to involve themselves in Japan’s trade with China and
Southeast Asia.
 The Portuguese brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, and
other unfamiliar items from Europe.
 Japanese merchants were happy to receive the newcomers and their
goods.
 The daimyo, too, welcomed the strangers.
 interested in the Portuguese muskets and cannons, because every
daimyo sought an advantage over his rivals
 The Japanese purchased weapons from the Portuguese and soon began
their own production.
 Firearms forever changed the time-honored tradition of the Japanese
warrior, whose principal weapon had been the sword.

69.  Christian missionaries began arriving in Japan in 1549
 The Japanese accepted the missionaries in part
 they associated them with the muskets and other
European goods that they wanted to purchase.
 the religious orders of Jesuits, Franciscans, and
Dominicans came to convert the Japanese.
 Francis Xavier, a Jesuit, led the first mission to Japan.
 baptized about a hundred converts before he left Japan.
 By 1600, other European missionaries had converted
about 300,000 Japanese to Christianity

70.  Jesuit
 led the first mission to Japan.
 baptized about a hundred
converts before he left Japan.

71.  The success of the missionaries upset Tokugawa
Ieyasu.
 He found aspects of the Christian invasion
troublesome.
 Missionaries, actively seeking converts, scorned
traditional Japanese beliefs and sometimes involved
themselves in local politics.
 At first, Ieyasu did not take any action.
 He feared driving off the Portuguese, English, Spanish, and
Dutch traders who spurred Japan’s economy.
 1612 the shogun had come to fear religious uprisings
more.
 He banned Christianity and focused on ridding his country of
all Christians.

72.  Ieyasu died in 1616, but repression of Christianity continued off
and on for the next two decades under his successors.
 In 1637, the issue came to a head. An uprising in southern Japan
of some 30,000 peasants, led by dissatisfied samurai, shook the
Tokugawa shogunate.
 Because so many of the rebels were Christian, the shogun decided that
Christianity was at the root of the rebellion.
 After that, the shoguns ruthlessly persecuted Christians.
 European missionaries were killed or driven out of Japan.
 All Japanese were forced to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of
Buddhism.
 These policies eventually eliminated Christianity in Japan and
led to the formation of an exclusion policy

73.  remained open to foreign traders
 only Dutch and Chinese merchants were allowed into
the port
 the English had left Japan voluntarily
 the Spanish and the Portuguese had been expelled.
 Since the Tokugawa shoguns controlled Nagasaki, they
now had a monopoly on foreign trade, which
continued to be profitable

74.  The form of Buddhism that had the greatest impact on
Japanese culture
 especially influenced the samurai.
 sought spiritual enlightenment through meditation.
 Strict discipline of mind and body was the Zen path to
wisdom.
 Zen monks would sit in meditation for hours
 If monks showed signs of losing concentration, a Zen
master might shout at them or hit them with a stick.