Presentation 20 october 2010

Urbanization Trends in India
Rakesh Gupta
Indian Institute of Public Administration

Contents
Urbanization
Variations in Rural and Urban Population
Urban Infrastructure and Service Delivery
Urban Policy in Five Year Plans

What’s ‘Urban’?
That possesses a Local Authority Like: Municipal Corporation, Municipal Boards, Cantonment Board, Notified Area Committee or Town Area Committee.
Minimum Population of 5,000;
Density of 400 persons/S.Q.KM: and

75% of Male working population is engaged in non-Agricultural Pursuits
State Government can declare a place as urban if it has pronounced urban characteristics and amenities as the newly founded industrial areas, large housing settlements or places of tourists importance usually have.
What’s ‘Urban’? …..Continued

Variation in Rural Urban Population 1901-2001 182.48 330.82 1004 249.05 5161 1027.02 285.35 (27.78) 741.66 2001 106.24 254.17 740.1 195.15 3768 844.32 217.17 (25.72) 627.14 1991 84.89 187.42 517.9 147.29 3578 685.18 159.46 (23.34) 525.45 1981 41.76 129.94 322.1 106.54 2590 548.15 109.11 (19.91) 438.85 1971 29.45 82.83 205.3 69.49 2365 438.23 78.93 (17.96) 360.14 1961 55.61 51. 47 141.5 37.66 2843 361.08 62.44 (17.29) 292.51 1951 23.15 33.67 70.79 29.13 2250 318.66 44.15 (13.86) 274.38 1941 1827 238.39 25.85 (10.84) 212.48 1901 Percentage Increase in Population -91 Rural Urban Total UA/ Towns No. UA Towns Population (Million) Rural Urban Total Year

Slum population in Million Plus Cities 15.07 2,324,319 Jaipur 16.68 2,433,787 Surat 14.57 2,532,138 Kanpur 20.92 2,540,069 Pune 17.43 3,449,878 Hyderabad 12.51 3,515,361 Ahmedabad 25.60 4,216,268 Chennai 8.04 4,292,223 Bangaluru 32.55 4,980,544 Kolkata 18.89 9,817,439 Delhi 48.88 11,914,398 Gr. Mumbai Slum Population as % of Urban Population Population 2001 Name of City

Slum population in Million Plus Cities Contd…… 43.87 1,074,229 Meerut 13.21 1,076,967 Nashik 12.55 1,100,748 Varanasi 1.32 596,473 Kochi 9.67 1,259,979 Agra NA 2,207,340 Lucknow 8.21 1,306,035 Vadodara 0.25 1,376,950 Patna 22.56 1,395,053 Ludhiana 8.81 1,433,875 Bhopal 16.25 1,597,441 Indore 35.42 2,051,320 Nagpur

Slum population in Million Plus Cities Contd…… 15.57 966,642 Rajkot 39.97 825,436 Vijaywada NA 975,695 Amritsur NA 990,298 Allahabad NA 198,963 Dhanbad NA 486,304 Asansol NA 570,349 Jamshedpur 28.95 951,469 Jabalpur 17.65 969,608 Vishakhapatnam 19.06 922,913 Madurai 6.49 923,085 Coimbatire 46.55 1,054,981 Faridabad

Urbanisation & Decadel Growth Population in Crore 458 31.3 27.8 28.61 5161 102.86 2001 349 36.4 25.7 21.76 3768 84.63 1991 256 46.1 23.3 15.95 3378 68.33 1981 175 38.2 19.9 10.91 2590 54.81 1971 126 26.4 18.0 7.89 2365 43.92 1961 100 41.4 17.3 6.24 2843 36.11 1951 Index of UP(Base1951=100 Decadal Growth of U P (%) Share of U P to Total Population Urban Population ( U P) No. of towns & UAs Total Population Year

Infrastructure and Service Delivery
Water
According to 54th round of National Sample Survey, 70% of urban households reported being served by tap and 21% by Tube well or hand pump.
66% of urban households reported having their principal source of water within their premises while 32% had it within 0.2 Km.
41% had sole access to their principal source of drinking water and 59% were sharing a public source.

Infrastructure and Service Delivery (….continued)
Solid Waste
71% of urban households reported removal of household waste by household members themselves, 14% by Local Authorities, 12% by private agreement among residents.
47% of urban households reported removing of their wastes to community dumping spot and 30% to individual dumping spot.
The solid waste generated by the million plus cities ranges from 1200 metric tones per day in cities like Ahmedabad and Pune to a maximum of 5000-5500 metric tones per day in cities like Delhi and Mumbai.
Out of total waste generated in the million plus cities hardly 30% is treated before disposal.
The per capita solid waste generation ranges from 300 gm in Bangalore to 500-550 gm in Mumbai and Delhi.

Infrastructure and Service Delivery (….continued)
Urban Transport
Fare structure of city transport in most of the million plus cities is highly subsidized.
Public Transport Authorities have to resort to deficit financing and have very little incentive to be cost affective.
Road network of the million plus cities has problems like inefficient use, poor maintenance, poor traffic management and poor enforcement of regulations on parking and encroachments on right-of-way.
High proportion of traffic is slow moving.
High traffic volumes and low road capacities lead to high volume / capacity ratios for most of the road networks in million plus cities.
The share of public transport in mega cities is Mumbai 88%, Kolkata 79%, Chennai 67% and Delhi 62%.
The share of urban suburban railway is Mumbai (44%). Kolkata (14%), Chennai (16%) and Delhi (1%).
With the introduction of metro in Delhi, the share of passenger trips by metro is likely to increase substantially with the completion of phase I and II.

Urban Policy during the Five Year Plans
1951 – 61—
Housing provided the beacon for policy formulation.
Search for the techniques and solutions.
Thrust shifted to urban & regional planning.
Housing was treated as part of wider process of planning urban and regional areas.
Slum clearance was also adopted as an instrument of urban policy.

1961 – 69 –
Emphasis shifted from narrow focus on housing to urbanization
Strengthening of civic administration predominantly emphasized
… .. Continued Urban Policy during the Five Year Plans

1969 – 79 ----
Notion of equity was introduced
Policies of dispersal adopted
Building of State Capitals adopted
Policy for EIUS introduced
Sites and Services Scheme adopted
Integrated urban development became the major policy issue: IUDPs prepared
Habitat 1976 brought focus on ‘Welfare’ in urban policy
Environmental protection and socio economic justice emerged as new facets of development policy.

1980 – 90 ---
Thrust on urban policies that are complementary to rural development.
IDSMT Scheme introduced
Emphasis shifted from Government action to people’s participation
Problems of urban poor was recognized
Urban Basic Services Scheme (UBS) introduced

1992 – 2002 ---
UBS modified as UBSP of 600 towns 329 identified as GEMS;15 AGROCLIMATIC Regions, 80 rural regions
Macro strategy of urban development with urban rural linkages: IDSMT
Privatization
Urban poverty alleviation programs continued
Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna introduced
Urban Self Employment Program
Urban Wage Employment Program

2002 – 2007 ---
Strengthening of ULBs for infrastructure development (CCF,URIF)
Public Private Partnerships
Finance of ULBs to be strengthened through smooth working of SFCs
JNNURM was launched for overall development of selected 63 cities.
Strengthening the autonomy of ULBs
Functional
Financial (improving the debt – servicing capabilities

Thank You!

Presentation 20 october 2010

by Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Ramjas College, Delhi University

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