Voluntary Association and the Iron Law of Oligarchy
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This document defines voluntary associations as groups formed by people with shared interests, and lists examples like churches, political parties, and unions. It describes the functions of voluntary associations as advancing member interests, providing identity, governing social order, pressuring lawmakers, training skills, helping disadvantaged groups, and enabling social change. The document also introduces the "Iron Law of Oligarchy," which is the tendency for organizations to be dominated by small, self-perpetuating elites.
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It is very useful for B.Sc. nursing students....
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- Culture evolves over time as new traits are invented or adopted from other cultures.
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The document discusses the scope of sociology in the fields of knowledge and profession. It describes several specialized fields of sociology that provide knowledge about different aspects of human social life. It also lists some common professional roles for sociologists, including teaching, research, and administration. Finally, it provides details on various social welfare programs and services in Pakistan, including orphanages, vocational training centers, and medical assistance projects.
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1. The document discusses the concepts of individual, society, and socialization. It defines society as a group of people who share a territory and culture and interact with one another.
2. Socialization is the process through which individuals learn to function as members of a society and conform to its standards. It occurs through various stages from childhood through life.
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Pluralist argues that power is fragmented and fluid, shifting between different coalitions on different issues. No single power elite controls the system. Marxist/Elitist argues that an educated upper-class elite controls groups through resources and communication, and the political system favors middle- and upper-class interests. Social capital and civil society theorists argue that voluntary organizations build social networks and trust that encourage civic engagement and democratic skills, but some organizations may generate "bad" social capital. Criticisms note vague definitions of social capital and little evidence organizations strongly influence politics.
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. It originated as a response to feudalism and the rise of the middle class. There are several variants of liberalism including classical liberalism, economic liberalism, neoliberalism, and modern liberalism. Modern liberalism supports a more interventionist state than classical liberalism to address social injustices.
Community Engagement Part2
This document discusses perspectives on community from social sciences like anthropology, sociology, and political science. It also examines the role of institutions in shaping community from a social science lens. Key institutions discussed include government, economy, religion, education, family, and civil society groups. Civil society is defined as the "third sector" comprising non-government organizations, social movements, interest groups, and local/international bodies that operate outside direct state control but work towards social goals.
Ideal societies-and-liberal-democratic-theory-1
Liberal democratic theory combines liberalism and democracy. Liberalism focuses on ideas of liberty and equality, while democracy refers to government by the people. A liberal democracy has fair elections between multiple parties, separation of government powers, rule of law, and equal protection of rights for all citizens. However, some argue that liberal democratic theory primarily justifies minority control over the lives of the majority. The document then discusses different forms of democracy and liberal democracy before concluding that an ideal society would have qualities like equality, freedom, rule of law, political and economic stability, education, safety, and justice.
Political Ideologies.pptx
This document provides an overview of major political ideologies including their key principles and characteristics. It discusses ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, communism, Marxism, fascism, and feminism. For each ideology, it describes how society should be structured according to its principles as well as important figures associated with the ideology's development. It also lists some countries that are most closely aligned with certain ideologies.
Centesimus annus
Centesimus annus (Latin for "hundredth year") is an encyclical which was written by Pope John Paul II in 1991 on the hundredth anniversary of Rerum novarum, an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is part of a larger body of writings, known as Catholic social teaching, that trace their origin to Rerum novarum and ultimately the New Testament.
Political Ideologies.pptx
This document provides definitions and explanations of various political ideologies including capitalism, socialism, communism, liberalism, neoliberalism, anarchism, fascism, and others. It describes key characteristics and principles of each ideology such as views on private property, government intervention in the economy, individual freedoms, and social equality. The document serves to outline the major differences between ideologies and provide context for understanding their core philosophies and policy stances.
Vip social theory part two
This document discusses theories around social movements from the early 20th century through the 1960s-70s. It outlines how early theorists viewed movements as irrational responses to individual discontent rather than rational collective action. It then discusses how the social movements of the 1960s challenged these views, leading theorists to recognize movements as pursuing rational collective interests through organized political action. The document examines how these shifts helped establish social movement theory as a distinct field of study.
POLITICS WEEK 2-3.pptx
The document defines ideology as a set of beliefs and ideas that shape how individuals and groups view and interact with the world. It discusses political ideology specifically, defining it as a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by individuals, groups, or social classes. Political ideologies form the basis for how people view the world and the proper role of government. They aim to explain problems, provide visions for the future, and explain how to enact political change.
Sociology
The document provides an introduction to behavioral sciences and sociology. It discusses the main areas of social structures, social systems, and social issues. It then defines key concepts in sociology like customs, social groups, and society. It describes different types of social groups including temporary groups like crowds and mobs, and permanent spatial groups like villages, towns, and states. It also discusses different types of governments and political organizations like democracy, autocracy, and monarchy. Finally, it covers additional sociological concepts such as social class, social security, medical sociology, and operational research.
Social Change Project
SOCIAL CHANGE
NOTE: Cultural Change: refers to a particular group.
An alteration to the SOCIAL ORDER of a SOCIETY. CHANGE adopted by THE WHOLE SOCIETY.
CHANGE over time by cultural, religious, economic, scientific, technologies in: Values, Norms, Attitudes, Behaviour.
Six simple 'steps' to Social Change.
Finding the Issue;
What is the Goal?;
Planning - Phase 1;
Planning - Phase 2;
Measuring Success;
Monitor and Action.
Social Studies Review
The document provides information about various forms of government and political systems organized into 5 groups:
Group 1 defines types of democracy, theocracy, monarchy, and briefly describes citizen influence in democracy. Group 2 covers totalitarianism, dictatorship, and briefly describes citizen influence in totalitarianism. Group 3 discusses UNICEF's primary focus and the branches of government.
Group 4 explains social Darwinism and fascism, listing Hitler and Mussolini as fascist leaders. It also discusses the primary focus of the UN and socialism, noting the USSR as a socialist state. Group 5 discusses how the Nazi party began in Germany, Hitler's book Mein Kampf, political movements, and the primary purpose of NATO being military.
Ideological movements
The document outlines several ideological movements that emerged after 1815, including:
Classical Liberalism which emphasized individual rights and liberties like equality before the law and freedom of speech. It supported constitutional limits on government power.
Economic Liberalism as defined by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, which argued that governments should not interfere in business and markets and let free competition prevail.
Radicalism and Republicanism which wanted to further extend liberal arguments to give more people political rights, and sometimes supported revolution. They included working class leaders and opponents of monarchy.
Utopian Socialism which saw problems with the economic system and sought a fairer distribution of wealth. Figures included Robert Owen, Saint-
Community evolution and development
The document discusses the evolution of human communities and societies from early hunting and gathering bands to modern industrialized states. It describes the key characteristics of different types of societies throughout history, from bands and tribes to chiefdoms, states, and the development of cities. The types of societies discussed include hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial. The document also examines concepts like community, society, community development, human development, and the evolution of social organization over time.
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 1. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION & The Iron Law of Oligarchy
- 2. “VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION” - A group made up of volunteers who have organized on the basis of some mutual interest. Example: Churches Political Parties Pressure Groups Leisure Associations or Clubs Neighborhood Groups Trade Unions Professional Associations
- 3. FUNCTIONS OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS 1. To advance the particular interests they represent. 2. To offer people an identity ( sense of purpose in life). 3. To govern and maintain social order. 4. To mediate the government and the individual, by providing a way in which people can pressure law makers. 5. To train people and organizational skills and help them climb the occupational ladder. 6. To help disadvantaged groups by bringing them in to the political mainstream. 7. To pave the way to social change by challenging society’s definition of “Normal” & Socially acceptable.
- 4. “THE IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY” -It is the tendency of an formal organization to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuated elite (Michel, 1911). Oligarchy - A government by few. Often seen as having self-serving ends.