The document provides an introduction to behavioral sciences and sociology. It discusses the main areas of social structures, social systems, and social issues. It then defines key concepts in sociology like customs, social groups, and society. It describes different types of social groups including temporary groups like crowds and mobs, and permanent spatial groups like villages, towns, and states. It also discusses different types of governments and political organizations like democracy, autocracy, and monarchy. Finally, it covers additional sociological concepts such as social class, social security, medical sociology, and operational research.
the 5 basic social institutions in sociology.
religion . family. educational institue, law and order, government, norms and values, religion. social status and social role
This presentation will give a basic idea about our society. This will be useful for students of BVSc & AH, MVSc, MSW, Btech dairy science, BSc Agri etc
the 5 basic social institutions in sociology.
religion . family. educational institue, law and order, government, norms and values, religion. social status and social role
This presentation will give a basic idea about our society. This will be useful for students of BVSc & AH, MVSc, MSW, Btech dairy science, BSc Agri etc
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
How are culture and society related to human interaction?
In this presentation we will cover how human are influence by religion according to sociology point of view.
We will see the different sociologist definitions about religion and their effect on human.
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the thing that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various
issues of life.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
How are culture and society related to human interaction?
In this presentation we will cover how human are influence by religion according to sociology point of view.
We will see the different sociologist definitions about religion and their effect on human.
What is Communalism?
It is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:-
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arises.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion are dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an ideology on which communal politics is based. And communal violence are conjectural consequences of communal ideology.
Communalism is the greatest threat to India's existence and need to be handled with care
Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the thing that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various
issues of life.
Civil Rights Essay Essay on Civil Rights for Students and Children in .... The civil rights movement essay. Civil Rights Movement Essay Example .... Modern History Essay on Civil Rights Movement USA Modern History .... Higher History USA: Essay 5 Development of the Civil Rights Movement .... Leaders of the civil rights movement essay paper. Civil rights movement essay introduction. Civil Rights Movement In .... Civil rights movement essay thesis proposal. Major Highlights of the Civil Rights Movement. Civil Rights Movement Essay Modern History - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. The African-American Civil Rights Movement - Free Essay Example .... History of the Battle for Civil Rights - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Title: Why the Civil Rights Movement was a struggle 1865-1965 amp; Essay. Best Topics For Your Civil Rights Movement Essay - Techies Tech Guide. Essay on civil rights - A-Level History - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay on the Successes of the US Civil Rights Movement Modern History .... Sample Essay: Civil Rights Movement in America Blog. Changes Brought by Civil Rights Movement - PHDessay.com. Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free - 683 Words EssayPay. Business paper: Essays on the civil rights movement. Persuasive essay: Essays on civil rights movement. The Civil Rights Movement - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. How Civil Rights Movements Changed Basic Rights - Free Essay Example .... Civil Rights Movement Post-1964 ActiveHistory. Was the Civil Rights Movement Successful? - GCSE History - Marked by .... Civil rights movement essay introduction Premium online writing service.. The Civil Rights Movement Literature review Example Topics and Well .... Civil Rights Movement Essay Modern History - Year 11 HSC Thinkswap. Historians and the Civil Rights Movement Journal of American Studies .... The Civil Rights Movement Project - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay 15: Teaching the Civil Rights Movement - History and Social Justice. Business Paper: Civil rights movement essay. Time of change: Photos of the civil rights movement - Photo 1 ... Essays On The Civil Rights Movement Essays On The Civil Rights Movement
Rural sociology topic covering Different types of norms for social control and and different types of stratification within a society. It includes two major topics i.e. Class system and caste system, understanding their origin with various theories and their features and classification.
This power-point includes content on brief introduction and classification & management of pneumonia based on Integrated Management of Neonatal & Childhood Illness (IMNCI).
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. Main areas….
There are three main areas you need to consider:
Social structures (the family, education, social
stratification)
Social systems (culture and identity, agents of social
control)
Social issues (causes of crime, impact of
unemployment)
3. 1. Why do people behave as they do?
2. Why do people react differently to same
situations?
3. What are the social factors influencing
various social problems?
4. What are the various social ties, social
networks and social organizations?
5. Sociology
Socio-society (Latin); logos-science (Greek)
Study of human relationships and of human
behaviour for a better understanding of the
pattern of human life
6. Social Psychology
Science of behavior of individual in
society (group, crowd, mob, audience
and social situations)
Attitudes of individuals towards
cultural and social values.
7. Society
“Group of individuals drawn together by a
common bond of nearness and who act
together in general for the achievement
of certain common goals”
Groups comprise social organization
10. 1. The Family
The family is the basic unit in all
societies.
Most powerful example of social
cohesion
11. FAMILY
Group of biologically related individuals living
together and eating from a common kitchen
Types of family
1. Nuclear family
2. Joint family
3. Three generation family
4. Broken family
5. Problem family
16. 2. RELIGION AND CASTE
Caste system in India
Eg: of a "closed class”
Each caste is governed by certain rules and sanctions
relating to food taboos, ritual purity
Each caste group within a village is expected to give
certain services to the families of other castes.
Eg: A carpenter repairs tools, a potter supplies
earthenware vessels.
In the towns and cities and industrial areas, the caste
system is not rigid.
22. 3. Temporary Social Groups
A) Crowd
When a group of people come together temporarily, for
a short period, motivated by a common interest or
curiosity
E.g. to witness a football match
Lacks internal organization and leadership.
When the interest is over the crowd disperses.
23. 3.Temporary Social Groups
(B) Mob
The mob is a crowd, but has a leader who forces the
members into action.
There may be a symbol in the shape of a flag or slogan.
The mob is more emotional than a crowd.
Like the crowd, it is unstable and without internal
organization.
When the purpose of the mob is achieved, the group
disperses.
24. 3.Temporary Social Groups
(C) Herd
This is also a crowd with a leader.
Members have to follow the orders of the
leader without question
Eg: Tourist group under a guide
29. The State
An ecological social group based on territory.
More stabilized and formalised.
Heterogeneous in nature.
The Indian Union is a large State.
30. 4. Permanent Spatial Groups
(a) The Band
Most elementary community
Few families living together
Group has organized itself and follows a
pattern of Iife
E.g: gypsies in India
31. (b) The Village
“Small collection of people permanently
settled down in a locality with their homes and
cultural equipments”
Basic unit in India: Population ~ 550
“Little republics having nearly everything they
want within themselves”
32. (c)The Towns and Cities
A relatively large, dense and permanent
settlement of socially heterogeneous
individuals.
India- 5,545 towns and cities.
Population > 1,00,000: City
33. (d) The State
An ecological social group based on territory.
More stabilized and formalised.
Heterogeneous in nature.
The Indian Union is a large State.
34. (E) Government And Political
Organization
An association of which law is the institutional
activity
Supreme agent authorised to regulate the social life
in the interests of the public
To understand the organization of medical services
in any country, it is essential to know its social and
administrative organization.
46. Functions of family
Residence Homely life
Division of
labour
Socialization
Economic
security
Emotional
support
Bridging the
Generation
gap
Education Reproduction
47. Cultural factors in health
and disease
• Supernatural causes
• Physical causes
Concept of
aetiology and cure
• Open air defecation
• Waste disposal
Environmental
sanitation
• Hot and cold food
• Adulteration of milk
Food habits
48. Cultural factors in health
and disease
• Good, Bad
• Unimportant, uncertain
Maternal and child
health
• Oral hygiene
• Sleep
Personal hygiene
• Monogamy
• Polygamy, Polyandry
Sex and marriage
53. Social defence
The Juvenile Justice Act, 2001
The Child Labour Act,1986
The Immoral Traffic Act,1956
The Dowry Prohibition Act,1961
The Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances
Act,1985
58. Social security
Security that society furnishes through
appropriate organizations, against certain risks
Risks which social security covers are,
Sickness, Invalidity, Maternity, Old age, Death
It includes social insurance and assistance
59. Social security for industrial
workers
1) Workmen’s compensation Act,1923
2) Central maternity benefit Act,1961
3) Employees state insurance Act,1948
4) The family pension scheme,1971
60. Social security for civil
servants
Employees of central and state
government have,
Pension
Gratuity
Provident fund
Family pension schemes
61. Social security for general
public
The risk of death ,accident, fire are
covered by insurance schemes
Life insurance corporation of India
Public provident fund schemes
62. Medical Sociology
Medical care - an industry?
Doctor-patient relationship
Emotional,cultural & intellectual plane
Doctor-nurse relationship:
The sick role
Medical social worker
63. The Art of Interviewing
Types of
interview
Direct/
structured
Non-
directive/
unstructured
Focussed
Repetitive
An association of which law is the institutional activity
Supreme agent authorised to regulate the social life in the interests of the public
This is government of the people, by the people and for the people.
Eg: India and USA
Autocracy
The ruler is absolute in his power
RESTRICTIONS THAT ARREST GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF PEOPLE
PRACTICES THAT GIVE RISE TO MULTIPLE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUALS WHO FAIL TO CONFORM TO ACCEPTABLE SOCIAL NORMS
