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Sociology
- 1. Introduction to behaviouralsciences & Sociology Dr Ramya S
- 2. Main areas…. There arethree main areas you need to consider: Social structures (the family, education, social stratification) Social systems (culture and identity, agents of social control) Social issues (causes of crime, impact of unemployment)
- 3. 1. Why dopeople behave as they do? 2. Why do people react differently to same situations? 3. What are the social factors influencing various social problems? 4. What are the various social ties, social networks and social organizations?
- 4. Social sciences Scientific examinationof human behavior 1. Sociology 2. Social psychology 3. Social anthropology 4. Economics 5. Political sciences
- 5. Sociology Socio-society (Latin);logos-science (Greek) Study of human relationships and of human behaviour for a better understanding of the pattern of human life
- 6. Social Psychology Scienceof behavior of individual in society (group, crowd, mob, audience and social situations) Attitudes of individuals towards cultural and social values.
- 7. Society “Group ofindividuals drawn together by a common bond of nearness and who act together in general for the achievement of certain common goals” Groups comprise social organization
- 8. Concepts in Sociology Customs: Folkways Mores
- 9. Social groups 1. Family 2.Religion and caste 3. Temporary social groups 4. Permanent social groups
- 10. 1. The Family The family is the basic unit in all societies. Most powerful example of social cohesion
- 11. FAMILY Group of biologicallyrelated individuals living together and eating from a common kitchen Types of family 1. Nuclear family 2. Joint family 3. Three generation family 4. Broken family 5. Problem family
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- 16. 2. RELIGION ANDCASTE Caste system in India Eg: of a "closed class” Each caste is governed by certain rules and sanctions relating to food taboos, ritual purity Each caste group within a village is expected to give certain services to the families of other castes. Eg: A carpenter repairs tools, a potter supplies earthenware vessels. In the towns and cities and industrial areas, the caste system is not rigid.
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- 18. Temporary social groups: Crowd
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- 22. 3. Temporary SocialGroups A) Crowd When a group of people come together temporarily, for a short period, motivated by a common interest or curiosity E.g. to witness a football match Lacks internal organization and leadership. When the interest is over the crowd disperses.
- 23. 3.Temporary Social Groups (B)Mob The mob is a crowd, but has a leader who forces the members into action. There may be a symbol in the shape of a flag or slogan. The mob is more emotional than a crowd. Like the crowd, it is unstable and without internal organization. When the purpose of the mob is achieved, the group disperses.
- 24. 3.Temporary Social Groups (C)Herd This is also a crowd with a leader. Members have to follow the orders of the leader without question Eg: Tourist group under a guide
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- 29. The State Anecological social group based on territory. More stabilized and formalised. Heterogeneous in nature. The Indian Union is a large State.
- 30. 4. Permanent SpatialGroups (a) The Band Most elementary community Few families living together Group has organized itself and follows a pattern of Iife E.g: gypsies in India
- 31. (b) The Village “Small collection of people permanently settled down in a locality with their homes and cultural equipments” Basic unit in India: Population ~ 550 “Little republics having nearly everything they want within themselves”
- 32. (c)The Towns andCities A relatively large, dense and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals. India- 5,545 towns and cities. Population > 1,00,000: City
- 33. (d) The State An ecological social group based on territory. More stabilized and formalised. Heterogeneous in nature. The Indian Union is a large State.
- 34. (E) Government AndPolitical Organization An association of which law is the institutional activity Supreme agent authorised to regulate the social life in the interests of the public To understand the organization of medical services in any country, it is essential to know its social and administrative organization.
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- 39. Types of government (1)Democracy This is government of the people, by the people and for the people. Eg: India and USA
- 40. Types of government (2)Autocracy The ruler is absolute in his power Eg: Jordan and Ethiopia
- 41. Types of government 3)Monarchy The head of the State is a monarch . UK, Nepal.
- 42. Types of government (4)Socialism The production and wealth are owned and controlled by the State. Ex: China, Poland.
- 43. Types of government (5)Oligarchy The country is ruled by a family group Eg: Thailand, Cambodia, Saudi Arabia.
- 44. Family types 1. Nuclearfamily 2. Joint family 3. Three generation 4. Broken family 5. Problem family
- 45. Family life cycle FormationExtension Complete extension Contraction Completed contraction Dissolution
- 46. Functions of family ResidenceHomely life Division of labour Socialization Economic security Emotional support Bridging the Generation gap Education Reproduction
- 47. Cultural factors inhealth and disease • Supernatural causes • Physical causes Concept of aetiology and cure • Open air defecation • Waste disposal Environmental sanitation • Hot and cold food • Adulteration of milk Food habits
- 48. Cultural factors inhealth and disease • Good, Bad • Unimportant, uncertain Maternal and child health • Oral hygiene • Sleep Personal hygiene • Monogamy • Polygamy, Polyandry Sex and marriage
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- 50. Acculturation “Cultural contact” Trade,commerce, industrialization, propagation of religion, education, conquest.
- 51. Social control mechanisms FormalInformal
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- 53. Social defence TheJuvenile Justice Act, 2001 The Child Labour Act,1986 The Immoral Traffic Act,1956 The Dowry Prohibition Act,1961 The Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances Act,1985
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- 55. Social pathology • Poverty,Illiteracy • Migration • Industrialization, urbanization Social constraints • Gender bias • Child abuse, child labour • Prostitution • Dowry Social evil • Drug abuse • Suicide • Juvenile delinquency Social deviance
- 56. Social class: measuresof social differentiation Occupation Education Income Religion Rural-urban
- 57. Socio-economic status scale 1.Modified Kuppuswamy 2. Modified BG Prasad 3. Pareek 4. Kulshrestha 5. Hollingshed
- 58. Social security Securitythat society furnishes through appropriate organizations, against certain risks Risks which social security covers are, Sickness, Invalidity, Maternity, Old age, Death It includes social insurance and assistance
- 59. Social security forindustrial workers 1) Workmen’s compensation Act,1923 2) Central maternity benefit Act,1961 3) Employees state insurance Act,1948 4) The family pension scheme,1971
- 60. Social security forcivil servants Employees of central and state government have, Pension Gratuity Provident fund Family pension schemes
- 61. Social security forgeneral public The risk of death ,accident, fire are covered by insurance schemes Life insurance corporation of India Public provident fund schemes
- 62. Medical Sociology Medicalcare - an industry? Doctor-patient relationship Emotional,cultural & intellectual plane Doctor-nurse relationship: The sick role Medical social worker
- 63. The Art ofInterviewing Types of interview Direct/ structured Non- directive/ unstructured Focussed Repetitive
- 64. Technique of interview Establishingcontact Starting an interview Securing rapport Recall Probe questions
- 65. Encouragement Guiding the interview Recording Closingthe interview Report Technique of interview
- 66. Operational research Formulation of problem Datacollection Data analysis & hypothesis formulation Deriving solutions
- 67. Operational research Choosing optimal solution Testingof solution Implementing in whole system
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Editor's Notes
- #36 An association of which law is the institutional activity Supreme agent authorised to regulate the social life in the interests of the public This is government of the people, by the people and for the people. Eg: India and USA
- #37 Autocracy The ruler is absolute in his power
- #56 RESTRICTIONS THAT ARREST GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF PEOPLE PRACTICES THAT GIVE RISE TO MULTIPLE SOCIAL PROBLEMS ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUALS WHO FAIL TO CONFORM TO ACCEPTABLE SOCIAL NORMS