The document discusses designing effective eLearning programs. It provides examples of learning models to use such as information and communications models, knowledge and skills models, and behavior and attitude change models. It emphasizes the importance of gaining learner attention, setting direction, using appropriate learning models, summarizing key points, and specifying next steps or actions for learners. The document also discusses best practices for content design such as using scenarios and examples, focusing on learner goals and outcomes, and incorporating different media like video and interactions.
6. For Today…
A look at design models
More on scenarios
Getting the tone right, man
What’s in your blend? Formal? Mobile? Social?
And lots and lots of examples and discussion….
11. These SMES and trainers have never
created eLearning before.
12. You want to ensure they design quality
programs that impact the organization.
13. Use Learning Models to get your team
creating better elearning more quickly.
Gain Set Learning Action &
Summarize
Attention Direction Model(s) Next Steps
14. The eLearning
Sandwich
The beginning, the end, and
all that’s in between…
44. Has the learner achieved the
objectives?
Check After the On the job
questions or event to assessment
interactive check performing
scenarios knowledge actual tasks
immediately and (Level 3
after the retention evaluation)
event
54. So. What’s the right mix
of learning models?
How do you decide which
one to use?
55. Gain Set Learning Action &
Summarize Next Steps
Attention Direction Models
Process Flow; Topic Categories; Search
Information and Find: E-magazines
Present: Expert Views; Guided Stories
Knowledge & Skills Exemplify & Explore: Best Practices; Ask
the Expert; Multiple Viewpoints; See It,
Analyze It; Plan It, Do It, Review It etc
Test: Check questions; Scenarios
Scenario Based: Try It, Learn It; Full
Behavior &
Branching; Limited Level Simulation;
attitude change Change the Story
63. Things to consider
• What point of view should you take? 1st person or
3rd person?
• How realistic should you make it?
• How many levels of branching should you use?
• Need for plausible mistakes/critical errors
• When and how do you give feedback (at the end
or during the scenario?)
• How can you use stories to illustrate?
79. Goal based scenarios follow natural
learning
Story from an
experienced salesperson
I have a goal: make a sale
Link to tutorial on how to
open a sales call properly
Consequence: They shut me up I have info on
Feedback explains why product spiel is customer needs,
bad my products, etc
They ask a
question about
why we’re
different – I go on
(and on) about our
products
99. Our 5 rule framework
1.Keep it light
1.Give it spirit
2.Have a conversation
3.Call for action
4.Be adult
100. “As café staff, it’s compulsory
that you maintain quality of
produce and serve it as
specified by the Quality Food
Manual. By the end of this
training you will understand how
to serve every food type
according to the standards.”
103. Short, snappy, to the point. And a little
fun.
Less of…
“This e-learning module is designed to explain
the principles and practical requirements of
the 11 step process …”
More of…
“Need to get your head around our process?
You’re in the right place.”
Or…
“Process – boring, right? Wrong. This one will
help you, all 11 steps of it. See it to believe it.”
104. Light touch – colloquial
A little pun – links to later content
107. Make it energetic, driven, engaging.
Less of…
“Now that you have covered the basics of
customer service, in the next section you
will learn how to deal with customer
issues.”
More of…
“You’re one step away from maximizing
your skills, but there’s a problem – a
customer one in fact. Click next to put
your service skills to the test.”
108. Get to the point quickly.
Set up in 3 sentences.
Professional, to the point,
not a word wasted.
110. Direct, clear, dialogue, questioning.
Less of…
“Negotiating effectively is an
important skill that we all use on
a daily basis”
More of…
“When was the last time you
negotiated something?
Maybe it was more recently
than you think….”
115. Give direction, focus on actions and tasks
– it’s what happens next that counts.
Less of…
“You’ve now completed this section on
PBX sales. Go back to the menu to make
another selection.”
More of…
“Now review your own client list. Who
could benefit from the PBX product? Plan
the time to call them now.”
118. Learners are busy professionals. Treat
them like grown ups and don’t patronize.
Less of…
“By now you have learned…”
“You must do…”
“This will take 90 minutes”
More of…
“Take 5 minutes to find
out how to run effective meetings.”
123. Use headings to layer information.
Magazine style title as
question – conversation
with the learner
Keeping the
instruction simple
and informal
124. What are the problems with trying to
write this way?
125. Some of the barriers we’ve run into...
• “That’s not our style.”
• “It’s not professional enough.”
• “But I want ALL of my content in there –
where’d it go?”
• “This is going to senior members of staff...”
• “This is serious learning!”
127. Traditional objectives
As a result of attending this session you will be
able to:
• Identify three case studies of Fortune 1000 companies who
are successfully using social learning models
• Define the three models of social learning and how these map
to specific strategies and tools
• Evaluate the pro's and con's of different social interventions
as solutions to specific kinds of learning challenges
• Describe their own personal experience in using social media
as a practitioner
128. Set direction
1 Get 2 Set
attention direction
6 Action
3 Present
and
information
support
5 Assess 4 Exemplify
and and
Summarise practise
129. So how can we make these better?
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
130. So how can we make these better?
Define the three models of social learning
and how these map to specific strategies
and tools
Back
131. So how can we make these better?
Evaluate the pro's and con's of different
social interventions as solutions to
specific kinds of learning challenges
Back
132. So how can we make these better?
Identify three case studies of Fortune
1000 companies who are successfully
using social learning models
Back
133. So how can we make these better?
Define the three main potential risks of
not having an ITAM program in place
Back
134. So how can we make these better?
Explain the key benefits of introducing
DMX to the environment
Back
135. So how can we make these better?
Describe the three skills of empathic
listening (active listening, agreement
listening, verbal cushions)
Back
136. So how can we make these better?
List the characteristics of humans that we
need to be aware of when designing ships
Back
137. So how can we make these better?
Describe what happens inside a
centrifugal compressor
Back
138. So how can we make these better?
Identify opportunities for Hardware Asset
Management within your client accounts
Back
Flickr Photo: “Meditation” by Alice Popkorn http://www.flickr.com/photos/alicepopkorn/1676300378/
Flickr Photo: “Always be nice to the lunch lady” by MelvinSchlubman
But as eLearning continues to grow (in 2011 it’s a $50 billion + industry!) more and more people within organizations are being thrust into the role of eLearning designer. Is it realistic to expect these newbiesto deliver polished well-designed eLearning? Probably not (unless, of course, they’re just that good).
So, how can we help those relatively new to the field deliver effective learning solutions as soon as possible? Rather than approaching every new project as a shot in the dark, roll-up-your-sleeves and-start-from-scratch initiative, we’ve identified a core set of learning design models to help. Even inexperienced practitioners can quickly understand these models and easily apply them to the vast majority of learning requirements that come their way.These models combine some of the best principles and leading practices gained from our years of research and experience. They can give your internal teams a shared vocabulary and point of view and ensures every program has a solid instructional design strategy at its foundation.
Whatever learning model you choose to use, there are some components that we think should always be present in the most effective learning experiences: the Start and the Finish.Sandwiched between this beginning and end you’ll find our learning models – where the core learning takes place. It’s the filling that you choose that makes each learning experience fundamentally different from each other.
All the best learning experiences should start by engaging the learner (the ‘what’s in it for me?’ element) and then providing the information they need to get the most out of the learning experience (setting the direction).
AIDA = Awareness, Interest, Desire, Action
All the best learning experiences should start by engaging the learner (the ‘what’s in it for me?’ element) and then providing the information they need to get the most out of the learning experience (setting the direction).
You then need to finish the experience by making sure the learner goes away with the key learning points clearly summarized and, most importantly, with their next actions laid out—what they need to do to apply what they have learned in the real world. (Of course, it should rightly be pointed out that learning never finishes, but formal more structured learning experiences do have some form of end, often a launch pad to start applying those skills and ideas in the workplace.)
Just in time eLearning or performance support is a great example of information-based learning. Give the people what they want, when they want it. Users of these programs don’t want banks of check questions when all they wanted was to dip in and get some short tips or recall some key principles or steps.
Search and find: the ‘Google’ philosophy in which there is no architecture to the information but instead you use a search engine to present nearest matches as links to relevant information objects (like documents, videos, articles and presentations).
in this model we embed the information along the path of a task flow e.g. the timeline of a project (for a program on project management techniques) or the steps taken to manufacture a car. Here is a menu from an information-based module for the European Union on a particular process surrounding Excise Duty. Each section explains the process graphically with illustrative animations but at no time is the user asked to confirm their knowledge through questioning.
Topic categories: this model follows an interactive manual approach. Information can always be categorized (often done best by a simple brainstorming/pattern note exercise). Those categories naturally become sections for a menu or hierarchy of menus for short presentational sequences. This example from a financial institution on Fund types displays a two level hierarchy—the overall fund levels e.g. Retail funds and then a sub menu (shown here) which provides access to information on those specific funds. This was never a learning program, it was always designed to be just-in-time information. However, repeated review of the information pages (helped by good use of graphics and animations) can lead to knowledge retention
borrowing from other media, an e-Magazine style for presenting information in a structured, indexed format can work well.
If your brief is to ensure that the audience actually learns and retains some core knowledge or builds up new skills, then you may need to go with a more complex learning architecture. You need to ensure the learner comprehends the material and provide them with the mechanisms to retain this knowledge or skill.
This model is generally seen as being the most straightforward and simple format to follow. With this model, we can follow a standard sequence in order to systematically build knowledge and get learners to demonstrate understanding.The base entry point and time-honored approach is the classic tutorial structure: Make Present, Exemplify, Explore and Test (PEET).
Most of us are pretty used to this model. We get the key things we need to know clearly explained (and, if it’s face-to-face, you even get the chance to immediately clarify any confusion you have). There are many subjects in a corporate environment that just simply need to be explained and this is often where eLearning pays dividends, as complex topics can be explained graphically and can be viewed and reviewed as many times as the learner needs
Most of us are pretty used to this model. We get the key things we need to know clearly explained (and, if it’s face-to-face, you even get the chance to immediately clarify any confusion you have). There are many subjects in a corporate environment that just simply need to be explained and this is often where eLearning pays dividends, as complex topics can be explained graphically and can be viewed and reviewed as many times as the learner needs
Much of the knowledge in an organization is held in the heads of a few experts. So, an alternative or complementary approach is to directly interview these experts and the subsequent vodcasts or podcasts can form a key part of the presentation of your main learning points. Here is an example from a program on life skills and health and fitness which used top sports people sharing their views on how to achieve excellence:
Although we believe that most learning designs should include elements of storytelling, the Guided Story model builds the entire course around the theme. The course might unfold the content through a “day in the life” or a “year in the life” format, providing an opportunity to learn through observation.
The second step of this model then moves the learner to an ‘explore’ mode in which they can consolidate their learning with case studies or stories. For many, this is where they truly begin to ‘get it’, especially those learners who struggle with pure ‘concepts’.In the classroom situation, this can be through ‘war stories’ or role-plays or discussions with peers around ‘challenges’. With eLearning, it can be a scenario in which they are asked to reflect upon or suggest what the main protagonist should do.
If you have the time and budget, there is one approach that crosses over both Knowledge and Skills based projects and, as you will see later, attitude or behavior change-based learning requirements, this is the use of Goal-Based Scenarios.If you’re trying to teach a more complex problem-solving skill, you can immerse the learner in a situation and have them make decisions along the way to drive the action forward. You may provide them with access to supporting documents and job aids that will help inform the decision-making process. These types of tasks feel more like on-the-job simulations.
This is similar to the full branching simulation approach but the model is designed so that should the learner make a mistake in the scenario they get shown to a discrete relevant section of the tutorials. Once they complete the relevant module they can then return to the choice they got wrong and see if they can continue with the scenario without making further mistakes. The appeal of this approach is that learners have that extra degree of motivation to absorb the learning points, as they have just confronted that particular learning gap.
Use these when it really matters to provide people with real choices, consequences, and the opportunity to change direction and recover from mistakes, or try different approaches. The learner makes choices, sees consequences and gets feedback at the end on what they did right and wrong. The complexity and depth of the simulation is only limited by the patience of the designers in creating the different branches until it reaches a natural conclusion. You can provide different levels of help along the way to cater for different audiences
One other approach is to bill the branching scenario as an opportunity for the learner to change how a story unfolds. Here, you can change the nature of a conversation with a manager and team member by choosing a range of different leadership styles:
These tests are useful for learners to confirm that they have reached those levels of knowledge or skills. This, in its own right, builds confidence. It is also useful for the learner and the organization to know if they have acquired the necessary levels of knowledge or capability and decide what needs to be done to resolve this. From an organizational point of view, it is also a good way of checking if the overall program has delivered the agreed learning goals.
An overall Present, Exemplify, Explore and Test model that has been the mainstay of process and systems training for many years (both online and face-to-face) is usually referred to as Show Me, Try It, Test Me. In this model, you give the learner the chance to learn through observation (show me), then practice it on their own with guided prompts and feedback from the program. The final section (test me) lets the learner run through the process on their own with little input from the system – more of a simulation or sandbox environment.
An overall Present, Exemplify, Explore and Test model that has been the mainstay of process and systems training for many years (both online and face-to-face) is usually referred to as Show Me, Try It, Test Me. In this model, you give the learner the chance to learn through observation (show me), then practice it on their own with guided prompts and feedback from the program. The final section (test me) lets the learner run through the process on their own with little input from the system – more of a simulation or sandbox environment.
As explained earlier, a scenario-based learning (or learn-by-doing or goal-based task) approach is a great way to explore a topic more fully for a knowledge or skills-based learning experience. It is also though especially useful in changing attitudes and behavior as well. If you see the consequences of gaps in knowledge or an inappropriate mindset, you are more likely to see the logic of changing.
In this next example, a module we produced for a retail bank, the program opens by putting the learner in the position of a salesperson meeting with a customer who wants to open a savings account. One hidden objective was to make the learners aware that no product should be sold without an adequate fact find, even something as simple as savings account. The learner decides how the salesperson handles the customer conversation. When they (as many will do) simply open the savings account (on little examination of the customer’s needs), the program abruptly points out that they have breached the organization’s compliance rules and encourages them to try it all again but now with that key learning clearly understood.So, what makes a goal-based scenario designed specifically to change behaviors or attitudes different from a standard knowledge and skills-based version?The key is the choice of situations that learners confront and the way you set up and support those situations. Creating plausible ‘attractive’ mistakes takes time, as does creating the branched options and the feedback for each option. In the case of the above example, it was by giving them no upfront learning objectives and explaining that the bank branch was very busy (thus implying they should conduct a brief transaction with the customer).
The core of the learning experience should now be complete; the ‘filling’ of the sandwich. So, we need to return to the second piece of bread in the sandwich. The end of the program needs to provide a summary and then launch the learner onto the next phase in their journey.
SummarizeWhen constructing a learning program you need to provide a chance for learners to get the key messages again—traditionally referred to as the ‘tell them what you told them’ part of the process. Obviously, much of the learning they have acquired will be their response to the ideas or activities within the core learning sessions. So, you need to summarize the key learning points you want them to go away with but also leave space for the learner to reflect.A good way to do this is encourage them to think of what they will now do differently which leads us to the last step of a formal training program.
Learning in a training environment without enacting change is an incomplete exercise. You must challenge the learners to reflect on their current way of doing things and make a commitment to change where necessary. A simple ‘What are you going to start, stop and continue?’ question is a great starting point. Other options could involve Action Plans or Affirmations or new SMART goals.In our programs, we try to build in line manager follow ups or review sessions within 3 months of the formal completion of a program.There will often be a wealth of further information to explore (sometimes what your stakeholders wanted you to cover but you persuaded them not to include in the main program). This is where you can provide the links and give recommendations for further exploration. As you probably know, most learning takes place on the job. The current popularity of Lombardo and Eichinger’s 70/20/10 model shows that learning professionals recognize this as an important factor in designing effective learning programs. (70% of learning happens on the job; 20% through coaching and direct feedback; 10% through formal courses).So as a learning designer, we want to set the learner up in that 10% formal course time so that they’ve then got ample space to try things out in the real world (the 70%), while leveraging and building upon that extra 20% of on the job feedback or coaching. The Next Steps section of your eLearning should help the learner develop that game plan to take back with them on the job. It could involve a refresher module, or a webinar or an interactive coach (which by asking the right questions and responding to answers helps them carry out their own reflections and tweaks to their action plan).
Now that we’ve gone through the models, how do you decide what to use? Sometimes time and budget may win out and you have to choose the simplest path to get the need met most quickly. But many of these design models don’t have to involve lots of heavy lifting on a technical end - it’s often more typically about spending time thinking about the design challenge and selecting suitable mix to achieve the desired outcomes with the resources you do have.So, how do you decide which model or mix of models is appropriate?Start by asking yourself what you’re trying to achieve with each stage of your program (and remember there might be multiple things you’re trying to achieve!) As we discussed, there are three main reasons we’re typically asked to design a learning experience:To inform or raise awarenessTo improve knowledge and skillsTo change attitude or behaviorMap out what you’re trying to do, then sort through the models. You’ll make some judgment calls as you drill down more deeply – for example, if you’re working out the right models for a Present sequence, some content areas may be better suited to an ‘ask the expert’ type model than others. If you’re trying to teach a complex problem solving skill, do you have the expertise and time to build that in-house? Consider working with an outside partner to help you deliver the right program for the problem.If you’ll be designing a blended program, think about which elements can be delivered through eLearning and which you might want to supplement with performance support tools like job aids, classroom role plays, or one-to-one coaching with a manager.
Why does gossip work? Why do we tell stories on each other?A study at Northeastern University in Boston showed that participants focus more on images of people about whom they’ve heard a negative or emotional story – and that this is an unconscious connection people make. “A gossip-schooled eye for bad eggs provides social protection, the researchers propose, by extending opportunities to scrutinize potential liars and cheats.”* So how can that inform your elearning content and design? Well, we think techniques that create stronger emotional connections between the learner and the content make for a more memorable experience – and thus more effective knowledge transfer.
https://clients.kineo.com/unitededucators/mod/scorm/player.php?a=73&currentorg=What_Is_a_Binding_Contract_ORG&scoid=162Simple scenarios with no branching (Articulate) – tell a story and then have the learner reflect on it.
Simple scenarios with no branching (Flash based eLearning) https://clients.kineo.com/paulmitchell/file.php/5/alpha/m10_virtual_salon/m10/main.html
Paul mithcell scenariosBarclays “stories”
If we can, we can try to go out to the real thing and show the sceanrio interaction.
Tier 1 question – the set up –
Tier 2 of the questions --yes, that’s right, but why…
Sources of good images for scenarios:iStockFotoliaeLearning Art…
Let’s take a look at branching scenarios. What does that mean? Start going down a path and see where it takes you…back to Tom K’s three C’s – Challenge, Choice, Consequence.Because that’s what real life is like and it’s messy.
Tom Kuhlman – the three C’s http://www.articulate.com/rapid-elearning/build-branched-e-learning-scenarios-in-three-simple-steps/
The most commonly used example is the flight simulator. It emulates the real task of flying a plane very precisely, but in a safe environment in which the learner can practise flying, make mistakes in a safe environment and reduce the risk of those mistakes on the job. The standard workshop role play is also a form of non-technical simulation.
When should you use ‘em?
This was developed in Flash with the branching script and scoring all stored in easy to edit XML files. It takes learners through the whole experience of holding a sales dialogue with a customer who is looking for a savings product. The aim for the learner is to sell the product properly in line with compliance guidelines and throughout the experience they can see how they are doing against the four stages of the sales process (build Trust, Establish needs, Agree solutions, win-win Commitment).For a more realistic simulation of consequences you might need to create a true branching experience. A great way to create the blur of reality. This example includes a rating or scale…you can see reactions in “real time”This type of scenario best used when you think consequences are a crucial part of the learning, where it’s critical to feel the consequence of your mistakes.If someone thinks, “But I wouldn’t do that..”
Even if your SME has thoughtfully prepared a 30 slide PPT deck for you as “the content”, you’ll still need to dive deeper, get context, and get to the real crux of the model. This is where an ID ‘s expertise can shine: knowing the right questions to ask to get to that sweet spot in the quickest time possible!
This point is a given. Subject Matter Experts are generally on loan to your project. In fact, they’re just squeezing it in between the bits and pieces of their full time job. Their time is precious and potentially critical to the operation of the manufacturing plant line or the trading floor. Handle with respect and care!
Before you sit down with your Subject Matter Expert to review the content, come up with a list of the key questions you want to ask. We’ve got some suggested questions that we like to use., so let’s take a crack at ‘em. You may have something different in mind and that’s ok too
This question is about prioritization. (about this subject, product/system/regulation/ issue)?
So how do you figure out what stories to tell? How do you figure out the right mistakes? And how can that possibly be rapid?Find out where people make the mistakes – this is the SME interviewing part – extracting the stories – talking to the recent hires to find out what tripped them up when they first got started…
In a classroom session, the sidebar stories – the ones that don’t make it onto the instructor’s facilitator guide – are often the bits that make all the differences. Stories add a human element, putting the content into a relevant context that the learner can relate to. This question is all about diving more deeply into that context. For me, this is always the best part – this is the moment when I get it. So it’s a good exercise for the ID to go through to get the bigger picture – but then think about how you can make use of these stories in the program.Ruth Clark (something on research and examples here would be good)
Let’s look at each in turn…
This was the original content we got from them...
Less is more!
Keep it light.
Keep it light.
Point about not being patronising
Point about not being patronising
Reading from computer screens is about 25% slower than reading from paperWrite 50% less text – and allow for images too Keep to short sentences, short paragraphs “If I’d had more time, I would’ve written a shorter letter.”
Reading from computer screens is about 25% slower than reading from paperWrite 50% less text – and allow for images too Keep to short sentences, short paragraphs “If I’d had more time, I would’ve written a shorter letter.”
Reading from computer screens is about 25% slower than reading from paperWrite 50% less text – and allow for images too Keep to short sentences, short paragraphs “If I’d had more time, I would’ve written a shorter letter.”
So how do you push back on that – Advertising – we get this message out to our customers in a fun catchy way, why not sell the learning this way as well? It capture interestConversational tone engages more...Ask the learners what they prefer.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Set direction via a menu. By using really clear wording – take it in, etc. The menu sets the direction for the whole program.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
Most learners click NEXT on this slide.
When people are learning how to do something for the first time (New);When people are expanding the breadth and depth of what they have learned (More);When they need to act upon what they have learned, which includes planning what they will do, remembering what they may have forgotten, or adapting their performance to a unique situation (Apply);When problems arise, or things break or don’t work the way they were intended (Solve); and,When people need to learn a new way of doing something, which requires them to change skills that are deeply ingrained in their performance practices (Change). (Unlearn and then relearn!)http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/949/are-you-meeting-all-five-moments-of-learning-need