There are four main types of gated ion channels that open or close in response to different stimuli: voltage-gated, chemically-gated, mechanically-gated, and thermally-gated channels. Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength and duration depending on the stimulus. They can be excitatory or inhibitory and occur through temporal or spatial summation of incremental stimuli at the dendrite or soma. Graded potentials spread passively within the cell and may cause a secondary action potential if they reach the axon hillock threshold.

1. Discussion
Gated channels open in response to a
stimulus. There are four main types of
gated channel.
Voltage-gated channels (open/close in
response to a change in membrane
potential)

2. • Chemically-gated ion channels
(open/close in response to binding with an
extracellular chemical messenger
(neurotransmitter)

3. • Mechanically-gated ion channels
(open/close in response to physical
stimuli) e.g. touch stimuli
• Thermally-gated channels (open/close in
response to temperature changes)

4. Graded Potentials
• These are local changes in membrane
potential that can vary in magnitude
depending on the strength and duration of
the stimulus. In general:
• The stronger the stimulus, the more
channels open, the larger the magnitude
of the graded potential.
• The longer the stimulus, the longer
channels stay open, the longer the graded
potential lasts.

5. • These impulses are incremental and may
be excitatory or inhibitory. They occur at
the dendrite or soma.

7. Types of graded potential

8. • when the stimulus is applied repeatedly in
rapid succession. For example, 1 stimulus
raises the charge from -60 mV to -58 mV,
then another quickly comes in and raises it
from -58 mV to -56 mV and so on until,

9. • lets say, threshold is reached and an
action potential is fired. So you are getting
multiple stimuli back-to-back for a period
of time. This is called as temporal
summation.

10. • Spatial summation refers to stimuli from
different sources occurring at a similar
time. So now you are getting 4 stimuli
occurring at once, each of them capable
of raising the charge 5 mV.

11. • So within that one msec that they all
occur, the charge shoots up from -60 mV
to -40 mV and now the action potential is
fired in that way. So you are getting
multiple stimuli at the same time.

12. Movement of the graded potential
• Spread of a graded potential is by a
process known as passive flow.
• The gated channel opens and positive
charge enters the cell. This initial
temporary area of depolarisation (the
membrane potential becomes less
negative) is called the active area.

13. • Graded potentials don’t cause any real
effect unless they cause a secondary
action potential. In the cell, the location
where graded potentials occur (i.e. where
the gated channels are situated) is
immediately adjacent to the area where
action potentials are generated (usually
the axon hillock).