LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP releases that specified LTE and LTE-Advanced standards and components of the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. The document also provides explanations of OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA, and the LTE physical layer frame structure and resource grid. Special features introduced in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are also summarized.
4G refers to fourth-generation wireless which aims to provide faster data speeds and more capabilities than 3G. 4G LTE and 4G LTE Advanced are competing 4G standards. 4G LTE aims to provide speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G, while 4G LTE Advanced, standardized in 2011, is an enhancement that provides even higher speeds and more advanced technologies. The key difference is that 4G LTE Advanced supports newer technologies for higher performance compared to 4G LTE.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
Power delay profile,delay spread and doppler spreadManish Srivastava
The document discusses power delay profiles and multipath propagation effects. It defines power delay profiles as giving the intensity of a signal through a multipath channel as a function of time delay between multipath arrivals. Multipath propagation can cause fading effects from signals combining constructively or destructively at the receiver. The time spread of arriving multipath signals is called the delay spread and determines whether a channel is flat or frequency-selective fading, while Doppler spread from receiver/transmitter motion causes time-varying fading.
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It provides significantly higher data rates, supports seamless connection of various networks, and offers fully IP-based internet access. Key features of 4G include speeds of up to 1 Gbps, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for optimal bandwidth utilization, IPv6 compatibility to support a vast number of devices, and smart antenna technology for seamless handoffs and space division multiple access. 4G aims to deliver an always connected wireless experience with end-to-end quality of service for voice, streaming multimedia, and internet access anytime, anywhere.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP releases that specified LTE and LTE-Advanced standards and components of the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. The document also provides explanations of OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA, and the LTE physical layer frame structure and resource grid. Special features introduced in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are also summarized.
4G refers to fourth-generation wireless which aims to provide faster data speeds and more capabilities than 3G. 4G LTE and 4G LTE Advanced are competing 4G standards. 4G LTE aims to provide speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G, while 4G LTE Advanced, standardized in 2011, is an enhancement that provides even higher speeds and more advanced technologies. The key difference is that 4G LTE Advanced supports newer technologies for higher performance compared to 4G LTE.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
Power delay profile,delay spread and doppler spreadManish Srivastava
The document discusses power delay profiles and multipath propagation effects. It defines power delay profiles as giving the intensity of a signal through a multipath channel as a function of time delay between multipath arrivals. Multipath propagation can cause fading effects from signals combining constructively or destructively at the receiver. The time spread of arriving multipath signals is called the delay spread and determines whether a channel is flat or frequency-selective fading, while Doppler spread from receiver/transmitter motion causes time-varying fading.
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It provides significantly higher data rates, supports seamless connection of various networks, and offers fully IP-based internet access. Key features of 4G include speeds of up to 1 Gbps, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for optimal bandwidth utilization, IPv6 compatibility to support a vast number of devices, and smart antenna technology for seamless handoffs and space division multiple access. 4G aims to deliver an always connected wireless experience with end-to-end quality of service for voice, streaming multimedia, and internet access anytime, anywhere.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate MAPL using propagation model (Hata, Cost231 etc.)
Given: Carrier freq = 900MHz, BS height = 30m, Tx power = 20W
Using Hata model, calculate MAPL
2) Calculate cell range using MAPL
Cell range = sqrt(MAPL/2)
3) Calculate number of cells required for 100sqkm area
Number of cells = Area/Cell area
Cell area = pi * (Cell range)^2
4) Number of sites = Number of cells
For the given parameters, the calculations would provide the number of sites required.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
This document provides training materials on calculating wireless link budgets to determine the feasibility and optimal configuration of radio links. It defines key concepts like free space loss, link budget, antenna gain and Fresnel zone. An example link budget calculation is shown for a 5km link. It also introduces the Radio Mobile software tool, which can automatically simulate radio links and calculate the required Fresnel zone clearance by considering terrain profiles. The document concludes with an example of using Radio Mobile to analyze a potential link in Chuuk and poses questions about configuring the masts, transmit power and antennas.
The document discusses small-scale fading and multipath propagation in wireless communications. It describes how multipath propagation leads to fading effects as multiple versions of the transmitted signal combine at the receiver. Channel sounding techniques are used to measure the power delay profile and characterize the time dispersion parameters of mobile radio channels, including mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, and maximum excess delay. Direct pulse systems, spread spectrum correlators, and frequency domain analysis are channel sounding methods discussed.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
IS-95 CDMA is an air interface standard that uses code division multiple access (CDMA). It employs various techniques to improve system capacity and performance, including bandwidth recycling, power control, soft handoffs, diversity combining, and variable rate vocoding. Key aspects of IS-95 include the use of quadrature phase shift keying modulation at a 1.2288 Mcps chip rate, forward error correction coding, and multiple logical channels (pilot, sync, paging, traffic) defined using orthogonal Walsh codes.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
5G networks will require new architectures and algorithms to achieve the high speeds and low latencies required. Massive MIMO with hundreds of antennas enables high-gain beamforming through narrow beams. Hybrid beamforming partitions beamforming between digital and RF domains to reduce costs. Behavioral simulation allows evaluation of antenna array and algorithm interactions to optimize performance.
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
This document provides an overview of GSM link budget calculations. It defines key terms used in link budgets such as effective radiated power, antenna gain, diversity gain, receiver sensitivity, path loss, and fade margin. It explains the objectives of calculating a link budget are to estimate maximum allowable path loss, compute required effective isotropically radiated power for a balanced link, estimate coverage design thresholds, and evaluate technology performance. It also provides examples of uplink and downlink link budget calculations for a GSM network and defines indoor, in-car, and outdoor coverage requirements.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation of mobile broadband technology that provides higher data rates and network throughput compared to 3G. LTE networks use OFDM and SC-FDMA for downlink and uplink, respectively, along with MIMO and an all-IP architecture to improve performance. The network elements include eNBs, SGWs, PDN GWs and MMEs. For operators, LTE provides an opportunity to increase ARPU through new applications and services while decreasing CCPU through an all-IP infrastructure. Mass deployment of LTE is expected to begin around 2012, with LTE Advanced enabling data rates up to 1 Gbps.
Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
Summary of LTE Advance Pro
MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
References
Mobile technology has evolved from 1G analog networks to today's 4G/5G digital networks. Early radio technologies developed in the late 19th/early 20th centuries led to the first commercial cellular networks in the late 1970s/early 1980s (1G) providing analog voice calls. 2G digital networks in the 1990s like GSM and CDMA enabled more efficient use of spectrum and supported multiple users per channel. 3G networks beginning in the late 1990s provided improved data services and higher speeds like EDGE while laying the foundation for today's 4G/5G networks that provide robust broadband connectivity and multimedia services.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document provides an overview of microwave radio planning and link design. It discusses topics such as PCM and E1 overview, digital multiplexing standards PDH and SDH, digital microwave systems, microwave link performance objectives, antennas, propagation, planning, interference management, and frequency allocation. The course contents include topology planning, diversity techniques, link budgeting, performance prediction using path profiles and LOS surveys.
Small scale fading, also known as fading, describes the rapid fluctuations of signal amplitude and phase over short periods of time. It is caused by interference between multiple versions of a transmitted signal that take different paths to the receiver. This can result in changes to amplitude, phase, and time of arrival depending on factors like multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobile speed, movement of surrounding objects, and the signal bandwidth.
The document discusses the growth of mobile data and the development of LTE technology. It notes that mobile data is growing exponentially, especially for mobile broadband. LTE was developed by 3GPP to handle this growing traffic and provide higher speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. LTE provides connection speeds of up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink using OFDM and MIMO technologies in a simpler network architecture than 3G.
This document provides an overview of LTE architecture and interfaces. It begins with a brief history of 3GPP and IEEE standards evolutions leading to LTE. It then discusses the key capabilities and performance targets of LTE such as higher data rates, lower latency, and improved spectrum efficiency. The document outlines the LTE system architecture including the Evolved UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core. It describes the network interfaces between these components and other 3GPP networks for interworking and roaming. In summary, the document covers the evolution and standardization history driving LTE, its important technical capabilities, and high-level network architecture.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate MAPL using propagation model (Hata, Cost231 etc.)
Given: Carrier freq = 900MHz, BS height = 30m, Tx power = 20W
Using Hata model, calculate MAPL
2) Calculate cell range using MAPL
Cell range = sqrt(MAPL/2)
3) Calculate number of cells required for 100sqkm area
Number of cells = Area/Cell area
Cell area = pi * (Cell range)^2
4) Number of sites = Number of cells
For the given parameters, the calculations would provide the number of sites required.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
This document provides training materials on calculating wireless link budgets to determine the feasibility and optimal configuration of radio links. It defines key concepts like free space loss, link budget, antenna gain and Fresnel zone. An example link budget calculation is shown for a 5km link. It also introduces the Radio Mobile software tool, which can automatically simulate radio links and calculate the required Fresnel zone clearance by considering terrain profiles. The document concludes with an example of using Radio Mobile to analyze a potential link in Chuuk and poses questions about configuring the masts, transmit power and antennas.
The document discusses small-scale fading and multipath propagation in wireless communications. It describes how multipath propagation leads to fading effects as multiple versions of the transmitted signal combine at the receiver. Channel sounding techniques are used to measure the power delay profile and characterize the time dispersion parameters of mobile radio channels, including mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, and maximum excess delay. Direct pulse systems, spread spectrum correlators, and frequency domain analysis are channel sounding methods discussed.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
IS-95 CDMA is an air interface standard that uses code division multiple access (CDMA). It employs various techniques to improve system capacity and performance, including bandwidth recycling, power control, soft handoffs, diversity combining, and variable rate vocoding. Key aspects of IS-95 include the use of quadrature phase shift keying modulation at a 1.2288 Mcps chip rate, forward error correction coding, and multiple logical channels (pilot, sync, paging, traffic) defined using orthogonal Walsh codes.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
5G networks will require new architectures and algorithms to achieve the high speeds and low latencies required. Massive MIMO with hundreds of antennas enables high-gain beamforming through narrow beams. Hybrid beamforming partitions beamforming between digital and RF domains to reduce costs. Behavioral simulation allows evaluation of antenna array and algorithm interactions to optimize performance.
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
This document provides an overview of GSM link budget calculations. It defines key terms used in link budgets such as effective radiated power, antenna gain, diversity gain, receiver sensitivity, path loss, and fade margin. It explains the objectives of calculating a link budget are to estimate maximum allowable path loss, compute required effective isotropically radiated power for a balanced link, estimate coverage design thresholds, and evaluate technology performance. It also provides examples of uplink and downlink link budget calculations for a GSM network and defines indoor, in-car, and outdoor coverage requirements.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation of mobile broadband technology that provides higher data rates and network throughput compared to 3G. LTE networks use OFDM and SC-FDMA for downlink and uplink, respectively, along with MIMO and an all-IP architecture to improve performance. The network elements include eNBs, SGWs, PDN GWs and MMEs. For operators, LTE provides an opportunity to increase ARPU through new applications and services while decreasing CCPU through an all-IP infrastructure. Mass deployment of LTE is expected to begin around 2012, with LTE Advanced enabling data rates up to 1 Gbps.
Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
Summary of LTE Advance Pro
MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
References
Mobile technology has evolved from 1G analog networks to today's 4G/5G digital networks. Early radio technologies developed in the late 19th/early 20th centuries led to the first commercial cellular networks in the late 1970s/early 1980s (1G) providing analog voice calls. 2G digital networks in the 1990s like GSM and CDMA enabled more efficient use of spectrum and supported multiple users per channel. 3G networks beginning in the late 1990s provided improved data services and higher speeds like EDGE while laying the foundation for today's 4G/5G networks that provide robust broadband connectivity and multimedia services.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document provides an overview of microwave radio planning and link design. It discusses topics such as PCM and E1 overview, digital multiplexing standards PDH and SDH, digital microwave systems, microwave link performance objectives, antennas, propagation, planning, interference management, and frequency allocation. The course contents include topology planning, diversity techniques, link budgeting, performance prediction using path profiles and LOS surveys.
Small scale fading, also known as fading, describes the rapid fluctuations of signal amplitude and phase over short periods of time. It is caused by interference between multiple versions of a transmitted signal that take different paths to the receiver. This can result in changes to amplitude, phase, and time of arrival depending on factors like multipath propagation, Doppler shifts from mobile speed, movement of surrounding objects, and the signal bandwidth.
The document discusses the growth of mobile data and the development of LTE technology. It notes that mobile data is growing exponentially, especially for mobile broadband. LTE was developed by 3GPP to handle this growing traffic and provide higher speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. LTE provides connection speeds of up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink using OFDM and MIMO technologies in a simpler network architecture than 3G.
This document provides an overview of LTE architecture and interfaces. It begins with a brief history of 3GPP and IEEE standards evolutions leading to LTE. It then discusses the key capabilities and performance targets of LTE such as higher data rates, lower latency, and improved spectrum efficiency. The document outlines the LTE system architecture including the Evolved UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core. It describes the network interfaces between these components and other 3GPP networks for interworking and roaming. In summary, the document covers the evolution and standardization history driving LTE, its important technical capabilities, and high-level network architecture.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
This short document discusses a theorem and provides verification in 3 sentences. However, as the document is not in English, I am unable to understand or summarize the specific content. The document appears to be discussing a mathematical concept and providing validation or proof, but the high-level concepts and essential information cannot be determined from the text alone due to the language.
This document provides information about the Qualcomm S011 PAMiD module, including its applications, schematics, layout guidelines, and a comparison to the Avago AFEM-9040 PAMiD module. The S011 supports LTE, WCDMA, HSUPA bands 1-4 and carrier aggregation. Layout recommendations include separating it from other heat sources, using wide traces for power supplies, and adding vias for power and ground planes. While not pin compatible, the AFEM-9040 has a similar block diagram and footprint, requiring minor modifications for co-design.
Why to do single-tone desense test ?
What is cross modulation ?
what's the difference between cross modulation and intermodulation ?
what is triple beat ?
Introduction to differential signal -For RF and EMC engineercriterion123
It describes :
1. What is the advantages of differential signal
2. What should you pay attention to differential signal
3. What should you pay attention to the bend of differential
signal
4. What should you pay attention to the EMI filter
5. What should you pay attention to ground plane
6. What should you pay attention to loop area
This document contains an agenda and summary of key concepts related to nonlinearity:
- Harmonic distortion results in the generation of harmonics that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Higher order harmonics grow with increasing amplitude.
- Gain compression occurs when the output amplitude falls below the ideal linear value, reducing receiver sensitivity.
- Cross modulation transfers modulation from an interfering signal to the desired signal.
- Intermodulation products are generated when two or more signals pass through a nonlinear system, which can fall on the desired channel frequency.
- AM/PM conversion undesirably alters the phase of a signal based on its amplitude variations.
This document discusses selecting the type of notch filter to place at the output of a PA to reject the second harmonic frequency. It analyzes using either a series or shunt notch filter. It determines that a shunt filter is better despite having slightly lower simulated rejection. This is because the series filter actually has more insertion loss due to additional impedance discontinuities compared to the shunt filter. It also finds that adding a stub to the shunt filter reduces its rejection performance. Finally, it notes that placing the filter closer to the PA will affect the PA's load pull characteristics more.
This document discusses LTE-U (Long Term Evolution in Unlicensed spectrum) and how it provides carrier-grade wireless services in the 5GHz unlicensed band. LTE-U aims to offer better performance than WiFi through improved link performance, efficiency, mobility and coverage. It uses mechanisms like Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission to fairly share spectrum with WiFi. Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) was later standardized to address different regulations on listening before transmission in different regions. LAA employs Listen Before Talk to ensure fair coexistence with WiFi.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
Dokumen tersebut membahas sejarah dan teknologi jaringan seluler mulai dari 1G hingga 4G. Generasi pertama menggunakan analog, generasi berikutnya beralih ke digital dengan peningkatan kecepatan. 4G merupakan generasi terbaru yang menawarkan kecepatan hingga 1Gbps dan telah diimplementasikan di beberapa operator di Indonesia.
Fast fading, Slow fading and Multipath effect in wireless communicationsPei-Che Chang
Fast fading, Slow fading and multipath effect in wireless communications
QPSK in AWGN channel
QPSK in AWGN + Rayleigh fading channel
using GNU Octave simulation
4G wireless networks will provide significantly higher data rates and an improved quality of experience for users. The two main competing 4G standards are 3GPP LTE, being developed by 3GPP, and Mobile WiMAX, being developed by IEEE. LTE aims to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink. Many mobile network operators plan to migrate to 4G LTE networks starting in 2010. The transition to 4G will change the mobile broadband market and business models.
Leonardo Capdeville presented on TIM Brasil's strategy to advance its infrastructure and focus on customer experience. Key points include:
1) TIM has expanded its 4G network to over 2,600 cities and increased 4G sites by 80% in 2017, achieving leadership in 4G coverage in Brazil.
2) The company is refarming spectrum and deploying LTE 700MHz to improve indoor coverage by 99% and boost network quality.
3) TIM is increasing fiber deployment to support ultra-broadband and accelerate FTTH/FTTS, with plans to use more bio sites to efficiently expand site density in cities.
4) Advanced analytics tools are being used
This document discusses various ways to improve adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) in transmitters. It describes 1) reducing power amplifier input power or selecting a linear power amplifier to avoid saturation and intermodulation distortion, 2) optimizing the power amplifier load-pull configuration for better linearity, and 3) decreasing power amplifier post-loss to reduce output power and nonlinearities. Other techniques include fine-tuning the driver amplifier input matching, adding SAW filters at the power amplifier input, avoiding voltage drops in the power supply, using digital pre-distortion, rejecting DC-DC converter switching noise, and properly synchronizing envelope tracking signals.
Sensitivity or selectivity - How does eLNA impact the receriver performancecriterion123
it describes
1. Why need external LNA ?
2. Why does poor linearity lead to poor sensitivity ?
3. For the eLNA gain, the more the better ?
4. Why can SAW filter improve linearity ?
1. WCDMA uses BPSK in the uplink and QPSK in the downlink. Pulse shaping uses RRC (Root-Raised-Cosine) to prevent inter-symbol interference caused by group delay variations during wireless transmission.
2. Pulse shaping is introduced to eliminate noise and facilitate demodulation. WCDMA uses the RRC filter, whose time domain shape is the famous Broadcom logo sinc function.
3. LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink and OFDMA in the downlink. OFDM more efficiently uses bandwidth and can accommodate more users. Each OFDM sub-carrier is the Broadcom logo sinc function, with all sub-carriers being orthogonal called
UPDATE 8 version 2.4 Final (December, 2015)
Winners of 1800MHz and 900 MHz bidding
Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has finally been able to set a timetable for the country's 4G spectrum auctions, after the cabinet gave the green light to proceed with the auctions plans.
The NBTC expects to issue 4G licenses for the 1800 MHz spectrum and the 900 MHz spectrum.
UPDATE 7 version 2.2 (October, 2015)
MobileLTE may join the 900 MHz bidding
UPDATE 6 version 2.1 (September 22, 2015)
900 MHz auction timeline and minimum bidding price
UPDATE 5 Version 1.6 (June 24, 2015)
The telecom committee of NBTC approved adding a maximum spectrum cap of 60 MHz for each operator in Thailand on June 23, 2015. The cap applies to telecom frequencies including those either under concessions or the license system and covers frequencies ranging from 470 MHz - 2600 MHz
UPDATE 4 Version 1.5 (May 15 2015)
Agreement reached between CAT TELECOM and DTAC whereas 5 MHz unused bandwidth from DTAC could be added to the auction giving it a total of 30 MHz divided into two slots of 15 MHz. However the regulator has rejected that proposal.
UPDATE 3 Version 1.4 (24 April, 2015)
Most common frequencies used worldwide for 4G/LTE
International spectrum usage
LTE FDD and LTE TDD device support
Smartphone support example
UPDATE 2: April 22, 2015. Version 1.3: MCOT has agreed to return its unused 60 MHz of bandwidth out of 144 MHz on the 2600 MHz spectrum. The state-run broadcaster will receive THB 100 million in compensation.
UPDATED April 16, 2015 Version 1.2
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
This document discusses enhancements to future radio access technologies beyond LTE Release 11. It notes that mobile data traffic is growing rapidly due to factors like increased video usage and high-speed mobile access. To meet projected 1000x capacity growth needs by 2020, the document proposes utilizing wider bandwidths up to 1 GHz, higher frequency bands, and more efficient spectrum utilization through hybrid radio access across multiple bands. It also discusses technologies for enhancing spectrum efficiency and supporting denser small cell networks, such as dynamic TDD, flexible duplexing schemes, and hybrid radio access adaptations. The document advocates both backward compatible evolutions and complementary evolutions in future 3GPP releases to achieve sufficient capacity gains while maintaining backward compatibility.
LTE-Advanced aims to meet and exceed the requirements for IMT-Advanced, or 4G, standards by 2020 by evolving beyond the 3GPP LTE Release 8 specification. Key technologies for LTE-Advanced include carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced antenna techniques like 8x8 MIMO to increase peak data rates, and heterogeneous networks using small cells to improve coverage and capacity. Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception and relays are also specified to enhance macro network performance and enable efficient small cell deployments.
LTE-Advanced is an evolution of LTE that enables faster speeds and improved performance. It utilizes carrier aggregation to combine multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth up to 100MHz. It enhances MIMO technology to support up to 8 antenna pairs for downloads and 4 pairs for uploads. It also introduces relay nodes to extend network coverage and capacity to cell edges. These new technologies allow LTE-Advanced to achieve peak download speeds of 1Gbps and upload speeds of 500Mbps, providing a true 4G experience.
Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic signals broadcast through the air without conductors, dividing the electromagnetic spectrum from 3kHz to 900 THz into radio waves, microwaves, and infrared for communication; radio waves can travel long distances making them suitable for broadcasting, while microwaves and infrared have shorter ranges due to line of sight and inability to penetrate walls respectively.
LTE Advanced is an enhancement of the LTE mobile communication standard that aims to improve spectrum efficiency, flexibility, and throughput. Key features of LTE Advanced include support for wider bandwidths up to 100MHz, advanced MIMO technologies with up to 8 antenna ports, improved cell edge performance using Coordinated Multi-Point transmission, and integration of relay nodes to enhance coverage. LTE Advanced is designed to meet the ITU requirements for 4G networks by providing peak data rates of at least 1 Gbps for high mobility communication.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
4G technology in wireless communications and it's standards.
Prepared by : Ola Mashaqi ,, Suhad Malayshe
(A telecomm. Engineering Students)
Annajah National University
This document provides an overview of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. It discusses the basic principles of OFDM, including signal representation and pulse shaping. It also compares single-carrier and multi-carrier modulation schemes. The document then describes the long-term evolution (LTE) architecture, including components like the eNodeB base station and the evolved packet core. It explains voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology and time-division duplexing used in TD-LTE systems.
The document provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and network architecture. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies over generations and how LTE differs from 3G with features like higher data rates, lower latency and support for MIMO. It describes the LTE network architecture consisting of the radio access network (E-UTRAN) and core network (EPC). It also covers topics like interfaces, the life cycle of a user equipment, radio access techniques and channels in LTE.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile communication technologies. It discusses key 4G enabling technologies like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. LTE aims to achieve peak rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink within 20 MHz bandwidth. LTE-Advanced further enhances LTE by introducing carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced MIMO techniques, and coordinated multipoint transmission. The evolution to 4G using these technologies has significantly improved wireless communication capabilities.
The document discusses enhancing carrier aggregation schemes in contiguous intra-band carrier aggregation. It presents an algorithm to generate a wider bandwidth signal using 3 contiguous component carriers of varying bandwidths (10, 15, and 20MHz). Simulation results show aggregating carriers with ascending number of resource blocks in order of size produces the maximum aggregated bandwidth. Observations indicate the component carrier configuration and aggregation order impacts the overall bandwidth.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, transmission media, and network components. It defines key networking terms like local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), and personal area network (PAN). Different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh are described. Common transmission media include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, optical fiber, and wireless transmission. Network components such as hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and gateways are also explained.
The document discusses an introduction to LTE presentation given on November 9th, 2012 in Jakarta by Arief Hamdani Gunawan. The presentation covers:
1. An introduction to LTE including the evolution of 3G technologies and the motivation for developing LTE.
2. An overview of the key LTE technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the LTE frequency bands.
3. A discussion of the 3GPP release process and the key features introduced in releases 6-10 such as HSPA, LTE, LTE-Advanced, and carrier aggregation.
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced technologies. It provides information on key features of LTE Advanced such as improved peak data rates up to 1 Gbps, increased spectrum efficiency up to 30 bps/Hz, and enhanced capabilities to support advanced applications and services. The document also discusses technologies enabling LTE Advanced like OFDMA and MIMO as well as differences between wireless generations and advantages/disadvantages of LTE networks.
Networks connect computers and devices to enable sharing of resources and communication between users. They come in various topologies like bus, star, ring and hybrid and use different media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber optic or wireless. Common networking technologies include Ethernet, Token Ring, WiFi and FDDI, each with their own standards and characteristics. Understanding networks involves knowledge of topologies, media, technologies and how they work together to transmit and receive signals that represent digital data.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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2. INTRODUCTION
• LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard, formally
submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009.
• It was approved into ITU,IMT-Advanced and was finalized by 3GPP in
March 2011.
• Standardized by the 3GPP as a major enhancement of the LTE
standard.
• It was commercially implemented in October 2012 by Russian
network Yota.
3. Key milestones for ITU-R IMT Advanced
evaluation
MILESTONE DATE
Issue invitation to propose Radio Interface Technologies. March 2008
ITU date for cut-off for submission of proposed Radio Interface
Technologies.
October 2009
Cutoff date for evaluation report to ITU. June 2010
Decision on framework of key characteristics of IMT Advanced Radio
Interface Technologies.
October 2010
Completion of development of radio interface specification
recommendations.
February 2011
4. LTE-Advanced Development History
WCDMA
(UMTS)
HSPA
HSDPA / HSUPA
HSPA+ LTE LTE ADVANCED
(IMT ADVANCED)
Max downlink
speed (bps)
384k 14 M 28 M 100 M 1 G
Max uplink speed
(bps)
128 k 5.7 M 11 M 50 M 500 M
Latency round trip
time
(approx.)
150 ms 100 ms 50 ms
(max)
~10 ms Less than 5 ms
3GPP releases Rel 99/4 Rel 5/6 Rel 7 Rel 8/9 Rel 10
Approx years of
initial roll out
2003/4 2005/6 HSDPA
2007/8 HSUPA
2008/9 2009/10
Access
methodology
CDMA CDMA CDMA OFDMA/SC-FDMA OFDMA/SC-FDMA
5. LTE Advanced Key Features
• Peak data rates: downlink - 1 Gbps; uplink - 500 Mbps.
• Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE.
• Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink - 30 bps/Hz; uplink - 15 bps/Hz.
• Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use and spectrum
aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used.
• Latency: from Idle to Connected in less than 50 ms and then shorter than 5
ms one way for individual packet transmission.
6. • Cell edge user throughput to be twice that of LTE.
• Average user throughput to be 3 times that of LTE.
• Mobility: Same as that in LTE
• Compatibility: LTE Advanced shall be capable of interworking with LTE
and 3GPP legacy systems.
8. • Carrier Aggregation (CA).
• Enhanced use of multi-antenna techniques.
• Support for Relay Nodes (RN).
The main new functionalities introduced in
LTE-Advanced
9. Carrier Aggregation
• Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier.
• Use maximum of five component carriers.
• Each of BW of 1.4Mhz, 3Mhz,5Mhz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz or 20 Mhz.
• The individual component carriers can also be of different bandwidths.
10. • Channel BW per CCs can be different b/w UL & DL.
• The individual component carriers can also be of different
bandwidths.
12. o Intra Band, Contiguous
The CCs are allocated within the same operating band and they are
contiguous.
o Intra Band, Non Contiguous
The CCs are allocated within the same operating band and they are
not contiguous.
13. o Inter Band, Non Contiguous
• The CCs allocated in different operating bands.
• The CCs will experience different pathloss, which increases with increasing
frequency
14. MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output – or
spatial multiplexing
• Used to increase the overall bitrate
• Through transmission of two (or more) different data streams on two
(or more) different antennas
• Using the same resources in both frequency and time, separated only
through use of different reference signals
• to be received by two or more antennas.
15. • A major change in LTE-Advanced is the introduction of higher order
MIMO; 8x8 in the DL and 4x4 in the UL.
• MIMO shall be used when S/N (Signal to Noise ratio) is high, i.e. high
quality radio channel.
• For situations with low S/N it is better to use other types of multi-
antenna techniques to improve S/N, e.g. TX-diversity
16. Relay Nodes
• The Relay Nodes are low power base stations
• Provide enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges
• It can also be used to connect to remote areas without fibre
connection.
17. • The Relay Node (RN) is connected to the DeNB via the radio interface
Un.
• UEs at the edge of the donor cell are connected to the RN via Uu,
• UEs closer to the DeNB are directly connected to the DeNB via the Uu
interface.
• When the Uu and Un use different frequencies the Relay Node is
referred to as a Type 1a RN.
• For Type 1 RN , Uu and Un utilize the same frequencies.
• There is a high risk for self interference in the Relay Node.
• This can be avoided through time sharing between Uu and Un,
• Or having different locations of the transmitter and receiver.