1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES WELCOME SEMINAR I QUARANTINE PROTOCOLS FOR EXPORT OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES Speaker: Nanje Gowda.N.A Sr.M.Tech (PAK-9303) Seminar teacher: Dr.B.Ranganna Department of Agricultural Engineering, GKVK, Bangalore

2. Index INTRODUCTION Importance of Quarantine International Trade & Policy INTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE STANDARDS Different Quarantine Treatments CONCLUSION

4. In 1374 when plague swept through Europe, the government ofVeniceinstituted 30 days isolation for ships and people prior to entering the city of Dubrovnik

6. Quarantineis a strategy of control and prevent the entry & spread of pests and diseases. It covers all regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or plant pests & pathogens entering from a site, area, country or group of countries

8. To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners

10. Inspection of agricultural commodities meant for export as per the requirements of importing countries under International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

11. Detection of exotic pests and diseases already introduced for controlling/containing them by adopting domestic quarantine regulations

12. Undertaking Post Entry Quarantine Inspection in respect of identified planting materials

14. International Standards, Trade & Policy Located in Geneva, Switzerland Came into existence on 1stJanuary, 1995 replacing GATT 1948 (General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs) Currently WTO has 153 countries (on 23 July 2008) The WTO reiterates the objectives of GATT To set and enforce rules for international trade To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization

15. Contd… To increase the transparency of decision-making processes To resolve trade disputes To cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in global economic management To help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system

16. MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm

17. MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm

18. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries SPS Measures-1995 Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures are various regulations imposed by government or applied by industries to ensure Food safety of both raw and processed Protect plant and animal health These measures may include prescribed product standards, labelling and packaging requirements, quarantine treatment, processing and production standards, and testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures

19. Contd… Objective Presents future requirements for post entry quarantine (PEQ) and testing for the quarantine pathogens associated To promote a rationalized, modern and harmonized quarantine or SPS system with the dual functions of border protection and trade/export facilitation SPS measures are applied in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China & Australia for import of..

20. Contd… Phytosanitary certificate These are documents issued by an official of an exporting country, or country of re-export, attesting to the freedom from pests and admissibility into the destination country for specific plants or plant products Phytosanitary certificate performs the following tasks at the port of entry Identify type of plants or plant products Identify area where plants or plant products were grown Determine if the plants or plant products were treated in country of origin and if so, identify the treatment Determine if quarantine requirements are met Confirm that plant products meet specific certification requirements

21. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries Pest Risk Analysis PRA is a process of investigation, evaluation of information and decision making with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or determined that this pest is a quarantine pest Purpose of Pest Risk Analysis To estimate the likelihood of entry, establishment, spread of pest and its impact To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that could be caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities To justify Phytosanitary measures on traded plant products

22. Components of PRA

23. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries North American Plant Protection Organization NAPPO is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by NAFTA & created under the authority of the IPPC of the FAO of the United Nations NAPPO countries formalized this relationship in a cooperative agreement between Canada, United States and Mexico in 1976 Steps for Certifying a Commodity Determine certification eligibility Determine country’s import requirements Inspect the commodity Completion of export certificate Collect user fee

24. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) It is the phytosanitary standard setting organization named in WTO-SPS Agreements & Implemented by the FAO in 1952 Purpose To prevent the introduction and spread of pests(article-1 of IPPC) To provide an appropriate measures to control the introduced pests

26. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries Post Entry Quarantine "Post-entry Quarantine" means growing of plants in isolation for any specified period in a glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by the Plant Protection Adviser Purpose To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by all the inspection authorities notified by the Ministry of Agriculture To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive pests that affects plants and other plant material Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide residue The Standard operating procedure for export inspection under PEQ can seen below…

28. List of Quarantine Insects & Pests

29. Different Quarantine Treatments Chemical Treatments Fumigation Methyl Bromide Fumigation + Refrigeration of Fruits Cold Treatment + Fumigation of Fruits Controlled Atmosphere High-Temperature Treatments (CATTS) Physical Treatments Water Treatment High Temperature Forced Air Vapour Heat Cold Treatment Irradiation Radio frequency heating Quick Freeze Re-export

31. Contd….. MB is most effective in treating some of pests & insects like mites & ticks, nematodes, snails & slugs, fungi Over 95% of consumption of methyl bromide for treatment of commodities like Export logs and sawn timber Wooden packaging materials, dunnage and pallets Export of fruit and vegetables Some export grains, pulses and oilseeds, and derived products Dried food stuffs Fruits treated with methyl bromide

32. Contd….. Methyl bromide is one of ozone-depleting gas as a result of this property, MB is particular concern in two Multilateral Agreements The Montreal Protocol International Plant Protection Convention MB-Treatments: Citrus spp- MB @ 32 g/m³ for 2 hrs at 21°c is used against Fruit flies like Mediterranean fruit fly, Natal fruit fly, Queens land fruit fly Mango, Guava & Kiwi-MB@ 32 g/m³ for 3½ hrs at 21°c or above used against Jackbeardsley mealy bug & citrus mealy bug Methyl bromide fumigation under as a quarantine treatment

33. Commodities suitable for Methyl Bromide Fumigation Grapes Leafy vegetables Avocado Macadamia Okra Citrus Almond Asparagus Stone fruit Walnut Corn Pome fruit Cut flowers Root crops Ornamentals beans/lentils Kiwi & gauva Produce will be treated with methyl bromide to control pests before 21 days prior to export to meet the official requirements of the import and export of different countries

39. Controlled Atmosphere Temperature Treatment Systems (CATTS) CATTS combines forced moist or vapour hot air with controlled atmosphere (i.e. low oxygen, high carbon dioxide) Air speed equivalent to 1.3-2.0 m/s Gases composition equivalent to 1% O₂ and 15% CO₂ & RH of up to 90% Treatment temp is 47°c for 4hr, with core temp ≤46.5°c for 25 min &ramp up temp of 12°c/hr Treatment is done in a chamber similar to a vapour heat or forced hot air chamber with facility of introducing N₂ & Co₂ Developed to control western cherry fruit fly & codling moth in sweet cherries and Mexican & West Indian fruit fly in mangoes

40. Contd…

42. Radiation doses approved for insects and insect groups by the USDA-APHIS

44. Approaches for the Future Chemically-Based Alternatives New Fumigants & New Techniques Mating Disruption Emissions Control Non-Chemical/Physical Alternatives Irradiation Heat/Cold Physical Control Combination of Compression/Vacuum technique RF Energy

45. Contd… Fumigant Alternatives Newly Developed Fumigants COS – Carbonyl Sulfide O₃ – Ozone CH₃I – Methyl Iodide C₂N₂ – Cyanogen Modified Existing Fumigants SO₂F₂ – Profume C ₂ H₅COOH – Ethyl Formate C₃ H₆O – Propylene Oxide PH₃ – ECO₂ Fume

46. Path ways for entry of pests and pathogens Natural Pathways Winds, storms Air and convection currents Surface drainage Natural seed dispersal Fliers (insects and mites) Migratory species (locusts) Self locomotion (zoospores) Vectors (insects, nematodes) Other carriers (birds and other higher animals)

47. Contd…. Artificial Pathways Cargo (agricultural and non agricultural) Mail baggage Common carriers (ships, vehicles, airplanes) Dunnage, crates,packing materials Smuggling Farm practices (irrigation, used farm equipment)

48. Conclusion Quarantine is an important protocol for international food trading ... To prevent dumping of low quality goods in the country Increasing competence of the manufacturers to compete in the international market Protecting the nation from introduction & spread of exotic pests and diseases Overall safety and welfare of nation’s economy and mankind If Quarantine regulations were made mandatory in past, today India would have been free from important diseases like leaf rust of coffee(Srilanka), late blight of potato(UK), Bunchy top of banana(Srilanka), onion smut of onion(Europe) etc

50. Guidelines for export of mangoes from INDIAN to USA For entry into USA, the mangoes must be treated in India with irradiation by receiving a minimum absorbed dosage of 400 Grays Each consignment of mangoes must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of India The phytosanitary certificate must also bear the following two additional declarations confirming that: (1) The mangoes will be subjected to post-harvest mitigation options described as above (2) The mangoes will be inspected during pre-clearance activities and should be free from fungi like Cytosphaera mangiferae, Macrophoma mangiferae, and Xanthomonas campestris(bacteria)

51. Contd… Functions It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes Salient features of WTO Agreement onAgriculture Market Access Special Safeguard Domestic Support Export subsidies

53. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries Montreal Protocol In 1987 - 27 nations (including U.S.) signed to initiate protocols on substances that deplete the ozone layer in Montreal, known as “MP” MP controls many ozone depleting substances (ODS) like: CFCs, Halons,) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) HCFCs, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride.. MP aims to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete ozone & return the ozone layer to pre-1980 levels by 2050 to 2075

54. Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries Strategic goals Build partnerships with other relevant organizations to provide a forum for public and private sectors in Canada, the United States and Mexico to collaborate in the development of science-based standards To rapidly develop NAPPO regional standards and NAPPO positions on international standards and decisions of other international organizations To develop regional phytosanitary standards for safe movement/import of commodities such as potatoes, grapevines and citrus into Canada, United States & Mexico

55. Contd…

57. RF power is produced when electricity is applied to an RF generator whose signal is amplified and delivered to a parallel electrode system (RF cavity), in which a selected material is placed to apply heat...Approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Mediterranean fruit fly, Melon fly, and Oriental fruit fly is 210–250 Gy

58. Contd… Fruits(cherry) stored at room temp are subjected to RF heating in a fruit mover Fruits was conducted(heated) in a 12 kW, 27.12 MHz batch type RF heating system A batch of fruits was placed in a tap water filled fruit mover system between 200 mm RF electrodes gap Fruits are kept in motion by means of water jet nozzles mounted on the periphery of fruit mover Water temperature during RF heating is controlled , RF input power was switched off when the water temperature reached 50 °c.

59. Irradiation Effects It is effective against most insect and mite pests at dose levels that do not affect the quality of most commodities Increase shelf life by slowing ripening of fresh Fruits and Vegetables A generic dose of 150 Gy has been proposed for tephritid fruit flies & 250–300 Gy for sweet potato pests