Three sisters

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prabha.reddy95@gmail.com

It requires that ,with regard to foodfood
safetysafety measures ,
WTO Members base their national
measures on international standards ,
guidelines and other recommendations
adopted by the Codex Alimentarius
Commission (CAC)
THREE SISTERS ,CAC ,IPPC OIE

# For animal life and health ,measures should be
based on those standards adopted and recommended
by the International Office of Epizootics (OIE) and
For plant life and health ,those standards and
recommendation of the International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC) apply
#The Agreement also allows for countries to adopt
stricter measures than those adopted by the so called
three sisters (CAC-OIE-IPPC) if there is a scientific
justification for doing so or if the level of protection
afforded by the recognized standard setting
organizations is inconsistent with the level of protection
generally applied and deemed appropriate by the
country concernedprabha.reddy95@gmail.com

Codex Alimentarius
Commission
 The Codex Alimentarius Commission was created in 1963 by
FAO and WHO to develop
 food standards,
 guidelines and
 related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint
FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.

 The main purposes of this Programme are
 protecting health of the consumers and
 ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and
 promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international
governmental and non-governmental organizations.

eport JOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS
PROGRAMME
 CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
 Thirty-Third Session
 International Conference Centre, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 - 9 July 2010
• Ms Karen Hulebak
(United States of America) Chairperson of
the Commission presided over the Session,
assisted by the Vice-Chairpersons,
• Mr Knud Ostergaard (Denmark),
•Mr Sanjay Dave (India) and
•Mr Ben Manyindo (Uganda).prabha.reddy95@gmail.com

IPPC
Provisions
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) (1997)
Guidelines for regulating the export and import
Prohibit or restrict the movement of bio-control agents and other organisms of
phytosanitary concern if they are beneficial into their territories
Release of bio-control agents and beneficial organisms without undue risk.
Prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to
promote appropriate measures for their control.prabha.reddy95@gmail.com

Which are the pests that the IPPC
contracting parties regulate?
Pest – any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or
pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant
products
Fungi, insects, bacteria, viruses, weeds
Quarantine pest - a pest of potential economic importance to
the area endangered thereby and not yet present
there, or present but not widely distributed and
being officially controlled

Which are the pests that the IPPC
contracting parties regulate?
Regulated non-quarantine pest- A non-quarantine
pest whose presence in plants for planting affects
the intended use of those plants with an
economically unacceptable impact and which is
therefore regulated within the territory of the
importing contracting party
( Glossary Supplement No. 2) [IPPC, 1997].

Why the concept of regulated non-
quarantine pests has been created?
Seeds and propagative material ( plants for planting)are high
value commodities traded all over the world.
A certain discipline was needed to apply phytosanitary
measures to pests affecting trade of plants for planting and
resulting in economically unacceptable impacts.
“Each element of the definition of RNQPs has a specific
meaning, and as a consequence, host pest interactions,‑
non-phytosanitary certification programmes that contain
elements suitable for phytosanitary certification,
tolerances, and non-compliance actions all need to be
considered when defining the requirements for the
application of measures for RNQPs.”

How the concept of RNQP is applied
When an NPPO wants to designate certain pests as
RNQPs, the NPPO needs to consider the
elements described above. In addition, some
specific issues, such as host-pest interactions,
and the existence of certification programmes
(e.g. seed certification) for plants for planting
may be considered.

ContentContent
ss• Legal framework for international trade
• Role of the OIE in international trade
• Trade: sanitary considerations
• Resolving trade problems
• Challenges
• Conclusions

International Trade: legalInternational Trade: legal
frameworkframework
Human or risks arising from additives,
animal health contaminants, toxins or disease
organisms in food, drink, feedstuff
SPS Measures are taken to protect:
Human life plant- or animal-carried diseases
Animal or pests, diseases, disease-causing
plant life organisms
A country other damage caused by entry,
establishment or spread of pests
from
from
from
from
WTO SPS Agreement 1995

SPS Agreement: Key ProvisionsSPS Agreement: Key Provisions
1. Non-discrimination
2. Scientific justification
• harmonization
• risk assessment
• consistency
• least trade-restrictiveness
3. Equivalence
4. Regionalization
5. Transparency
6. Technical assistance/special treatment
7. Control, inspection and approval procedures

Members
shall
ensure that
any SPS
measure is:
applied only to the extent
necessary to protect human,
animal or plant life or health
(least trade restrictive)
based on scientific principles
not maintained without
sufficient scientific evidence
except as provided for in Article 5.7
SPS Agreement: Key ProvisionsSPS Agreement: Key Provisions

Scientific justificationScientific justification
SPS AgreementSPS Agreement Articles 3 & 5Articles 3 & 5
Risk assessment
OIE/Codex recommendationsOR
Measures must be based on:
International standards
OIE and CAC (animal products)
International Trade: legalInternational Trade: legal
frameworkframework

Trade measures: transparencyTrade measures: transparency
(Article 7, Annex B and G/SPS/7/Rev.3)(Article 7, Annex B and G/SPS/7/Rev.3)
Members shall
establish an Enquiry Point
AND
designate a Notification Authority
notify other Members of new or
changed SPS regulations when
no international standard exists
OR
the new regulation is different to the
international standard
regulation may
have significant
effect on trade
AND
http://spsims.wto.org
For more information see:

International trade: OIE roleInternational trade: OIE role
• OIE, CAC and IPPC ( ‘3 sisters’) set official
standards for purposes of the SPS Agreement
• OIE sets vertical (disease) standards
e.g. disease free countries/zones/compartments; safe commodities;
trade measures; inactivation of pathogens…
• and horizontal standards, e.g. risk assessment,
judgement of equivalence and zoning
including animal production food safety
• Codex is the reference ISSO for food safety

Trade: sanitary considerationsTrade: sanitary considerations
• Most agents of significant aquatic diseases
(viruses, bacteria) are not zoonotic;
• Risks associated with zoonotic parasites can be
addressed by freezing or cooking;
• Food safety is an important consideration,
including water quality (especially for molluscs);
drug/chemical residues; processing hygiene
• Codex Alimentarius, Code of Practice for Fish
and Fishery Products (CAC/RCP 52-2003) and
related standards eg Code of practice – general
principles of food hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).

Resolving trade differencesResolving trade differences
 OIE voluntary mediation procedure
• Technical evaluation based on standards adopted
by OIE Members; no involvement of lawyers; less
costly. Report confidential unless parties agree to
release - outcomes are not binding
 WTO dispute settlement procedure
• Legal evaluation with possibility of appeal; is
costly but outcomes are binding – report is
released publicly once parties have commented.

ChallengesChallenges
• New trade requirements continue to arise,
particularly in ‘corporate social responsibility’
• OIE sets standards for the welfare of farmed
fish, based on the fact that animal health makes
a major contribution to animal welfare
• ISO 26000 ‘Social Responsibility’ (2011) see:
http://www.iso.org/iso/social_responsibility

ConclusionsConclusions
The PVS Pathway can help Members to comply
with the OIE international standards for quality of
Veterinary Services and Aquatic Animal Health
Services…
Helping to improve the domestic
supply of safe, affordable food and
provide the basis for participation
in regional and international markets..
Leading to improved food security

Thank you for your attention

Three sisters

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