PPT on Qurantine Measures By Ayesha Noor UAF Sub Campus Burewala PBG Department

1. Quarantine Measures
By
Ayesha Noor
2015-ag-7318

2. Contents
 INTRODUCTION
 Importance of Quarantine
 International Trade & Policy
 INTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE STANDARDS
 Different Quarantine Treatments
 CONCLUSION

3. What is quuarantine?
 Quarantine is a strategy of control and prevent the entry & spread of pests
and diseases. It covers all regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or plant
pests & pathogens entering from a site, area, country or group of countries.

4. What is isolation?
 Isolation means separation of products which are infected or contaminated
from others, so that such infection or contamination do not spread further.

5. History
 Quarantine“ is derived from the Italian word
 Quarantum, which means forty days period
 1st quarantine work started in 1879 in Fiji & in 1900’s The Agricultural
Quarantine started again in Fiji

6. Importance of quarantine in export
promotion
 To prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive to
crops by regulating/restricting the import of plants/plant products
 To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and
exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary
certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners
 To inspect goods coming from other country & to check for exotic pests,
diseases and weeds

7. Importance of quarantine in export
promotion
 Inspection of imported agricultural commodities for preventing entry of exotic
pests and diseases
 Inspection of agricultural commodities meant for export as per the
requirements of importing countries under International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC)
 Detection of exotic pests and diseases already introduced for
controlling/containing them by adopting domestic quarantine regulations
 Undertaking Post Entry Quarantine Inspection in respect of identified planting
materials
 Conducting the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) to finalise phytosanitary requirements
for import of plant/plant material

8. Standard Export Procedures and Plant
Quarantine
 Preparation for export
 Preparation of export item
 Application for export quarantine inspection
 Export inspection (documents and items)
 Issuance of the Phytosanitary Certificate
 Application to customs
 Customs clearance
 Loading onto the ship/aircraft
 Importing country (Plant quarantine, customs clearance)

9. International Standards, Trade & Policy
 International standards
 World Trade organisation(WTO)
 MRL’s Established by CODEX
 Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures(SPS)
 Phytosanitary certification(PC)
 Pest risk analysis(PRA)
 North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
 National standards
 Post entry quarantine(PEQ)

10. International Standards, Trade & Policy
 Located in Geneva, Switzerland
 Came into existence on 1st January, 1995 replacing GATT 1948 (General
Agreement on Trade & Tariffs)
 Currently WTO has 153 countries (on 23 July 2008)

11. The WTO reiterates the objectives of
GATT
 To set and enforce rules for international trade
 To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization
 To increase the transparency of decision-making processes
 To resolve trade disputes
 To cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in
global economic management
 To help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system

12. Standards for exporting Agricultural
products to foreign countries
SPS Measures-1995
 Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures are various regulations imposed by
government or applied by industries to ensure
 Food safety of both raw and processed
 Protect plant and animal health
 These measures may include prescribed product standards, labelling and
packaging requirements, quarantine treatment, processing and production
standards, and testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures

13. Objective
 Presents future requirements for post entry quarantine (PEQ) and testing for
the quarantine pathogens associated
 To promote a rationalized, modern and harmonized quarantine or SPS system
with the dual functions of border protection and trade/export facilitation
 SPS measures are applied in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China & Australia for
import of species.

14. Phytosanitary certificate
 These are documents issued by an official of an exporting country, or country
of re-export, attesting to the freedom from pests and admissibility into the
destination country for specific plants or plant products.

15. Phytosanitary certificate performs the
following tasks at the port of entry
 Identify type of plants or plant products
 Identify area where plants or plant products were grown
 Determine if the plants or plant products were treated in country of origin
and if so, identify the treatment
 Determine if quarantine requirements are met
 Confirm that plant products meet specific certification requirements

16. Pest Risk Analysis
 PRA is a process of investigation, evaluation of information and decision
making with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or
determined that this pest is a quarantine pest.

17. Purpose of Pest Risk Analysis
 To estimate the likelihood of entry, establishment, spread of pest and its
impact
 To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that could be caused by
harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported
commodities
 To justify Phytosanitary measures on traded plant products

19. North American Plant Protection
Organization
 NAPPO is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by NAFTA
& created under the authority of the IPPC of the FAO of the United Nations
 NAPPO countries formalized this relationship in a cooperative agreement
between Canada, United States and Mexico in 1976

20. North American Plant Protection
Organization
Steps for Certifying a Commodity
 Determine certification eligibility
 Determine country’s import requirements
 Inspect the commodity
 Completion of export certificate
 Collect user fee

21. International Plant
Protection Convention(IPPC)
 It is the phytosanitary standard setting organization named in WTO-SPS
Agreements & Implemented by the FAO in 1952
Purpose
 To prevent the introduction and spread of pests(article-1 of IPPC)
 To provide an appropriate measures to control the introduced pests

22. Standards
 ISPM1:Principles of Plant Quarantine as related to International Trade
 ISPM2:Guidelines for PRA
 ISPM7:Export Certification System
 ISPM11:PRA For Quarantine Pests
 ISPM12:Guidelines for Phytosanitary certificates

23. Key Obligations
 To setup & administer a National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
 Official IPPC contact points
 Conduct treatments & certify exports
 Regulate import
 Cooperate internationally
 Share information on pests & regulation
 Develop & take into account Phytosanitary standards

24. Post Entry Quarantine
 "Post-entry Quarantine" means growing of plants in isolation for any specified
period in a glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by the Plant
Protection Adviser.
Purpose
 To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by all the inspection
authorities notified by the Ministry of Agriculture
 To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive pests that affects
plants and other plant material
 Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide residue

25. Different Quarantine Treatments
 Chemical Treatment
 Physical Treatment

26. Chemical Treatments
 Fumigation
 Methyl Bromide
 Fumigation + Refrigeration of Fruits
 Cold Treatment + Fumigation of Fruits
 Controlled Atmosphere High-Temperature Treatments (CATTS)

27. Physical Treatments
 Water Treatment
 High Temperature Forced Air
 Vapour Heat
 Cold Treatment
 Irradiation
 Radio frequency heating
 Quick Freeze
 Re-export

28. Fumigation
Fumigation is the act of releasing/application of toxic chemicals in a gaseous
state in a gas tight enclosure to kill insect and other pests
 Used to prevent transfer of exotic pest & insects during processing of goods to
be imported or exported
 Chemicals are applied as aerosols, smoke, mist, and fog

29. Fumigation
Examples
 Methyl bromide -most widely used fumigants although its use was restricted
by the Montreal Protocol due to its role in ozone depletion<br />
 Phosphine
 Formaldehyde
 Hydrogen cyanide
 1,3-dichloropropene
 Methyl isocyanate

30.  MB is most effective in treating some of pests & insects like mites & ticks,
nematodes, snails & slugs, fungi
Over 95% of consumption of methyl bromide for treatment of commodities like
 Export logs and sawn timber
 Wooden packaging materials, dunnage
 Export of fruit and vegetables
 Some export grains, pulses and oilseeds, and derived products
 Dried food stuffs

31. Commodities suitable for Methyl
Bromide Fumigation
 Grapes
 Leafy vegetables
 Okra
 Citrus
 Almond
 Stone fruit
 Walnut
 Corn
 Root crops
 Ornamentals beans/lentils
Produce will be treated with methyl bromide to control pests before 21 days prior to export to
meet the official requirements of the import and export of different countries

32. Physical Treatment
Water Treatments-Non-heated
 Soapy Water and Wax
 Cherimoya, Limes and Passion fruit from Chile
 Spider mite in grapes
 Warm Soapy Water and brushing
 Durian and other large fruits such as breadfruit for external feeders
 To kill aphids eggs & larvae

33. Physical Treatment
Heat Treatments
 Maintaining the product at a specific temperature for a specified time;
designed to kill plant pests without destroying or devaluing the infested
commodity
Goal
 Heat the product for a short time without damaging quality, yet controlling
target pest
Considerations
 Type of product
 Heating Method
 Treatment Time & Temperature

34. Physical Treatment
Hot Water Treatment
 Temperature varies between 40°c to 60°c
 Time varies between 30sec to <10min
 Purpose is to reduce damage caused by fungi, mealy bugs

35. Physical Treatment
Vapour Heat Treatment
 The temperature-ramp up time -heating time relations varies with the
commodity and the pest involved
 Treatment temp varies from 35°c to 50 °c
 Temperature of the innermost fruit pulp must not exceed >47.5 °c during a
ramp up time of 4hrs
 Time varies from 20min to 30min
 Treatment is mainly aimed against fruit flies in most of the fruits

36. Physical Treatment
Forced Hot Air Treatment
 Air temperature varies from 43° to 49°c
 RH varies from 30-80%
 A venturi exhaust fan is used which forces the air at rate of 20.67 m 3 /min
 Commodity like papaya, mango, starfruit, lychee, eggplant, pepper,
cucumber etc
 This method is used for disinfesting fruits from flies like mediterranean fruit
fly, melon fly, oriental fruit fly in papaya and mango seed weevil in mango

38. Physical Treatment
Cold Treatment
 Temperature varies from 0°c to 21°c & RH varies from 75% to 95%
 Starting with low temp of 0°c for beetroot, carrot and little high temp of
13°c to 21°c for tomato
 Other products like Cabbage, Orange, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pears, Pumpkin,
Spinach
 Used against fruit fly like Caribbean fruit fly by exposing fruits at 0°c to
2.22°c
 To control other pests and plant pathogens quick freezing at -17°c or below
can also be done

39. Controlled Atmosphere Temperature
Treatment Systems (CATTS)
 CATTS combines forced moist or vapour hot air with controlled atmosphere
(i.e. low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)
 Air speed equivalent to 1.3-2.0 m/s
 Gases composition equivalent to 1% O₂ and 15% CO₂ & RH of up to 90%
 Treatment temp is 47°c for 4hr, with core temp ≤46.5°c for 25 min &ramp up
temp of 12°c/hr
 Treatment is done in a chamber similar to a vapour heat or forced hot air
chamber with facility of introducing N₂ & Co₂
 Developed to control western cherry fruit fly & codling moth in sweet cherries
and Mexican & West Indian fruit fly in mangoes

40. Physical Treatment
Irradiation
 Food is exposed to ionizing radiations like gamma-ray, X-ray, and electron
beams in order to sterilize or kill insects and microbial pests by damaging
their DNA
 Irradiation doses that will result in a 1-log reduction in bacterial pathogens
are in the range of 0.2–0.8 kGy
 Radiation kills microorganisms by raising food temperature quickly
 U.S Food & Drug Administration has approved all types of irradiated fresh
F&V, can be treated up to a maximum dose of 1 kGy
Note: Gy=Gray or 100 rad/kg kGy=1000 Gray

41. Approaches for the Future
Chemically-Based Alternatives
 New Fumigants & New Techniques
 Mating Disruption
 Emissions Control
Non-Chemical/Physical Alternatives
 Irradiation
 Heat/Cold
 Physical Control
 Combination of Compression/Vacuum technique
 RF Energy

42. Fumigant Alternatives
Newly Developed Fumigants
 COS – Carbonyl Sulfide
 O₃ – Ozone<br />CH₃I – Methyl Iodide
 C₂N₂ – Cyanogen
Modified Existing Fumigants
 SO₂F₂ – Profume
 C ₂ H₅COOH – Ethyl Formate
 C₃ H₆O – Propylene Oxide
 PH₃ – ECO₂ Fume

43. Pathways for the Entry of Pests and
Pathogens
 Natural Pathways
 Artificial Pathways

44. Natural Pathways
 Winds, storms, jet streams
 Air and convection currents
 Ocean currents
 Surface drainage
 Natural seed dispersal
 Fliers (insects and mites)
 Migratory species (locusts)
 Self-locomotion (zoospores)
 Vectors (insects, nematodes)
 Other carriers (birds and other higher animals)

45. Artificial Pathways
 Cargo (agricultural and nonagricultural)
 Mail
 Beggage
 Common carriers (ships, vehicles, airplanes)
 Dunnage, crates, packing materials
 Smuggling
 Farm practices (irrigation, used farm equipment)

46. Conclusion
Quarantine is an important protocol for international food trading
 To prevent dumping of low quality goods in the country
 Increasing competence of the manufacturers to compete in the international
market
 Protecting the nation from introduction & spread of exotic pests and disease.

47. Conclusion
 Overall safety and welfare of nation’s economy and mankind
 If Quarantine regulations were made mandatory in past, today India would
have been free from important diseases like leaf rust of coffee(Srilanka), late
blight of potato(UK), Bunchy top of banana(Srilanka), onion smut of
onion(Europe)