5. France

7. French Wars of Religion

12. Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu

17. 2,000 acres of grounds 12 miles of roads 27 miles of trellises 200,000 trees 210,000 flowers planted every year 80 miles of rows of trees 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal 12 miles of enclosing walls 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles 26 acres of roof 51,210 square meters of floors 2,153 windows 700 rooms 67 staircases 6,000 paintings 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings 2,100 sculptures 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden The Palace of Versailles

20. Balance Of Power In EUrope At This Time France Sweden England Netherlands

22. Russia

23. RUSSIA

25. Russian Rulers Ivan IV - the 1st Czar Stalin admired him. The rest of Europe believed he was mad. What is certain is that he was one of the most ruthless tyrants in history. A man of God who personally tortured his victims and beat his own son to death; a hardened despot who often behaved like a coward, asking his ally, Elizabeth I of England, for political asylum; a man who believed himself chosen to save the souls of his people, but who brutally put thousands to death in carefully orchestrated purges.

26. Russian Rulers Ivan IV - the 1st Czar Sought to reduce power of the boyars (nobles) who threatened his power. Increased trade, introduced the printing press to Russia, gained territory

28. Russian Rulers Peter the Great Czar- from the Romanov family 7 feet tall Took over when he was 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689. Grew up going to the “German Quarter” and learned of new, western technology. Worked numerous jobs to learn skills Sought to “ westernize ” Russia

29. Russian Rulers Peter the Great Peter’s goals -Westernize Russia -Strengthen the military -Expand Russia’s borders -Centralize royal power He did this by forcing the landowning nobles, called boyars into service of the government or the military. He also took control of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church

34. Russian Rulers Catherine the Great She embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization and serfdom. She became strong by letting the boyars go without paying taxes and taxing the peasants heavily herself. Many more Russians were forced into serfdom. She defeated the Ottomans to gain control of the Black Sea. In the 1790s she divided up, or partitioned, Poland between Russia, Prussia (Under Frederick the Great) and Austria. By the time they were done, Poland would be gone from the map, not to re-appear as a free Poland until 1919.

36. Austria and Prussia Prussia Prussia

37. Austria and Prussia

39. Mom of Marie Antoinette who will marry French King Louis XVI AUSTRIA - THE GERMAN STATES Still part of Holy Roman Empire Austrian Hapsburgs-family ruled HRE Maria Theresa inherited throne in 1740 from her father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. He passed the following: Pragmatic sanction -a royal statement that allowed for a woman to inherit all Hapsburg lands.

40. AUSTRIA - THE GERMAN STATES Still part of Holy Roman Empire Maria Theresa Her Problems She made war with Prussia when they seized some of her land (Silesia). Despite a lack of knowledge in politics, she was a good enough politician to get help from other nations (Great Britain and the Netherlands).

41. AUSTRIA - THE GERMAN STATES Still part of Holy Roman Empire Austrian Hapsburgs-family ruled HRE Problems in the empire i. patchwork: ppl, religion, language ii. diversity makes difficult to rule Her solutions i. Strengthened central government ii. Increased trade and industry

43. Prussia

44. Prussia Will develop into the biggest, baddest army around!

47. Prussia Frederic William’s son, named Frederick II, who was treated harshly by his father, became a brilliant military leader, and was given the title Frederick the Great. Austria and Prussia had both arisen as powerful states, and competed with each other for power over central Europe for a long time to come.

48. War between Austria and Prussia - The War of Austrian Seccession

54. England

56. England Under Elizabeth I England flourished culturally (Shakespeare) People were loyal to her Restored Protestantism Social class was important Married to England

57. England Under Elizabeth I Conflict : Philip II (Spain) planned to invade England and force a Catholic ruler. Mary Queen of Scots was Liz’s heir to the throne and she was Catholic. She and Philip plotted against her. Resolution: Liz had her beheaded. Conflict: Angry Phillip sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. Resolution: 1588 England won!

58. Spanish Armada in 1588 In the latter part of the 16th century, Spain was the major international power. English 'sea-dogs' had been causing a great deal of damage to Spain's trade in silver. Men such as Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish shipping off of the West Indies and Spain lost a vast sum of money when the ships carrying silver sunk or had their cargo captured by Drake. To the English, Drake was a hero but to the Spanish he was nothing more than a pirate who, in their view, was allowed to do what he did with the full knowledge of Queen Elizabeth. This the Spanish could not accept.

59. England Under Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake is the English Naval Hero of the battle Gravelines

63. England When Elizabeth I died with no heir James VI of Scotland became James I of England. The Stuart kings (James I and Charles I) had great difficulty in their relationship with Parliament. The number of Puritan members had increased, which meant religious as well as political conflict. James VI of Scotland who became James I of England....like the naming of “Jamestown, Va”

64. England When Elizabeth I died with no heir James VI of Scotland became James I of England. The Stuart kings (James I and Charles I) had great difficulty in their relationship with Parliament. The number of Puritan members had increased, which meant religious as well as political conflict. Charles I of England....like the naming of “Carolina”

67. England The situation of religious conflict finally led to the English Revolution, the beheading of Charles, and the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. and he was a boring fellow!

68. England This solution did not workout We’ll continue that story another day....

69. Spain

70. Spain Phillip II Phillip II-1556-1598 Hapsburg family Son of Holy Roman Emperor-Charles V Catholic Most powerful Spanish monarch in history Enemy of all Protestants Sent the Spanish Armada to invade England

71. Spain Phillip II Age of Spanish Greatness Inherited lands including Netherlands, parts of Italy, part of the Americas Insists on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchical authority

73. Phillip II’s Palace El Escorial

74. Phillip II’s Palace El Escorial

75. Spain at Phillip II’s death Reign ends 1598 At that time Spain had most populous empire in the world Controlled almost all of South America Controlled settlements in Asia and Africa Seemed to be the greatest power on Earth In reality, bankrupt, armed forces out of date, and inefficient gov’t

76. Spain at Phillip II’s death The defeat of the Spanish Armada led to the decline of Spain as a world power. Spain suffered from inflation due to the influx of gold and silver from the Americas. Philip’s son and grandson carried on his rule (Philip III, and IV) Charles II, Philip IV’s son was the last of the Spanish Hapsburgs. Other European monarchs plotted to take the Spanish throne

77. The Age Of Absolutism