This document summarizes key concepts about memory, including the three stages of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), classifications of memory (declarative and procedural), factors that influence forgetting, and strategies for enhancing memory such as chunking, imagery, recreation of context, study strategies, and mnemonic devices. It also discusses the biology of memory including long-term potentiation and the role of the hippocampus in forming long-term memories.

1. MEMORY
Skyline College
Summer 2015
Meghan Fraley, PhD

2. Section 10: Memory
Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory
Classification of Memory
Declarative (Semantic & Episodic) & Procedural Memory
Forgetting
Types of Amnesia, Forgetting Factors
Enhancing Memory
Five Memory Enhancing Strategies, Four Mnemonic Devices
I.
II.
V.
III.
IV.
The Biology of Memory
Long-term Potentiation

3. • SENSORY MEMORY
• Iconic versus Echoic
• Selective Attention
• SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)
• Primary Memory; Working Memory
• Chunking
• LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM)
• Key Concepts: Retrieval, Priming, Zeigarnik, Redintigration, Landmark
Events, Flashbulb Memories, Prospective Memory, Effects of Hypnosis
• Accuracy of Long-Term Memory: Eyewitness Reports, Repressed Memories
• STAGES OF MEMORY KEY CONCEPTS
• Rehearsal versus Chunking; Iconic versus Echoic; Recent versus Remote;
Zeigarnik effect versus Redintegration
•I. STAGES OF MEMORY

4. The Information Processing (Multi-Store) Model
•The Memory Model

5. •STAGES OF MEMORY

6. •Sensory Memory: Iconic and Echoic

7. • Can be deliberate or automatic
• For something to move from
Sensory into short term memory,
there must be deliberate focused
attention
•Selective Attention

8. • Up to 30 Seconds
• Two components:
• Primary
• Working
•Short Term Memory

9. • Holding Tank for small amounts of information, NO
manipulation
•Primary Memory

10. • Manipulating Information
• Chunking: Transforming Separate
Items into Meaninful Units
•Working Memory

11. • Chunking: Transforming Separate Items into Meaninful Units
•Working Memory: Chunking

12. Components of Long Term Memory
•Long Term Memory

13. • Recent Memory (intermediate
Memory: 2 weeks
• Remote memory: Long term, two
or more years
•Long Term Memory: Recent and Remote

14. • Remember what one
plans to do at a
specific time
•Prospective Memory

15. • Primacy and Recency Effect support existence of separate stores
of short and long term memory
•The Serial Position Effect

16. •Eidetic (photographic) Memory

17. • Proposes that there
is a single memory
system that consists
of three levels of
processing
• Physical (Structural)
• Acoustic (Phonemic)
• Semantic
• Semantic meaning
will give you the
most successful
memory learning
•Level’s of Processing Model

18. • Retrieval
• Priming
• Zeigarnik Effect
• Redintigration
•Key Concepts

19. • Recognition easier than
recall
•Retrieval

20. •Priming

21. • Continue to work on a
problem unconsciously until
a solution is obtained.
Remembering and working
on an incomplete task.
•Ziegarnik Effect
A waiter can serve on a large table
remembering each and every dish ordered,
starters, main, drinks, everything Try asking
them about the order details a moment after
it was served and they completely forgot it.
This phenomenon encouraged Soviet
Psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik to research into
it and find that what you don’t finish sticks
longer and deeper in your memory.

22. •Redentigration

23. •Landmark Events

24. • Remembering what took
place just before and
during the event
•Flashbulb Memories

25. •ATTENTION & MEMORY MODELS
Multi-component model
Filter Theory of Selective Attention
Feature Integration Theory

26. •Multi-Component Model of Working
Memory

27. •Filter Theory of Selective Attention

28. •Feature Integration Theory

29. •THE ACCURACY OF MEMORIES

30. • Can provide more details about
a memory
• Hypnosis elicits more false
memories thantrue ones
• More like to reconstruct, use
imagination to fill gaps
• Great confidence
• When given false information,
likely to incorporate
•Effects of Hypnosis

31. • Sensory and short term is
usually accurate, but long term
memory frequently distorts
information.
• Long term memory relies more
on semantic features
• People also often make
inferences and file these into
LTM
• Sources are less accurately
remembered than information
•ACCURACY OF LONG TERM MEMORY

32. •Eyewitness Reports

33. • Memories of traumatic events
that are thought by some to
have been repressed and
inaccessible for decades
• Evidence against comes from
the fact that most remember
violent crimie and abuse rather
than forget
• Memory experts believe it is
rare for people to first recover
memories of abuse years after
it has taken place
•Repressed Memories

34. • Declarative Memory
• Semantic Memory
• Episodic Memory
• Procedural Memory
• Classification Key Concepts:
• Semantic versus Episodic
• Procedural versus Declarative Memory
•II. Classification of Memory

35. •Types of Long Term Memory

36. • H.M.: Had seizures and
hippocampus removed in
mid 1950s
• Complete anterograde
amnesia
• Highlighted critical role of
hippocampus in creating
long-term memory
•III. The Biology of Memory

37. •Memory and the Brain

38. Long Term
Potentiation:
Physicological process
by which short-term
becomes long-term
Repeated stimulation
of synaps leads to
chemical and
structural changes
Increased sensitive to
stimulation
Involves Kinases
•Long Term Potentiation

39. •THEORIES OF FORGETTING

40. • Types of Amnesia
• Anterograde; Retrograde; Postraumatic; Paramnesia
• Factors Involved in Forgetting
• Retrieval Failure
• Interference: Retroactive & Proactive
• Decay
• Mood Congruent Memory
• State Dependent Memory
• Motivated Forgetting
• Forgetting Key Concepts
• Retroactive versus Proactive Inhibition
•IV. Forgetting

41. •Forgetting

42. • The older the memory, the less reliable
•Trace Decay Theory:

43. •Trace Decay & Alcoholism
• MUST control for alcohol
dependency, because their
more recent memories are
not consolidated
• Abhorrent memory for
periods of drinking

44. •Decay

45. Proactive: Trying to fill an already full cup. Cannot remember
the second set of things!!!
Retroactive: Can’t get back to the first set of things.
•Interference Theory

46. • Anterograde: Acquiring new
• Retrograde: Loss before injury
• Posttraumatic: Memory for events short time after trauma
• Paramnesia: Distortion, confabulation, error attempting to
create past
•Types of Amnesia

47. • Cues needed for retrieval are insufficient or incomplete (tip-of
the tongue phenomenon)
•Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Retrieval Failure

48. •Mood Congruent Memory

49. •Motivated Forgetting

50. • Five Memory Enhancing Strategies
• Chunking
• Imagery and Association
• Re-creation of Context
• Study Strategies
• Mnemonics
• Mnemonics:
• The Method of Loci; The Peg-Word-System; Word Associations; The
Substitute Word Technique
• Enhancing Memory Key Concepts:
• The 4 Mnemonic Devices
•V. ENHANCING MEMORY

51. Encoding Specificity: The
greater the similarity
between the way it is
encoded and cues present,
the better the recall
•State Dependent Memory

52. • Information is most likely to be
transferred from short to long-
term memory when
elaborative rehearsal is
employed
• Make new information more
meaningful by relating it to
existing knowledge
•Elaborative Rehearsal

53. •STRATEGIES

54. •Chunking

55. Keyword method for paired associate tasks
•Imagery and Association

56. •Recreation of Context

57. •Study Strategies

58. •Mnemonics

59. •The Method of Loci

60. •The Peg Word System

61. •Word Associations
• Acronym: Word using first
letter of each item on a list
• Acrostic: Phrase or rhyme
that’s constructed from the
first letter of each word

62. •The Substitute Word Technique

63. Yerkes Dodson Law: moderate levels of arousal increase
efficiency of learning and performance
•Arousal