2022 NGU students update 1-2-Introduction to Research methodology.pdf

Venue: main and Awke-
campuses (School of Business
and Economics Course :
Research Methodology

---Cont’d
10/21/2022
Lecturer : Mr.Mohamed Amiin
2

Course: research METHODOLOGY
Code---
Semester: six
classes: junior
Instructor: Mr. Mohamed Amiin
---Cont’d
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 Research is a process which solve to unsolved problem or merit
opportunity. In terms of
 Systematic : step by step
 Scientific: testing and based on experimental (organized knowledge )
 Empirical : based on site or field
 Logic : Reasoning
 Controlling: Objective
---Cont’D
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METHODOLOGY: Mix centered
Course: Basic Research
A. Learning phase: six Units: (Process)
B. Technical phase: “Proposal Research”
Chapter.1,2,3 for your final proposal study
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 Reflective Question:
 As students of FBE. What is your expectations
from course of Business Research methodology
and application to examples. Please, state points.
According to
I. Learning/concepts
II. Technical phase/application
III. Research objectives
IV. Role of research to business Parts.
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Course Description
 This course will acquaint students with the concepts of
research and application Eco-Business research. It will
also deal with the importance of research in business.
 Topics include: Identifying research problems, framing
research questions, proposal design, data collection,
and analysis, interpretation of data and presentation
of research reports and covering All phases of
research.( Process )
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Objectives
The course will enable students to:
1. To Understand What Research Means
2. To Identify Source of Data, Sampling Techniques and Theories
3. To Comprehend Data Analysis and Statistical Techniques
4. To Apply their knowledge in designing and reporting
research.
5. Different Research methods versus research methodology
6. Understand the role of research in business/and in social
matters
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Course outline
1. Chapter one : Introduction research
2. Chapter two: research problem, hypothesis and
literature review
3. Chapter Three: methodology
4. Chapter four: sampling technique
5. Chapter five: Data collection
6. Chapter six : Data analysis and presentation
7. Research Report Writing.: Conclusion,
recommendation
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BASIC STEPS OF A RESEA RCH PROJECT
• Find a topic :What,
• Formulate questions: What, Why
• Define population :Who, When
• Select design & measurement: How
• Interpret evidence: Why
• Tell about what you did and found out
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Example.1
 HOW DO WE DO RESEARCH ( theoretical PARACTICAL
)
 The five major phases of the research process
 Conceptual phase: Research Title
 Design & planning phase: Proposal phase:-1.Introduction
(2).literature reviews.(3) Research design.
 Empirical phase: Data collection phase.i.e visit to field.
 Analytical phase: Data analysis phase
 Dissemination phase: Report writing/final Research paper, thesis
and dissertation.
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Origin the ward of research
 Etymologically, the word research is derived from
the Middle French (recherché), which means to go
about seeking solution or utilize opportunity sector,
 The term itself being derived from the Old
French term "recerchier" a compound word from (re
+ cerchier), meaning search again. the earliest
recorded use of the term was in 1577.
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---Cont’d
 In general, Eco-business research refers to any type
of re-searching done when starting or running any
kind of business. For example, starting any type of
business requires research into the target customer
and the competition to create a business plan. All
business research is done to learn information that
could make the company more successful. Business
research methods vary depending on the size of the
company and the type of information need.
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Introduction
 Some people consider research as a movement
knowledge, a movement from the known to the
unknown. It is actually a voyage or journey of
discovery.
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Research Definition
15
Research
Is process solve to
unsolved social
problem or
business/economics
problems.
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Meaning of Research
 Research is scientific, systematic, logical, controlled and empirical
process.
 Research can be defined as a Scientific and systematic search for
related information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of
scientific investigation.
 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down
the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry
especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
 Research: means It is an investigation of finding solutions to
scientific and Social problem.
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---Cont’D
 According to (Clifford Woody) , “Research comprises of
defining and redefining problems, formulating the hypothesis
for suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating
data, making assumptions and reaching conclusion and further
testing the conclusion whether they fit into formulating the
hypothesis.
 Sekaran (2003) Defines Research as a process of finding
solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of
situational factors.
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---Cont’D
 Process:
 The research process must meet three characteristics: 1) Systematic, 2) Guided,
3) Intensive
 Systematic: Research follows logical, sequential and ordered that lead into one
another. The research process has six main steps as follows:
 Problem identification and definition
 Possible/Tentative solution (hypothesis)
 Data collection Method
 Data collection instrument
 Analysis and interpretation
 Conclusion = Solution = knowledge
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---Cont’D
 Guided: It is intended to answer certain specific questions.
Only these questions, we form the focus on the research. Any
other question, no matter how important is out of the scope or
the boundaries of the research.
 Intensive: It consume resources (Capital, financial, human
resource, physical=material, equipment and time).
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---Cont’D
 The product (Knowledge)
 The research product must meet three basic characteristics:
 Valid: Supported by evidence. There must be evidence (data) to support
the new knowledge generate through research.
 Reliable: Knowledge is consisted or repeated. The same knowledge can be
obtained by the same research at different times or by other researchers or
among other population. Knowledge is consistent over time, resource and
population.
 Generalizable: Knowledge which applicable beyond the where it was
generated.
 There are two types of research problem:-
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---Cont’D
 Problem which relates to the states of nature. i.e. (hazard, diseases,
droughts )
 Problem which relates to the relationship between variables. I.e.
 The Effect Of Training On Employee Productivity At Some-power co In
Hargiesa,Somaliland.
 Computerized Accounting System And Fraud At Some-power Co In
Hargiesa,somaliland.
 The Effect Of Crop Production On Economic Growth at production sectors in
Hargiesa,Somaliland.
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---Cont’D
 Guided: It is intended to answer certain specific questions. Only
these questions, we form the focus on the research. Any other
question, no matter how important is out of the scope or the
boundaries of the research.
 Intensive: It consume resources (Capital, financial, human
resource, physical=material, equipment and time).
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Source of Research
 There are four common sources of research:
 Experience: A topic can be suggested from
everyday experience for which they are not
scientific justification.
 Existing theory: A theory is a set of well-argue
ideas intended to explain a phenomenon.
 Needs Assessment: A need is a deficiency which
can be detrimental if not satisfied.
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---Cont’D
 Existing Literature: Literature is a source of stored
information which can be retrieved for analysis
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Business Research Areas
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Business Research
 Business Research is an organised, systematic, data-
based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or
investigation into a specific problem or issue with the
purpose of finding solutions to it or clarifying it.
 Research, is a systematic inquiry that provides
information to guide managerial decisions.
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---Cont’d
 Business research is a function which links the organization,
the customer, and the public or community through
information used to identify opportunities and define
problems; generate, evaluate and refine actions; and monitor
performance. “The American Marketing Association”
 Business research is a formalized means of designing,
gathering, analyzing, and reporting information that may be
used to solve a specific Management Problem. “Burns and
Bush”
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Methods versus Methodology
 Research Methods versus Methodology It seems
appropriate at this juncture or stage to explain the
difference between research methods and research
methodology.
 Research Methods may be understood as all those
methods/techniques that are used for conduction of
research, all those methods which are used by the
researcher during the course of studying his research
problem are termed as research methods.
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---Cont’d
 Research methodology: on the other hand, refers to a way to
systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research his done
scientifically. It involves a study of various steps and methods.
As example; Research Methods can be categorized into three:
A. Data Collection
B. Data Analyzes
C. Data Evaluation
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Significance of Research
 Research trains scientific and inductive thinking and it
promotes the development of logical habits of thinking
and organisation.
 The role of research in several fields of applied
economics, whether related to business or to the
economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern
times even Social Problems producing different
programmes.
 Research provides the basis for nearly all government
policies in our economic system.
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---Cont’d
 Research has its special significance in solving various
operational and planning problems of business and
industry.
 Research is equally important for social scientists in
studying social relationships and in seeking answers to
various social problems.
 To those students who are to write a Bachelor, master’s
or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean careerism or a way
to attain a high position in the social structures.
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---Cont’D
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---Cont’D
 OR
 Research is actually an act of studying something
carefully and extensively in order to attain deep
knowledge.
 To Gather Necessary Information
 Research provides you with all necessary
information in field of your work,
 Knowing the Truth or something hiding
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Objectives of Research
 The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions
through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of
research is to find out the Truth which is Hidden and which has not
been discovered as yet.
 Though each research study has its own specific purpose,
we may think of research objectives as falling into a
number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve
new insights into it (exploratory or formulative research
studies);
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---Cont’d
Exploratory research: conducted with the
purpose of obtaining deeper understanding
about particular phenomena.
 It gives research findings on a wider scope.
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---Cont’D
2. To portray or show accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group (descriptive
research studies);
3. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing
research studies).
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---Cont’d
 To Exploratory
 To Descriptive
 To Diagnostic
 To Hypothesis testing
 Be able to produce a draft of research proposal which related to students’
subject interest by utilizing a proper methodology.
 To Be able to understand the skills in referencing source of information to the
standard.
 To gain familiarity with a situation or achieve new insights.
 To draw accurately characteristics of an individual or group.
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else.
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Role of Research Objectives
Objectives serve four main functions:
 Research Focus: It creates focus by specifying the specific
intension of the research.
 Scope: It defines the scope of the research; the number of
objectives shows on how wide study is but the element of
objectives shows the details of study.
 Selection bases: Objectives form the basis of the selecting
method, analysis method and data collection method.
 Evaluation: objectives form the basis of evaluation of a research
process. Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to
which objectives have been achieved
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---Types of Research
 Research comes in many shapes and sizes. Before a researcher begins to
conduct a study, he or she must decide on a specific type of research.
Good researchers understand the advantages and disadvantages of each
type, although most end up specializing in one.
Three broad categories of research namely:
1. Basic research is sometimes called pure research,
fundamental research and theory-based research. It is
the research for academicians. It is not intended to
solve a problem but to extend a theory. It is
undertaken out of intellectual curiosity. It is not
problem oriented. It aims at extension of knowledge.
i.e student’s CAT.
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…Cont’D.
2. Applied research is sometimes called useful research and its
emphasis is on solving a practical problem. The emphasis is not
on theory but solving a problem. The findings enrich the
storehouse of knowledge.
 Action research: (its interest is to assess the impact of the
intervention )
 Impact research:-
3. Evaluation research is sometimes called impact research, assessment research or
social accountability research. It is also similar to applied research some how
but its interest is to assess the impact of the intervention.
It addresses the question,“Did it work?” The process of establishing value judgment
based on evidence about the achievement of the goals of a program.
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On the other hand, some school of researchers
 Descriptive: The main objective of descriptive research is
describing the state of affairs as it prevails at the time of study. In
social science and business research we quite often use.( based on
survey and fact findings.)
 Analytical: the researcher has to use the already available
facts or information and analyze them to make critical evaluation
of subject.
 Conceptual : Conceptual research is that related to some abstract
idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
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---Cond’D
 Empirical: relies on experience or observation alone,
often without due regard for system and theory. It is
data-based research, coming up with conclusions
which are capable of being verified by observation
or experiment.” We can also call it as experimental
type of research.
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---Cont’d
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Classification of Research
According to subject;
 Natural science/Pure Science research e.g. physics, math,
chemistry
 Social Science/behavioral research e.g. history, business, mgt.
According to Scope (Unit of analysis);
 Micro research the researcher examine individual(small) units
but not a group
 Macro research the researcher examine in group (big units)
but not individual units.
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---Cont’d
 According to purpose;
 Applied (Action): the researcher intends to use the
findings immediately after the study or Solution to
immediate problem.
 Pure/Basic/ Academic: the researcher does not
intend to utilize findings immediately after the study
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---Cont
According to approach;
 Quantitative research: are those researches which
based on variables, measured using numbers.
 Qualitative research: based on ideas presented
using words.
 Qualitative research use INTERVIEW.
 Quantitative research use QUESTIONNAIRE and set
the question
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---Cont’d
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---Cont’d
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---Cont’d
 It is an agent of change
 Is a guideline to strategic approach to issues
 Is a source of knowledge
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---Cont’D
 The main in social and Eco-business Problems' are:
 Unemployment.
 Poverty.
 Rapid population growth.
 Urbanization.
 Lack of education.
 Superstitious beliefs.
 Gender discrimination.
 Caste discrimination
 Customer satisfaction
 Employee performance
 Financial performance
 Inflation
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The Role of Business Research
 The main role of business research is to provide information
that facilitates management decisions. The importance of this
role can not be overstated; it is the raison d’etere for business
research. Business research is used:
 To identify and define market opportunities. Business research
helps to define those wants and needs in the market that are
not being met by the competition. Managers need information
through research to help them identify market opportunities.
 To generate and refine management actions. Business research
helps managers to determine which plan or strategy will best
meet opportunities.
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---Cont’D
 To monitor strategies and plans. Any control system requires
feedback of information to management. Business research brings
that information to management personnel, allowing them to
compare actual performance with desired performance
standards.
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---Cont’d
 Business research helps managers to make better and informed
decisions. Managerial decisions based on quality information
help to reduce the level of uncertainty and risk of business
organizations. To be useful for decision making the information
provided through business research should be:
 Accurate: information has to reflect reality.
 Current: Information has to reflect events in the relevant time
period.
 Sufficient: Information has to be complete.
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---Cont’d
 Available: Information has to be available when a
decision is being made.
 Relevant: Information has to be applicable to the
decision.
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Research Being Scientific
 Searching for new knowledge-something new
 Systematic-it follows procedures
 Empirical-evidence and truth about the information
you have.
 Carefully designed-not speculation or theory based
on expertise
 Objective –can be interpreted
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Qualities of Good Research
 Whatever may be the types of research works and
studies, one thing that is important is that they all meet
on the common ground of scientific method employed
by them. Good research is systematic: It means that
research is structured with specified steps to be taken in
a specified sequence in accordance with the well-
defined set of rules.
 Good research is logical: This implies that research is
guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical
process of induction and deduction are of great value in
carrying out research.
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As examples.
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---Cont’d
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As example
 Therefore, inductive reasoning moves from specific
instances into a generalized conclusion (Qualitative),
while, deductive reasoning moves from generalized
principles that are known to be true to a true and
specific conclusion ( Quantitative) . The accuracy
of inductive reasoning is questionable.
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…Contd.
 Good research is empirical: It implies that research is
related basically to one or more aspects of a real
situation and deals with concrete data that provides
a basis for external validity to research results.
 Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows
research results to be verified by replicating or
copying the study and thereby building a sound
basis for decisions.
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Research Process (Scientific Research)
 Before embarking on the details of research
methodology and techniques, it seems
appropriate to present a brief overview of the
research process.
 Research process consists of series of actions or
steps necessary to effectively carry out research
and the desired sequencing of these steps.
 The chart shown below well illustrates a research
process.
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Research process/steps
1. Research Problem Identification.
2. A literature review
3. Hypothesis
4. Research Design
5. Collecting the data
6. Analysis of data
7. Reporting
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---Cont’d
 Research Problem Identification: At the very outset
the researcher must single out the problem he wants
to study.
 A literature review: is based on the assumption that
knowledge accumulates and that we learn from and
build on what others have done.
 Hypothesis: After extensive literature review,
researcher should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis or hypotheses.
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---Cont’d
 Research Design: the research problem having been
formulated in clear cut terms, the researcher will be
required to prepare a research design.
Correlation and comparative.
 Collecting the data: In dealing with any real life
problem it is often found that data at hand are
inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to
collect data that are appropriate.
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---Cont’d
 Analysis of data: After the data have been collected,
the researcher turns to the task of analyzing them.
The analysis of data requires a number of closely
related operations such as establishment of
categories, the application of these categories to raw
data through coding, tabulation and then drawing
statistical inferences.
 Reporting: Finally, the researcher has to prepare the
report of what has been done by him. Writing of
report must be done with great care.
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Research process inflow chart
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---Cont’d
 HOW DO WE DO RESEARCH ( PARACTICAL )
 The five major phases of the research process
 Conceptual phase: Research Title
 Design & planning phase: Proposal phase:-1.Introduction
(2).literature reviews.(3) Research design.
 Empirical phase: Data collection phase.i.e visit to field.
 Analytical phase: Data analysis phase
 Dissemination phase: Report writing/final Research paper,
thesis and dissertation.
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CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH PROBLEM,
HYPOTHESIS AND LITERATURE
REVIEW.
NGU

Problem Identification(practical phase
one )
For example the problem could relate to:
(1) existing Social or Eco-Business, where the
manager is looking for a solution
(2) Situation that may not pose any current problems
but which the manager feels have scope for
improvement.
(3) areas where some conceptual clarity is needed for
better theory building.
(4) situations in which a researcher is trying to answer a
research question empirically because of interest in the
topic.
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---Variables
 Variable is central idea in research. A variable is
defined as anything that varies or changes in value.
 Types of Variables.
 The cause variable, or the one that identifies forces or
conditions that act on something else, is the independent
variable.
 The variable that is the effect or is the result or outcome
of another variable is the dependent variable (also
referred to as outcome variable or effect variable).
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Topic or Research Problem
 The research process consists of a number of steps.
The first step in any research is selecting the topic or
research problem, which could start from the broad
area of interest.
 There is no set formula for the identification of a
topic of research. The best guide is to conduct
research on something that INTEREST you.
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Process of creation topic or title: simply
 Topic or problem identification is a thinking phase,
is the phase you design what you want, it is the most
important phase of your research, it needs a critical
thinking (Mohamed Kapuka 2010).
1. Select an area of interest must be related to
area of specialization e.g. course;
2. Identify specific problem with in your area
of interest;
3. Identify the possible causes of that problem;
4. Link the cause to the problem; (get one or more
causes)
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---Cont’d
5. Refine the statement remove biases, negative,
Waste words;
6. Modify your statement further add the context & unit of
analysis
 Context: area of the study;
 Unit of Analysis: Respondents/units to be studied
7. Evaluate your title: it should reflect major characteristics.
 Variables: two types of variables
 Independent Variables(IV) Causes
 Dependent Variable (DV) Problem
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---Cont’d
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Examples general
i. Area of my interest: Business
ii. Specific problem in Area of Interest: Small business failure
iii. Causes of problems:
-Inadequate capital
-too much operational costs
-Poor government policy
-Competition
-Poor management skills
-lack of determination
-Poor customer care
iv. Link the Selected cause to the problem: Poor Mgt skills and small business
failure
v. Refine the statement: Mgt skills and success of small business
vi. Mgt Skills(Causes–IV) & success of small business(Problem-DV)
owners(respondents) in Hargeisa Somaliland(Environment).
Management Skills and Success of Small Business in Hargeisa Somaliland.
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---Cont’d
 Examples: A/f
 i. Area of my interest: FINANCING
 ii. Specific problem in Area of Interest: Poor financial statement
 iii. Causes of problems:
 -Inadequate knowledge
 -fraud
 -Poor internal control system
-Poor leadership
 -corruption
 iv. Link the Selected cause to the problem: poor internal control system
 and inefficient financial statement
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---Cont’d
 v. Refine the statement: internal control system
 and financial statements
 vi. internal control system (Causes–IV) & financial statement
(Problem-DV) Telesom comp (respondents) in Hargeisa
Somaliland (Environment OR Context ).
internal control system and financial statement at Telesom company
in Hargeisa Somaliland.
 Or The effect of internal control system(Causes–IV)
on financial statement at local Telesom ( A case ) in
Hargiesa,somaliand.
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---Cont’d
 Examples: HRML
 i. Area of my interest: HRML
 ii. Specific problem in Area of Interest: Poor Employee productivity
 iii. Possible Causes of problems:
 -Inadequate payment
 -low motivation
 -Poor training
-Poor leadership
 -Favoritism
 iv. Link the Selected cause to the problem: poor Training
 and Poor Employee productivity
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---Cont’d
 v. Refine the statement: Training
 and personnel productivity
 vi. Training(Causes–IV) & personnel productivity (Problem-DV)
Telesom comp (respondents) in Hargeisa Somaliland (Environment
OR Context ).
Training and personnel productivity at Telesom company in
Hargeisa, Somaliland.
 Or The effect of Training (Causes–IV) on personnel productivity
at local Telesom ( A case ) in Hargiesa,somali land.
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----Cont’d
 Reflection exercise: team work in class. Topic
creation.
 Requirements:
A. Choose the problem and linked the possible cause
B. Follow the seven steps/process discuss above
example
C. Completion time 10 minutes.
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---Cont’d
 Assignment: Proposal Research.
1. Stage one: CONCEPTUAL PHASE.
A. prepare concept research paper: ( based on WHQs like
Why,When,What,How and Where.
B. Choose area of interest in business practice problems related
your fields.
C. Bring at least three topics and your topics should be
researchable.
D. Follow the seven steps/process of topic creation or set.
E. Submitted date: Next class.
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Hypothesis
 A proposition that can be verified to determine its
reality is a hypothesis.
 A hypothesis may be defined as a logically
conjectured relationship between two or more
variables, expressed in the form of a testable
statement.
 Non-directional Hypothesis (Level of job commitment
of the officers is associated with their level of
efficiency).
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…Cont.
 Directional Hypothesis (Level of job commitment of the officers is
positively associated with their level of efficiency).
 Types Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis (H0)—A statistical hypothesis that suggests there
is no relationship between the IV and DV.
 There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of
efficiency.
 The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency
is ZERO.
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…Cont.
 Alternative hypothesis (Ha)—A statement about the
anticipated relationship between the IV and the DV.
 The alternative hypothesis simply states that there is a
relationship between the variables under study.
 HA: There is a relationship between the level of job
commitment of the officers and their level of efficiency.
 HA+H1: There is a positive significance relationship
between the level of job Commitment of the officers and
their level of efficiency.
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The Role of the Hypothesis
1. It guides the direction of the study.
2. It identifies facts that are relevant and those that
are not.
3. It suggests which form of research design is likely to
be the most appropriate. Correlation, comparative
4. It provides a framework (outline) for organizing the
conclusions of the findings.
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The Characteristics of a Testable Hypothesis
 Hypothesis must be conceptually clear.
 Hypothesis should have empirical referents.
 Hypothesis must be specific.
 Hypothesis should be related to available techniques of
research.
 Hypothesis should be related to a body of theory.
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Research Question
 Research Question/Hypothesis
 Research Question is the research topic written in
question form, and it’s the question that the research
will find to answer.
 Is there a relationship between Management skill of the
owner and success of small business.
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---Cont’d
 Problem Identification consists of:
Clearly identifying the ROOT CAUSE of
a problem. Developing a detailed problem
statement that includes the problem's effect on a
population's health. i.e. scarcity jobs, injustice,
corruption, bad leadership, misuse technology,
1.Topic: the effect of technology on employee
productivity
2. Technology and employee Productivity
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SECTION THREE:
LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW
 Literature review -An overview of published journal
articles, books, and other professional work on a
given topic.
 A literature review is based on the assumption that
knowledge ACCUMULATES and that we learn from
and build on what others have done.
 Today’s studies build on those of yesterday.
Researchers read studies to compare, replicate, or
criticize them for weaknesses.
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---Cont’D
 Literature reviews and use secondary sources, and do
not report new or original experimental work.
 Literature is discussion what others have said(
Previous researchers )
The review helps the researcher to achieve many things including
 To obtain detailed knowledge about the topic / problem under study.
 Share with proposal readers what earlier researchers and / or writers found
and / or said about a given research issue.
 To identify gaps left by earlier researchers and / or writers for the current
study to fill.
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---Cont’d
NB…
 The purpose of a literature review is to:
 Provide foundation of knowledge on topic
 Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and
give credit to other researchers
 Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous
studies, open questions left from other research
 Identify need for additional research (justifying your research)
 Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution
to the topic and to other works.
 Place your own research within the context of existing
literature making a case for why further study is needed.
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93

Goals of a Literature Review
 To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of
knowledge and establish credibility/ reliability.
 To know the path of prior research and how a current
research project is linked to it.
 To integrate and summarize what is known in an area.
 To learn from others and stimulate new ideas.
 Identification of variables.
 Helps in developing theoretical framework.
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Types of Reviews
 When beginning a review, researcher may decide on a topic or
field of knowledge to examine, how much depth to go into, and
the kind of review to conduct. THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF REVIEW:
 Self-study reviews: increase the reader’s confidence.
 Context reviews: place a specific project in the big picture.
 Theoretical reviews: compare how different theories address an issue.
 Integrative review: summarizes what is known at a point in time
It presents the current state of knowledge and pulls together disparate research
reports in a fast growing area of knowledge.
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95

---Cont’d
 Methodological reviews point out how methodology
varies by study and fill the gap.
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Where to find the Research Literature
 Computer: on line systems.
 Scholarly journals.
 Books – containing reports of original research, or
collection of research articles. READERS or Book of
Readings.
 Dissertations.
 Government documents and UN/International
agencies Reports.
 Policy reports and presented papers
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Content of Literature Review
 To include the key academic theories within your
chosen area of research;
 To demonstrate that your knowledge of your chosen
area is up to date;
 Through clear referencing, enable those reading
your project report to find the original publications
which you cite.
 Demonstrate or prove the recent research findings
in your literature review section.
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
 A Research proposal is a document that presents a
plan for a project to reviewers for evaluation.
 It can be a supervised project submitted to
instructors as part of an educational degree (e.g. a
Bachelor-Master’s thesis or a Ph.D. dissertation) or it
can be a research project proposed to a funding
agency.
 Its purpose is to convince reviewers that the
researcher is capable of successfully conducting the
proposed research project.
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STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
 Different institutions have different guidelines
concerning a structure of a proposal.
 However, in each case, there are certain essential
elements that must be in each proposal.
 A proposal is informed by the type of research. A
proposal has 3 main chapters.
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---Cont
CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
 Background of the Study
 Problem Statement
 Research Objectives
 Research Hypothesis/Questions
 Scope of the Study
 Significance of the Study
 Operational Definitions
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…Cont.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
 Conceptual Review
 Theoretical Review
 Empirical Review
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…Cont’D.
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
 Research Design
 Research Population
 Sampling and Sample Size
 Research Instrument
 Validity and Reliability
 Data Analysis and Presentation
 Ethical Consideration
 Limitation of the Study
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Background of Study
 This forms the center stage or ‘backbone’ of the
research problem. It is the foundation of the research
problem. Different perspectives can be used to build
a background to the study e.g:
 Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) argue that the
background can be structured under:
 Global perspective -how is your problem area on a
global scale?
 Regional perspective- how is it regionally speaking
 National perspective-how is the situation from a national
point of view?
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
 First, Mention the specific problem (DV) especially;
 Mention the indicators (signs or symptoms) of the
Problem (DV).
 Mention the dangerous of the problem (DV) e.g. the
negative, effects or consequences. E.g. if the problems
continue it will lead to….
 Mention the possible causes (IVs) of the problem (DV).
 Mention the causes (IV) which your study is going to
examine and why (gap)?
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2022 NGU students update 1-2-Introduction to Research methodology.pdf

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