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Reseach characteristics
Types of research
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Primary source of DC types
Primary source of DC advantage
Primary source of DC disad.
classification of data types
Research methodology plays a vital role in a research study in every field ART commerce Science , Engineering etc., ensuring adherence to research objectives and the effective utilization of suitable data collection and analysis tools aligned with the chosen research design.
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Sources of Data Collection - Business Statistics & Research Methods for Assis...Sundar B N
Research meaning & definition
Reseach characteristics
Types of research
Research design meaning & type
Primary source of DC types
Primary source of DC advantage
Primary source of DC disad.
classification of data types
Research methodology plays a vital role in a research study in every field ART commerce Science , Engineering etc., ensuring adherence to research objectives and the effective utilization of suitable data collection and analysis tools aligned with the chosen research design.
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Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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4. Introduction
1. Meaning of Research
● Literally, research means to “search again”
● Is a quest driven by a specific question that needs an answer.
● Is a systematic attempt to obtain answers to questions about events
● Is a systematic inquiry aimed at providing information to solve problems.
● Is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific
topic.
4
5. Introduction
1. Meaning of Research
● Science is characterized by logic or rationality and observation of
empirical facts.
● Research is scientific because it is just a search for knowledge through
recognized methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
● The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
5
6. Cont...
● Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last
carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.
● Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of
knowledge making for its advancement.
6
7. 2. Methods of acquiring Knowledge
• There are five methods of acquiring knowledge: -
● Authority: When knowledge is obtained from individuals who are qualified
producers of knowledge.
● ii. Tradition: When we accept without questioning the traditions, customs
or culture of our forefathers or the society.
● iii. Experience: Our personal experience or our observation of the
experiences of other people
● iv. Reasoning: Knowledge can be obtained based on some rules and forms
of logic.
7
8. 2. Methods of acquiring Knowledge
A. Deductive reasoning:- is a thinking process in which one will go from
general statements to specific statements.
B. Inductive reasoning:- is to go from specific to general ideas.
Deductive: Every mammal has lungs.
All rabbits are mammals.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
Inductive: Every rabbit that has ever been observed has lungs.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
• In scientific method, knowledge is obtained through a step by step process
of collecting data, analyzing it and reaching
8
9. Significance Of Research
• The increasingly complex nature of business and government
• Research, as an aid to economic policy.
• Research certainly facilitates the decisions of the policy maker.
• Research has its special significance in solving various operational and
planning problems of business and industry.
9
10. Contd...
• Market research is for formulating efficient policies for purchasing,
production and sales.
• Operations research for solution of business problems of cost
minimisation or of profit maximisation
10
11. Contd...
• In addition, the significance of research can also be understood keeping in
view the following points:
• To students
• To professionals
• To philosophers and thinkers
• To analysts and intellectuals
11
12. • The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the
following:
a) Desire to get a research degree
b) Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems,
i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research;
c) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
d) Desire to be of service to society;
e) Desire to get respectability.
Motivation In Research
12
13. a) The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and
common concepts be used.
b) The research procedure used should be described in sufficient
detail
c) The researcher should report with complete frankness
d) Methods of analysis used should be appropriate.
e) The validity and reliability of the data should be checked
carefully.
f) Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of
the research
Criteria of Good Research
13
14. • The qualities of a good research as under:
• Good research is systematic: research is structured with specified steps to
be taken
• Good research is logical: research is guided by the rules of logical
reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction
• Good research is empirical: deals with concrete data that provides a basis
for external validity to research results.
• Good research is replicable: research results to be verified by replicating
Contd...
14
15. 4. Types of Research
• Generally, there are three Categories of research:
i. Pure Vs Applied Research
• Pure Research: adds new knowledge to the existing body of knowledge.
• Applied Research: Carried out to solve an immediate and practical
problem.
Types of Research
15
16. Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research: - Research based on the measurement of quantity or
amount.
b. Qualitative Research: Research concerned with qualitative phenomenon.
Types of Research
16
17. Descriptive vs. Analytical:
Descriptive research:
Includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.
analytical research:
The researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze
these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
Types of Research
17
18. iii. Conceptual Vs Empirical Research
Conceptual Research: - related to abstract ideas or theories.
- Philosophers and thinkers generally use it to develop new concepts.
b. Empirical Research: - relies on experience or observation alone.
- It is data based research coming up with conclusions
Both applied and pure research are basically problem solving based but in
different senses.
Types of Research
18
19. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics &
images by Freepik
QUESTION TIME
19
What steps(process) the research would
involve?
20. 5. Research Process
• The basic steps in the research process are:
1. Define the research problem
2. Review of literatures
3. Formulation of working hypothesis
4. Determine research design
5. Identify information types and sources
6. Determine methods of data collection
Research Process
20
21. 7. Design data collection forms (Questionnaire)
8. Determine sampling design and size
9. Collect data
10. Analyze data
11. Draw conclusions and report the final result
Establish the need for research
Research May not be needed if: -
o Information is already available
o There is insufficient time for Research
o Resources are not available
o Cost Outweigh the value of Research
Research Process
21
22. Define the Research Problem: reflects a gap in understanding
Research problem can be identified from personal observation, theory,
professional literatures and discussion with experts.
Review of Literatures: is to undertake extensive literature survey connected
with the problem.
Two types of literatures can be reviewed:-
Conceptual: - is concerned with related concepts and theories.
Empirical: - are studies made earlier which are similar to the one proposed.
Research Process
22
23. Formulation of Working Hypothesis: is tentative assumption made in order to
draw out and test its empirical consequences.
There are two types of hypothesis:
i. Null Hypothesis: - is a default position.
- It hypothesizes that there is no relationship between two variables.
ii. Alternative Hypothesis: - is the opposite of null hypothesis
- Hypothesize s that there is r/ship between two variables .
Research Process
23
24. Determine the Research Design: is the methods and approaches which will
best achieve the research objectives.
Identify information types and sources: two types of information are
available to a researcher i.e. primary and secondary.
Determine Method of data Collection: includes telephone surveys, mail
surveys, personal interviews, observations, mail intercept studies and etc.
Design Data collection forms: is a form that is used to ask and record this
information.
Research Process
24
25. Determine sample design and size: is decision on the way of selecting a
sample for a study.
Samples can be either probability samples or non-probability samples.
Collecting the Data (Execution): Collecting the required data to solve the
research problem.
Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey.
In the case of a survey, data can be collected through: -
o Observation
o Personal interview
o Telephone interviews
o Questionnaires
Research Process
25
26. Analysis of Data (Including Test of Hypothesis): - involves:
Entering data in to computer
Inspecting it for errors
Running tabulation and various statistical tests.
Drawing Conclusions and Report the final result: is making generalizations
The conclusions must be based on the data and the analysis within the
framework of the research study
Communicating the result or solution of the problem to the intended
audience
Research Process
26
27. 6. Characteristics of a Good Research
● Clearly defined research purpose and problem
● The research procedures should be described in sufficient detail for
replication.
● The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to
yield objective results.
● The researcher should report with complete frankness, imperfections
● Appropriate method of analysis should be used
● Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data
Research Process
27