This document outlines the key steps in the scientific research process:
1) Selecting a research topic and ensuring it is narrow enough.
2) Determining if the topic is relevant by asking questions like if the problem can be investigated and if data can be analyzed.
3) Conducting a literature review to learn from past research and help define a research question.
4) Formulating the research problem as a clear hypothesis or question.
5) Designing the research methodology.
6) Analyzing and interpreting the collected data.
7) Presenting the results in a clear and concise manner, noting that one study provides indications rather than proven facts.
A research design is the overall plan or programme of research. It is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research design is nothing but a scheme of work to be undertaken by a researcher at various stages.
A research design is the overall plan or programme of research. It is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research design is nothing but a scheme of work to be undertaken by a researcher at various stages.
Research projects – the process
Standard activities in research projects
Creating a GANTT Chart
Risk management
Project tracking
Research projects – the outputs
Documentation – classic structure
Basic writing skills
Harvard referencing
Plagiarism
UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes, Books, and Syllabus 2022Anjali Singh
Research Aptitude is an essential part of Paper 1. Enroll in NTA UGC NET research aptitude course on a holistic learning platform online like Eduncle. Attempt UGC NET teaching and research aptitude mock test. It is available in Hindi and English language on Eduncle.
Applying a Reverse Induction Process for Improved Definition of Higher Educat...Helen Farley
Scoping out the detail of a Higher Education research project can be a time-consuming and frustrating experience. The excitement of a research project is frequently stifled by the tedious process of mapping out project activities, estimating required resources and developing project schedules.
Reverse induction provides a fresh approach to defining technology-supported research projects. In much the same way as new product development must be guided by an understanding of customer needs, reverse induction focuses on research outcomes before formulating research aims. Using a systematic process of backward reasoning, researchers can define a project concept in a structured and efficient manner. There is significant potential for reverse induction to deliver time and cost savings in a complex and challenging Higher Education environment.
Introduction: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Engineering Research, and Motivation in Engineering
Research, Types of Engineering Research, Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem.
Ethics in Engineering Research, Ethics in Engineering Research Practice, Types of Research Misconduct,
Ethical Issues Related to Authorship.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Research projects – the process
Standard activities in research projects
Creating a GANTT Chart
Risk management
Project tracking
Research projects – the outputs
Documentation – classic structure
Basic writing skills
Harvard referencing
Plagiarism
UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes, Books, and Syllabus 2022Anjali Singh
Research Aptitude is an essential part of Paper 1. Enroll in NTA UGC NET research aptitude course on a holistic learning platform online like Eduncle. Attempt UGC NET teaching and research aptitude mock test. It is available in Hindi and English language on Eduncle.
Applying a Reverse Induction Process for Improved Definition of Higher Educat...Helen Farley
Scoping out the detail of a Higher Education research project can be a time-consuming and frustrating experience. The excitement of a research project is frequently stifled by the tedious process of mapping out project activities, estimating required resources and developing project schedules.
Reverse induction provides a fresh approach to defining technology-supported research projects. In much the same way as new product development must be guided by an understanding of customer needs, reverse induction focuses on research outcomes before formulating research aims. Using a systematic process of backward reasoning, researchers can define a project concept in a structured and efficient manner. There is significant potential for reverse induction to deliver time and cost savings in a complex and challenging Higher Education environment.
Introduction: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Engineering Research, and Motivation in Engineering
Research, Types of Engineering Research, Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem.
Ethics in Engineering Research, Ethics in Engineering Research Practice, Types of Research Misconduct,
Ethical Issues Related to Authorship.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Lecture5.pdf
1. By : Elias Lemuye (MSc)
SoEEC / CSE Program
Engineering
Research & Development Methodology
1
November21, 2018
The Scientific Research Process
2. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
The Scientific Research Process
Selecting a Research Topic
Determining Topic Relevance
Reviewing the Literature
Formulation of Research Problem
Research Design & methodology
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Presenting Results
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3. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
1. Selecting a Research Topic
Developing a topic for investigation naturally
become easier with experience;
Selecting a topic is a concern for many beginning
researchers.
Beginning researchers need to pay particular
attention to the available material like journal
articles & archive data.
Should not attempt to tackle broad research questions, but
should try to isolate a smaller, more practical subtopic for study.
Should develop an appropriate method of analysis & then
proceed through data analysis & interpretation, to a clear &
concise presentation of results.
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4. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (1)
Question 1: Is the topic too broad?
concentrate on one small area of a field
Problem: There is a tendency for researchers to choose
topics that, while valuable, are too broad to cover in one
study.
─ Solution: write down the proposed title as a visual
starting point & attempt to dissect the topic into small
questions.
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5. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (2)
Question 2: Can the problem really be investigated?
A topic might prove unsuitable for investigation simply
because the question being asked:
─ has no answer, or cannot be answered with the facilities &
information available.
Solution/ things to be considered
─ reanalyze the original idea in conformity with practical
considerations.
─ all measurable variables must be operationally defined
─ review available literature to determine whether the topic
has been investigated.
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6. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (3)
Question 3: Are the data susceptible to analysis?
A productive research topic requires collecting data that
can be measured reliably & validly.
Considerations:
─ having enough data to make the study worthwhile
─ experience with the statistical method selected to analyze &
interpret the data
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7. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (4)
Question 4: Is the problem significant?
Whether the results will have practical or theoretical
value.
─ Will the results add knowledge to the information already
available in the field?
The goal of all research is to help further the
understanding of the problems & questions in the field of
study; if a study does not do this, it has little value beyond
the experience the researcher acquires from conducting it.
─ This does not mean that all research has to be earth-
shattering.
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8. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (5)
Question 5: Can the results of the study be
generalized?
For a research project to have practical value to be
significant beyond the immediate analysis it must have
external validity;
─ one must be able to generalize from it to other
situations.
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9. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (6)
Question 6: What costs & time are involved in the
analysis?
In many cases the cost of a research study is the sole
determinant of the feasibility of a project.
Considerations:
─ A carefully itemized list of all materials, equipment, & other
facilities before beginning a research project.
─ financial aid that subsidize research projects.
─ Research studies must be designed in such a way that they
can be completed in the amount of time available.
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10. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (7)
Question 7: Is the planned approach appropriate to
the project?
The most marvelous research idea may be hindered by a
poorly planned method of approach.
Considerations:
─ Could the study be planned differently to eliminate some of
the expense?
─ A close look at every study is required to plan the best
approach.
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11. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
2. Determining Topic Relevance (8)
Question 8: Is there any potential harm to the
subjects?
Carefully analyze whether the project may cause any
physical or psychological harm to the subjects under
evaluation.
─ For example: Will respondents be frightened in any way? Is
there any possibility that the exposure to the research
conditions will have lasting effects?
Solution:
─ Prepare detailed statements explaining the exact procedures
involved in the research which can help to ensure that
subjects will not be injured in any way.
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12. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
3. Literature Review
Consulting available literature.
The review provides information about what was done,
how it was done, & what results were generated.
It is one of the most important steps in the research
process because it not only allows them to learn
from previous research data but also saves time,
effort, & money.
Failing to conduct a literature review is as detrimental to a
project as failing to address any of the other steps in the
research process.
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13. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
3. Literature Review
Literature review will help to ask the following
questions:
What type of research has been done in the area?
What has been found in previous studies?
What suggestions do other researchers make for further
study?
What has not been investigated?
How can the proposed study add to our knowledge of the
area?
What research methods were used in previous studies?
Answers to these questions will usually help define a
specific hypothesis or research question.
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14. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
4. Formulation of Research Problem(1)
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15. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
4. Formulation of Research Problem(2)
The most crucial part of the research journey on
which the quality of the entire project depends
Quite often we all hear that a problem clearly stated is a
problem half solved
A research problem, in general, refers to some
difficulty which a researcher experiences in the
context of either a theoretical or practical situation &
wants to obtain a solution for the same.
State the problem as a workable hypothesis or
research question.
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16. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
5. Research Design
Research design are essentially blueprints, or sets of
plans, for collecting information.
The ideal design collects a maximum amount of
information with a minimal expenditure of time &
resources.
The approach selected by the researcher depends on
the purpose of the study & how much money is
available to conduct the analysis.
Even projects that sound very simple may require a highly
sophisticated & complex research approach.
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17. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
5. Research Design(2)
Depending on the circumstances, a design may be
brief or very complicated;
there are no specific guidelines concerning the amount of
detail required for a design. However, all designs
incorporate the steps in the process of collecting &
analyzing the data.
Researchers must determine how the data will be
collected & analyzed before beginning a research
project.
Attempting to force a study to follow a particular approach
or statistic after the data have been gathered only invites
error.
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19. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
6. Data Analysis & Interpretation
Every analysis should be carefully planned &
performed accordingly
The results must be analyzed with reference to their
external validity & the likelihood of their accuracy.
Researchers must determine through analysis
whether their work is valid internally & externally.
An externally valid study is one whose results can be
generalized to the population.
To assess internal validity, one asks: Does the study really
investigate the proposed research question?
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20. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
Data Analysis & Interpretation(2)
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21. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
6. Data Analysis & Interpretation(3)
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22. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
6. Data Analysis & Interpretation(4)
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23. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
7. Presenting Results(1)
The format used in presenting results depends on
the purpose of the study.
However, all presentations of results need to be written in
a clear & concise manner appropriate to both the research
question & the individuals who will read the report.
Too often, researchers conduct one study & report
the results as if they are providing the basis for a
theory or law.
However the results of any single study are only
indications of what might exist.
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24. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
7. Presenting Results(2)
A study provides information that says, in effect,
"This is what may be the case."
To be relatively certain of the results of any study, the
research must be replicated.
A research question or hypothesis requires investigation
from many different perspectives before any significance
can be attributed to the results of any one study.
Researchers overwhelmingly advocate the use of
replication to establish scientific fact.
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25. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
Reflective Thinking
Key questions to determine the relevance of your
research topic.
The need to conduct literature review.
Design & methodology : How to conduct the study &
obtain answer for your research question.
Formulation of the problem: Stating the problem as
a workable hypothesis or research question.
Presenting the result in a clear & concise way.
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Note : There will be separate lecture on each step, from
Literature review to presentation of the result
26. Computer Science & Engineering UG Program
References
Elias (2015).Research Methodology in IT. Previous Lecture Note
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