2. OBJECTIVES OF THIS
PRESENTATION WILL BE
To know Anatomy of spleen
Indications of splenectomy
Splenectomy in trauma Patient
Grading of splenic Injury and their management
Post-Op care, Early and late complications
Vaccination protocol
Proper Education and counseling of Asplenic patient
3. ANATOMY
Spleen lies in posterior portion of lt upper quadrant,
deep to ninth ,tenth and eleven ribs
Convex surface lies under lt hemidiaphargm
Concavities on medial side due to impression by
neighbouring structures.
Average length 7-11cm
Weight 150 grams
Tail of pancreas lies incontact with spleen in 30% and
within 1cm in 70%
4.
5. BLOOD SUPPLY OF SPLEEN
Splenic Artery is the largest
branch of Celiac trunk. It has
a torturous course(about
13cm), run along the upper
border of the pancrease ,
divided into 5-6 branches
before enter the hilum of
spleen.
6.
7. VENOUS DRAINAGE
Splenic Vein leaves
the Hilum Runs
behind the tail and
body of pancrease,
behind the neck of
pancrease splenic vein
joins the SMV to form
the portal Vein.
8. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
The lymph Vessels
Emerge from the hilum
and pass through a few
lymph nodes along the
coarse of splenic artery
and then drain into
celiac lymph nodes.
9. ANATOMICAL RELATION TO THE
OTHER ORGANS
ANTERIORLY POSTERIORLY
Stomach
tail of pancrease
left colic flexure
left kidney
Diaphragm
left pleura
9 to 11 rib
10.
11. SUSPENSARY LIGAMENTS
Provide attachement of spleen
with adjacent structures
These ligaments are avascular
except gastrosplenic ligament
(containing short gastric and
gastroepiploic artery)
12.
13.
14. MECHANISM OF INJURY
Blunt abdominal trauma
from compression or deceleration
(motor vehicle accidents, falls ,direct blow to
abdomen,with haematological abnormalities)
Penetrating trauma rare
15. PRESENTATION
Clinical symptoms vary
Pt may present with lt upper abdominal or flank pain
Reffered pain to lt shoulder (kehr sign)
Some may be asymptomatic
16. SIGNS
Physical examination is insensitive and non
specific.
Pt may have signs of lt upper quadrant tenderness
or signs of generalized peritoneal irritation.
May present with tachycardia ,Tachypnea, anxiety ,
Hypotension (shock)
17. MANAGEMENT
Operative Vs Non Operative
Nonoperative management of splenic injury is
successful in >90% of children, irrespective of the
grade of splenic injury.
Non operative management successful in adults 65%
18. FACTORS FOR DICISION
Haemodynamic stability on presentation
Age of patient
Other associated injuries
Grade of splenic injury
19. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Unstable patients suspected of splenic injury and
intra-abdominal hemorrhage should undergo
exploratory laparotomy and splenic repair or
removal.
Blunt trauma patient with evidence of
hemodynamic instability unresponsive to fluid
challenge with no other signs of external
hemorrhage should be considered to have a life-
threatening solid organ (splenic) injury until
proven otherwise.
20. IMAGING
FAST ( Focused Assessment with sonography in Trauma)
Execellent for documenting the presence or
absence of intraabdominal fluid in
haemodynamically unstable patients.
limitations in identifying solid organ injury,
especially at lower grades of injury.
22. PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY
The most common finding associated with
splenic injury is left lower rib fracture. Rib
fractures signify that adequate force has
been transmitted to the LUQ to cause
splenic pathology.
Classic triad indicative of acute splenic
rupture (ie, Left Hemidiaphragm Elevation,
Left Lower Lobe Atelectasis, And Pleural
Effusion)
23. CT SCAN ABDOMEN
In Haemodynamically stable patients
It is investigation of choice
Sensitivity and specificity are high for
detection of splenic trauma.
Intravenous contrast material is
necessary for complete evaluation
24.
25.
26. CT scan appearance of a grade I
splenic injury
CT scan appearance of a grade
II splenic injury
27. CT scan appearance of a
grade III splenic injury,
rupture of subcapsular
hematoma
CT scan of a grade IV
splenic injury
CT scan of a grade V
splenic injury
28. ANGIOGRAPHY
Used more frequently for primary therapeutic management
of splenic injuries.
Angiography is usually performed after CT scanning
images are obtained showing an arterial contrast blush or
active extravasation
Therapeutic angioembolization of active bleeding sites.
29.
30. CRITERIA FOR NONOPERATIVE
MANAGEMENT
Haemodynamic stability
Negative abdominal scan
Absence of contrast extravasation on CT
Absence of other clear indications for exploratory
laprotomy
Absence of conditions associated with increased
risk of bleeding (Coagalpathy, use of
anticoagulants, cardiac failure, )
31. SURGICAL TREATMENT
Adult patients with grade I or II injury can often
be treated nonoperatively
Patients with grade IV or V splenic injuries are
often unstable.
Grade III splenic injuries (certainly in children,
and in selected adults) can be treated
nonoperatively based on stability and reliable
physical examination.
32. SURGERY
Operative therapy of choice is splenic conservation
where possible to avoid the risk of death from
overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis that can
occur after splenectomy for trauma. However, in
the presence of multiple injuries or critical
instability, splenectomy is more rapid and
judicious.
33. SURGERY
Exploration is through a long midline incision. The
abdomen is packed and explored. Exsanguinating
hemorrhage and gastrointestinal soilage are
controlled first
Splenic ligamentous attachments are taken down
sharply or bluntly to allow for rotation of the
spleen and the vasculature to the center of the
abdominal wound and to identify the splenic
artery and vein for ligation.
surgery by su-II………
37. SPLENECTOMY CONTD;
Once the splenic artery and vein are identified and
controlled by ligation,
The gastrosplenic ligament with the short gastric
vessels is divided and ligated near the spleen to
avoid injury or late necrosis of the gastric wall.
Drains are typically unnecessary unless concern
exists over injury to the tail of the pancreas during
operation.
38. SPLENORRAHPHY
Parenchyma saving operation of spleen
The technique is dictated by the magnitude of the
splenic injury
Nonbleeding Grade I splenic injury may require no
further treatment. Topical hemostatic agents, an
argon beam coagulator, or electrocautery
39. SPLENORRAHPHY
In Grade 2 and 3 suture repair (horizontal mattress) ,
or mesh wrap of capsular defects. Suture repair in
adults often requires Teflon pledgets to avoid tearing
of the splenic capsule
40. AUTOTRANSPLANTATION
implanting multiple 1-mm slices of the spleen
in the omentum after splenectomy.
This technique remains experimental
role controversial
AUTOTRANSPLANTATION BY
SU-II TEAM
41. PARTIAL SPLENECTOMY
Grade IV to V splenic injury may require anatomic
resection, including ligation of the lobar artery.
42. POST OP CARE
Recurrent bleeding in the case of splenorrhaphy or
new bleeding from missed or inadequately ligated
vascular structures should be considered in the
first 24-48 hours.
Immunizations against Pneumococcus species as a
routine of postoperative management.(24 hours -2
weeks)
Some centers also routinely vaccinate for
Haemophilus and Meningococcus species
43. COMPLICATIONS
EARLY COMPLICATION LATE COMPLICATIONS
Bleeding
Acute gastric distention
Gastric necrosis
Recurrent splenic bed
bleeding
Pancreatits due to damage
of pancreatic tail, localised
abcess or pancreatic fistula
left Basal Atelectasis,
pleural effusion
Subpherinic abscess
Thrombocytosis , if blood
platelet count exceed 1x10 6
/ml , prophylatic aspirin is
recommended to prevent
axillary or other venous
thrombosis.
OPSI (1 – 6 Week)
DVT
44. DVT AFTER SPLENECTOMY
Splenectomy thrombocytosis ( platelets)
increases risk of DVT
Portal vein thrombosis
Abd pain, anorexia, thrombocytosis
CT with IV contrast
Prevention of DVT
Sequential compression devises on legs
Subcutaneous heparin
45. OPPORTUNISTIC POST
SPLENECTOMY INFECTIONS (OPSI)
Opsi is serious concern in post splenectomy patient
Mostly caused by Strep. Pneumoniae, N.meningitides ,
Haemophilus influenza and E. coli.
Opsi risk increased in those patient who undergo
splenectomy following
Patients treated with chemoradiotherapy.
Thalassemia
Sickle cell diseases
Auto immune anemia or thrombocytopenia
46. OPSI CONTINUES
OPSI can b prevented through
Proper education
Timely Immunisation and Antibiotic
prophlaxis
Prompt Treatment of infections.
47. continous
The children who undergone splenectomy before
the age of five years should be treated with a daily
dose of penicillin until the age of ten years.
Prophylaxis in Older children should be continued
at least until the age of 16 years. But its use is less
well defined in adults.
48. VACCINATION PROTOCOL
If elective splenectomy is planned, consideration should be
given to vaccinating against pneumococus , meningococus
C both repeated every five years.
Yearly Influenza vaccination has been recommended as
there is some evidence that it may reduce the risk of
secondary bacterial infection.
Such vaccinations should be administered at least 2 weeks
before elective surgery or as soon as possible after recovery
from surgery but before discharge from hospital.
Pneumococal vaccination is recommended in those
patients aged over Two years.
50. PATIENT COUNSELLING
A SPLENIC Patient Should carry a medical alert and up-to-
date vaccination card
Require specific advice regarding travelling and animal
handling.
Patients who have undergone splenectomy and are
travelling to countries where malaria is present are strongly
advised to use all physical anti-mosquito barriers, as well as
anti-malrial therapy.
Notify their doctor immediately of any acute febrile illness
Seek prompt treatment even after minor dog bite or other
animal bite.Spesis due to capnocytophaga canimorsus may
result from dog ,cat or other animal bites.