The document provides an overview of the history and applications of biotechnology. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from ancient uses of microbes and selective breeding to the modern era of genetic engineering and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Key developments include Mendel's principles of heredity, DNA's structure discovery, recombinant DNA techniques, cloning of Dolly the sheep, and sequencing the human genome. Modern biotechnology allows for advances like biosensors, genetically engineered crops, and implantable devices to treat diseases.

1. Biotechnology
Past and The Present
By,
Zeeshan Ali Solangi
BS-IV, Zoology
Under the guidance of
Dr. Khadim Hussain Memon
Zoology Department
Shah Abdul Latif University
Khairpur Mirs.
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

2. • Outline
• Definition and The Multidimension of
Biotechnology.
• Background.
• The Ancient Era.
• Classic Era.
• Modern Era.
• CRISPR/Cas9 Tool
• Summary
• Reference.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

3. 1. Definition and The Multidimension of Biotechnology.
• In 1919, the agriculturalist Karl Ereky described ‘biotechnology’ as
“all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials
with the aid of living things.”
• Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and
technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, feed the
hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and
more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.
• Biotechnology being used in different projects that improve human
life such as tissue culture, gene technology, monoclonal antibodies,
biotechnology in medicine, biotechnology in agriculture and so on…
• Biotechnology utilizes the molecular and genetics sciences to reach
its depths.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

4. 1. Definition and The Multidimension of Biotechnology.
(Tissue Culture Techniques)
• Important aspect of all biotechnology processes is the
culture of either the microorganism or plant or animal
cells or tissues and organs in artificial media.
• Cultures are used in recombinant DNA technology
and in variety of industrial processes, plant cells and
tissues are used for a variety of genetic manipulation.
• Tissue culture allows the scientist to regrow cells,
tissues, organs outside of the body in order to change
or alter the desired gene or gene sequence to obtain
desirable products such as insulin or disease-free
offspring.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

5. 1. Definitionand The Multidimensionof Biotechnology.
(Gene Technology)
• It is an important part of modern biotechnology. and is used
to give bacteria, plants and animals new properties.
• This is possible by inserting a gene from, for example, a
bacterium, into a plant or animal (transgenes).
• Genes from closely related or the same species are also
transferred (cisgenes).
• Using Gene technology scientist have produced vaccines
and medicines for betterment of humans.
• We can also get Insect-resistant and pesticide-tolerant
plants.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

6. 1. Definitionand The Multidimensionof Biotechnology.
(Hybridization and Monoclonal Antibodies in Biotechnology)
• Hybridization and Monoclonal antibodies have been
proven extremely helpful for the human health care.
• Hybrids of different plants and animals have
increased the food availability. Modified animals and
plants yield more meat, fruit, milk and other need-
based products.
• Meanwhile monoclonal antibodies been used in
immunization just like happen in the case of COVID
19.
• Immunotoxins are produced to target tumor cells.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

7. 1. Definition and The Multidimension of Biotechnology.
(Biotechnologyin Agriculture)
• Biotechnology has also revolutionized
research activities in the area of agriculture.
• Plant cell, tissue and organ culture.
• Somatic hybrids between sexually
incompatible species permitting transfer of
desirable traits from wild or unrelated
species to our crop plants.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

8. 2. Background
• The word ‘biotechnology’ has received enormous importance
and significance during last two decades.
• Biotechnology has touched our lives in all aspects, such as,
food, health, and animal life.
• The term biotechnology was used for the first time by Karl
Erkey, a Hungarian Engineer, in 1919.
• Peoples have used biotechnology since ancient times
without knowing it. Such as, Selective breeding, Utilizing
microbes to obtain different products from food, treating
wounds, etc.
• If, we systemically study the developments of biotechnology
up to its current stage, it can be divided into three different
stages: (1) Ancient Biotechnology, (2) Classical
Biotechnology, and (3) Modern Biotechnology
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

9. 2. Background
Biotechnology
History of the development of biotechnology.Some of the important biotechnologydiscoveries
have been plottedin this graph.
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

10. 3. AncientBiotechnology(Pre-1800)
• Most of the developments in the ancient period i.e., before the year 1800, can be termed
as ‘discoveries’or ‘developments.
• Domestication of wild animals was the beginning of observation, implications, and
applications of animal breeding.
• Cheese can be considered as one of the first direct products (or by-product) of
biotechnology.
• Yeast has been widely used to make bread, vinegar production, and other fermentation
products.
• Vinegar is another product that made in ancient times and because of its low pH.
Vinegar can prevent growth of certain microbes.
• One of the oldest examples of crossbreedingfor the benefit of humans is mule. Mule is
an offspring of a male donkey and a female horse
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

11. 3. AncientBiotechnology(Pre-1800)
Biotechnology
Use of mule in ancient times.
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

12. 4. Classical Biotechnology (1800- middle of the twentieth century)
• Evolution and development of biotechnology can be called ‘Classical Biotechnology’.
• The basics for the transfer of genetic information are the core of biotechnology.
• Gregor John Mendel introduced the traits and proved it with scientific evidence.
• Same time Robert Brown had discovered nucleus.
• in 1868, Fredrich Miescher, nuclein, a compound that consistedof nucleic acid.
• 1n 1881, Robert Koch, described the bacterial colonies growing on potato slices (First
ever solid medium).
• In 1888, Heinrich Wilhelm coined the term ‘Chromosome’.
• during this period were vaccination against smallpox and rabies developed by Edward
Jenner.
• And almost at the same time Alexander Fleming a physician discovered antibiotics.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

13. 4. Modern Biotechnology
• In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick presented a structural model of DNA, popularly
known as, ‘Double Helix Model of DNA’.
• Kohler and Milestein in 1975, came up with the concept of cytoplasmic hybridization and
produced the first ever monoclonal antibodies.
• Dr. Hargobind Khorana synthesize the DNA in test tube and Karl Mullis amplified DNA in
a test tube, thousand times more than the original amount of DNA.
• Ian Wilmut was successful to clone an adult animal, using sheep as model, and he
named the cloned sheep as ‘Dolly’.
• Craig Venter, in 2000, was able to sequence the human genome; the first publically
available genome.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

14. 4. Modern Biotechnology(Inventors and Inventions)
Biotechnology
Watson and Crick
demonstrating DNA model.
Craig Venter who presented
complete genome of human
Ian Wilmut and dolly the sheep
Dr. Hargobind khorana
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

15. CRISPR_Cas9 Tool
• CRISPR-Cas9 was adapted from a naturally occurring genome editing system that
bacteria use as an immune defense.
• CRISPR-Cas9, is short for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and
CRISPR-associated protein 9.
• The CRISPR/Cas 9 technique is one of a number of gene-editing tools.
• The technique is already being explored for a wide number of applications in fields
ranging from agriculture through to human health.
• The technology aim to insert normal genes into the cells of people who suffer from
genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, haemophilia or Tay Sachs.
• Between 2014 and 2015 scientists reported the successful use of CRISPR/Cas 9 in
mice to eliminate rare liver disease, and to make human cells immune to HIV.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

16. Summary
• Biotechnology is a mixture of molecular biology and genetics.
• There are certain tools that allow biotechnologists to edit genome
and alter traits of organisms.
• Glucose monitors, pregnancy tests, and heavy-metal sensors are
just a few of the biosensor-based detectors developed and used
since the 1960s. Biosensors consist of enzymes, antibodies, or
microbes.
• Seraxis: created an implantable device composed of lab-grown
pancreatic cells that directly respond to a patient’s blood glucose
levels.
• Biotechnology has many ethical concerns regarding genome
editing hence it is only working with the somatic cells.
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)

17. Reference
What is Biotechnology? | BIO
Relation of Biotechnology with other Branches of Sciences -
agriinfo.in
Biotechnology in the Realm of History - PMC (nih.gov)
Biotechnology Applications - Applications In Medicine, Scope
(byjus.com)
Medical Biotechnology:Advancement and Ethics (wgu.edu)
Seraxis Technologies – Seraxis
Biotechnology and gene technology | Forskningsetikk
Biotechnology
© Zeeshan Ali Solangi (SALU Khairpur)