This document provides information about bridges, including: 1) It discusses the history of bridge construction from early wooden bridges built by humans to more advanced stone and iron bridges built by ancient Romans and others. 2) It outlines the importance of bridges for transportation and society. 3) It describes different types of bridges based on their structure, materials used, and whether they are fixed or movable. The types discussed include arch, beam, truss, and cantilever bridges.

1. GUCF Layyah Campus

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1) Bridge:-
2) History of Bridge:-
3) Development of Bridge:-
4) Importance of Bridges:-
5) Bridge Terminology:-
6) Types of Bridge:-
7) Construction of bridge
8) Site selection of bridge
9) Foundation of Bridge
10) Types of bridge foundation
11) Types OF Bridges

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BRIDGE:-
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle.
A structure that is built over a river, road, or railway to allow people and vehicles to
cross from one side to the other.
HISTORY OF BRIDGE:-
The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks
and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Some early
Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one
place to another.

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A common form of lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the
use of long reeds or other harvested fibers woven together to form a connective rope
capable of binding and holding together the materials used in early bridges.
The Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenaean corbel arch bridges part of a former
network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots, between Tiryns and Epidauros in
the Peloponnese, in Greece. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is
one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact arched stone
bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese in southern Greece
The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans
built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or
destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built
over the river Tagus, in Spain.
The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural
stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand,
andvolcanic rock. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the
technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.
The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and
bridges. A Mauryanbridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge

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was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of
emperor Chandragupta I.
The bridge also fell under the care of the Yavana Tushaspa, and the Satrap Rudra
Daman. The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in
India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial
purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.
Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of
the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge,
built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty.
This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone
segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least
the Alconétar Bridge (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman
era Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden
construction.
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in
the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th
century.
During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by
Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering

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was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came
with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Coal brook dale, England in 1779. It used cast
iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.
With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were
developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large
loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges
were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.
In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world,
the Maurzyce Bridge which was later built across the river Słudwia at Maurzyce
near Łowicz, Poland in 1929. In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the
Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.
DEVELOPMENT OF BRIDGE:-
As stated earlier, the development of bridges in the early stage took place in different
countries independently more or less at the same time, of course the pace of
development could not be kept at par due to many factors.
Developments in different countries could not travel fast to benefit each other by mutual
exchange of knowledge and the progress made in each country remained of a local
nature. Along with the development of other branches of science, the science of bridge
engineering also has progress much in nineteenth century. Factors which affected the
development of bridges are as follows:
1. Availability of construction materials
2. Advent of new material
3. Influence of pre-existing forms
4. Advancement in theory scientific research
5. Improvement of constructional methods
6. Advancement in other branches of science
IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGES:-
Society has always relied on transportation to survive. When man first walked the earth
he relied on himself for transportation. Eventually man learned to tame wild animals and
use them as a form of transportation. And finally he created machines to take him
places he could not reach on his own or with the assistance of any animal. Along with
the evolution of transportation came maps to mark the locations of routes taken
between cities and important locations. One invention developed to expand the reach of
travelers was the bridge.

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1. Improvement of environment for emergency care
2. Improvement of convenience of public transportation
3. Ease a traffic jam and reduction of a railroad crossing
CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE
Firstoff all to construction of bridge some of the factors are needed such as
,bridge,present, and future traffic volume ,characteristics of the stream,subsoil
condition ,costof the project, alternative sites available and their relative merits
and aesthetics etc.
Site selection of bridge
At river
a. A straightreach of the river.
b. Steady river flow without cross currents:
c. A narrow channelwith firm banks
d. Suitable high banks abovehigh flood level on each side.
e. Rock or other hard in erodible strata close to the river bed level.
f. Economical approaches danger of floods, the approaches should be free from
obstacles such as hills, frequentdrainage crossings, scared places, graveyards or
built up areas or troublesomeland acquisition
g. Absenceof sharp curves in the approaches;
h. Absenceof expensive river training works;
i. Avoidance of excessive underwater construction.
IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIDGE SITE
1. Suitable, un-yielding, non-erodable material for foundation
should be present at shortdepth for piers or abutments.
2. The bearing strata should be free fromthe tendency to
slip/slide/sink under load.
3. The stream at bridge site should be well defined, as narrow as
possible.
4. There should be straightreach of stream at bridge site.
5. The site should have firm, permanent, straight and high banks.
6. The flow of water at in streamat bridge should be steady.
7. Itshould be feasible to have straightapproach road and square
alignment.

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8. There should be minimum obstruction of water way so as to
have minimum afflux.
9. There should be no need for costly river training works in
vicinity of bridgesite.
10.At bridge site it should be possibleto providesecure and
economical approaches.
11.In order to have minimum foundation cost the bridgesite
should be such that no excessivework is carried out inside
water.
12.In order to achieve economy, there should be easy availability
of labour, transportfacilities, construction material in the
vicinity of bridgesite.
13.There should be no confluenceof large tributaries in the
vicinity of bridgesite.
14.In caseof curved alignment, the bridge should not be on the
curvebut preferably on the tangent, sinceotherwise there is
more probability of accidents.
15.The bridge site should be such that adequate vertical height
and water way is available underneath the bridge.
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR BRIDGE SITE
•For selecting a suitable site for a major bridge, the investigating engineer should
make a reconnaissancesurvey to get impression of the landscapeand to decide
on the type of the structureto the site.
•Care should be taken to investigate a number of probable alternative sites and
then decide on the site which is likely to servethe needs of the bridge at the least
cost.
•A brief description of the reasons for the selection of a particular site should be
furnished in the investigation report along with salient details of alternative sites
investigated and rejected
Selection Criteria For Bridge Site Preliminary Study(techno-economic Feasibility
Survey)
•Different studies performs during PRELIMINARYSURVEYare:
§Topography
§Catchment area

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§Hydrology
§Geo-technical data
§Seismology
§Navigation
§Construction resources
§Nearby bridges
§Traffic data
FOUNDATIONOF BRIDGE
Foundation is to provided to transmit the load from the piers or abutments and wings to and
evenly distribute the load on the strata.
It is to be provided sufficiently deep so that it is not affected by the scour caused by the flow in
river and does not undermined
TYPES OF BRIDGE FOUNDATION
The choice of bridge foundation depends upon the importance of bridge, size, nature of soil and
sub-soil in the bed and velocity of water flow.foundations are grouped under
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
OP E N FOU N DATI ON
Block FOUND AT ION
Deep Foundation
Pile Foundation
Well Foundation

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OPEN FOUNDATION
Pipe and box culvert can be laid after removing about 0.30D to 0.50D of top soil in bed and
replacing it with well rammed moorum or laying a lean concrete bedding after the base is
leveled and well consolidated by ramming or rolling.
Open Foundation in minor bridges will be in the footing form.
In designing the open foundation, the maximum pressure at base of foundation is limited to the
values given in the table.
PILE FOUNDATION
Use of pile foundation has till recently not been a popular choice for bridges .

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For road bridges, this had been used mostly as timber pile for temporary bridges and where
subjected to lighter loads.
RCC piles both pre-cast and cast-in-situ as well as larger diameter bored pipes below bed level
are becoming popular.
A minimum diameter of 1200mm for river bridge and 750mm for the others is preferred
WELL FOUNDATION:-
Well foundation are constructed on dry ground in suitable form and then sunk into the ground
to the desired level by grabbing the soil through dredge holes provided, surrounded by the solid
masonry.

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Components of Well Foundation
Well Curb:
The structure of well at the bottom is tapered to end in a steel ‘cutting edge’ which facilitates
cutting through soil for sinking of well. This tapering portion being thin, it has to be
strengthened suitably to take up the heavy loading. This portion is called “Well Curb”.
STEINING:
The structure in the form of well surrounding the dredge holes, is known as ‘steining’.
BOTTOM PLUG:
The concrete placed at the bottom to form the base of foundation for distributing the load to
soil below, is known as “Bottom Plug”.
TOP PLUG:
The concrete placed at the top, at finishing level, to transmit the load of structure to the to the
well steining, is known as “Top Plug”.
BLOCK FOUNDATION
 is a form of shallow foundation
 used for smaller bridges in locations where there is a good founding strata at
shallow depth
 but is overlain by very soft layer of soil and high water table making open
excavation difficult due to small quantum of work.

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BRIDGE TERMINOLOGY:-
Abutment
A solid masonry support for the end of a bridge or arch. An abutment receives the
thrust of a bridge and transmits it to the ground or shore which abuts the structure.
Dead Load
The stationary weight of the component parts of a bridge.
Deflection
The difference in material strength an object has in relation to its width and height.

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Girder
A large horizontal supporting beam which may be steel or wood and is often built-up
of several sections such as plates and angles welded, riveted or laminated together.
A girder would support lesser beams.
Live Load
The weight of moving vehicles or pedestrians on a bridge.
Pier
A vertical column holding up a bridge, usually serving as intermediate support
between abutments and resting on footings below water.
Pile
The “legs” of a bridge which give it some support underneath the water or the
ground.
Wing Wall
A short section of wall at an angle to a bridge abutment, used as a retaining wall and
to stabilize the abutment.
Retaining wall
A structure used to sustain the pressure of the earth behind it.
Any wall subjected to lateral pressure other than wind pressure.
Clear Span
The clear distance between any two adjacent support of bridge.
Coffer Dam
It is a temporary structure built to protect an excavation against lateral earth
pressure and water during the process of excavation.
Construction joint
Joints provided whenever placement of concrete has to be stopped temporarily
before the construction of the entire monolithic portion under construction is called
construction joint.

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Certain wall
It is a thin wall used to check the seeping water and protection against scoring action
of the seeping water.
Effective span
The center to center distance between any two adjacent support is known as
effective span of bridge.
Economical span
The span for which the cost of super structure is equal to the cost of substructure is
called economical span.
Expansion joint
A gap between the structure is provided to take care of the expansion of the member
due to change in the surrounding temperature. They are provided in the full depth of
the member.
Foot Path
The passage where only pedestrians are allowed to walk is called foot path.
Hand Rail
Protective measures adopted to prevent the falling to river of the bridge users are
called hand rails. This may be a simple parapet wall.
Foundation of Pile
It is structure supported on piles then it is known as pile founded structure.
Plate bearing
To transfer the load from superstructure to the substructure bearings are provided.
Plate bearing is the one of the simplest expansion type bearing.
Vertical calearance
The clearance between the high flood level and the lowest point of the structure is
known as vertical structure.

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Clearance
The distance between the maximum depth and width of the moving vehicle and
structure is known as a clearance.
Cause way
It is submersible bridge provided across a Nallah or stream generally remain dried
throughout the year. It is cheap arrangement for crossing over a stream.
Back fill
The material use to fill the space at back of bridge is known as back fill. It may be
broken stone, gravel, sand e.t.c
Approach Slab
The slab provided to join the approach road with the bridge is known as the
approach slab.
Afflux
The rise in water level of river near the bridge over the flood level due to narrow of
water created by construction of pier is called Afflux.
Superstructure
That part of a bridge above the foundations consisting of piers, abutments, trusses,
girders, bascules, etc., except for the deck and trim.
TYPES OF BRIDGE:-
 Bridges by Structure
 Fixed or moveable bridges
 Types by use
 Types by materials

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BRIDGES BY STRUCTURE
ArchBridge
 These bridges uses arch as a main structural component (arch is always located
below the bridge, never above it). They are made with one or more hinges,
depending of what kind of load and stress forces. Examples of arch bridge are
“Old Bridge” in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina and The Hell Gate Bridge in
New York
Beam bridges
Very basic type of bridges that are supported by several beams of various shapes and
sizes. They can be inclined or V shaped. Example of beam bridge is Lake Pontchartrain
Causeway in southern Louisiana.
Truss bridges
Very popular bridge designs that uses diagonal mesh of posts above the bridge. The
two most common designs are the king posts (two diagonal posts supported by single
vertical post in the center) and queen posts (two diagonal posts, two vertical pots and
horizontal post that connect two vertica lposts at the top).

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Cantilever bridges
– Similar in appearance to arch bridges, but they support their load not trough vertical
bracing but trough diagonal bracing. They often use truss formation both below and
above the bridge. Example of cantilever bridge is Queensboro Bridge in New York City.
Tied arch bridges
– Similar to arch bridges, but they transfer weight of the bridge and traffic load to the top
chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge foundation. They are often called
bowstring arches or bowstring bridges.

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Suspension bridges –
Bridges that use ropes or cables from the vertical suspender to hold the weight of bridge
deck and traffic. Example of suspension bridge is Golden Gate Bridge in San Franc
Cable-stayed bridges
– Bridge that uses deck cables that are directly connected to one or more vertical
columns. Cables are usually connected to columns in two ways – harp design (each
cable is attached to the different point of the column, creating harp like design of
“strings” and fan design (all cables connect to one point at the top of the column).
FIXED OR MOVEABLE BRIDGES
Fixed
Majority of bridges are fixed, with no moveable parts to provide higher clearance for
river/sea transport that is flowing below them. They are designed to stay where they are
made to the point they are deemed unusable or demolished.

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Temporary bridges
Bridges made from modular basic components that can be moved by medium or
light machinery. They are usually used in military engineering or in circumstances
when fixed bridges are repaired.
• Moveable
• They have moveable decks, most often powered by electricity.

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TYPES BY USE
Car Traffic
The most common type of bridge, with two or more lanes designed to carry car
and truck traffic of various intensities.
Pedestrian
Usually made in urban environments, or in terrain where car transport is
inaccessible (rough mountainous terrain, forests, etc.).
Double-decked
Built to provide best possible flow of traffic across bodies of water or rough
terrain. Most offen they have large amount of car lanes, and sometimes have
dedicated area for train tracks.
• Train bridges
• Bridges made specifically to carry one or multiple lane of train tracks.
• Pipelines
• Bridges made to carry pipelines across water or inaccessible terrains. Pipelines
can carry water, air, gas and communication cables.
• Viaducts
• Ancient structures created to carry water from water rich areas to dry cities.
• Commercial bridges
• Modern bridges that host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops

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Construction of Sultan Bahoo Bridge Over River Chenab Between Shorkot
& Garh Maharaja & its Approach Roads (Distt. Jhang)
Package I – Main Bridge
Project Data Sheet
A.
GENERAL
1. Name of Contractor M/s SARCO-Jv-Mishal Sania (Pvt) Ltd.
2. Contract Signed on 22nd June 2010
3. Dateof Commencement 25th June 2010
4. Original contract period 730 days
5. Date of Completion (Original) 23rd June 2012
6. Dateof Completion (Revised)
as per approved 2nd EOT
31st August 2014
7. Cost of Project Rs.770,543,132/-

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8. Amount Certified upto IPC No.12 Rs.685,989,473/-
9. Amount Certified upto EPC No.03 Rs.61,338,561/-
10. Mobilization Advance Paid Rs.73,964,314/-
11. Mobilization Advance recovered Rs.73,964,314/-
B.
Bridge Data
1. Number of Spans 19
2. Length of Each Span 45 Meters
3. Length of Bridge 855 Meters
4. Width of Bridge 12.20 Meters including 9.70 meter roadway,
0.400 meter New Jersey barrier on both sides
and 1.50 meter walkway with 0.200 meter
guard rail on right side (Down Stream).
5. No. of Piles 40
6. Dia of Pile 2 Meters
7. Length of Pile 54.756 Meters
8. Number of Girders 76
9. 75 meters of approach road on each side (Abutment-A & B) is included in Main Bridge contract.
C. Status of Progress
1. Value of work done upto last month Rs. 725,312,250/-
2. Value of work done this month Rs. 5,933,182/-
3. Value of work done to-date Rs. 731,245,432/-
4. Progress of work achieved during the month 0.77%
5. Planned Progress of work during the month 2.00%
6. Progress achieved to-date 94.90%
7. Planned progress of work to-date as per programme
of work based on EOT under process 100%

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Progress of Work Package - I
a) Confirmatory Bore Holes
3 Nos. bore holes were completed in July 2010.
b) Test Pile
Casting of test pile was carried out on 13 & 14 November 2010.
c) Pile Load Test
Pile loadtestwascompletedon11.01.2011 and relevantreportwassubmittedby contractor on
20.01.2011. Based on test pile results, the pile length of working pile was increased 1.50 Mby
the designer, reviewed by REC and agreed by NHA.
d) Working Piles
Construction of all 36 No. pier & 4 No. Abutment piles completed.
e) Shaft
Construction of all 36 No. Pier & 4 No. Abutment shafts completed.
f) Transom
All 20 No. transoms completed.
g) Prestressed Concrete Girders
All 76 No. girders completed including stressing and grouting.
h) Launching of Girders
Launching of all 76 girders on spans 1 to 19 completed.
i) Diaphragms
All 95 Nos. diaphragms completed.

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j) Deck Slab
Deck Slab of entire bridge from Span 1 to 19 including concreting, stressing of cables and
grouting completed.
k) Deck Slab Barriers
Construction of barrier for all spans on U/S and D/S side was completed till last month.
l) Screed Concrete
Constructionof ScreedConcrete overDeckSlabof spanNo. 13 to 19 has beencarriedoutduring
the month therby completing Screed concrete on deck slab of all 19 spans.
m) Approach Slabs :
Construction of approach slabs at Abutment A&B has been carried out during this month.
n) Asphaltic Wearing Course:
Wearing course paving over screed concrete has been carried out for all 19 spans during the
month.
o) Approach Road at Abutment-A & B (Garh Maharaja & Shorkot Side) 75 Meters Portion Each
Side
Placement of embankment at approach of Abutment A is in progress and approach of
Abutment B has been completed upto Asphaltic Wearing Course.
Comments on Package-I

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The progress of work achieved during the month is 0.77% against planned progress of 2.00%. Overall
progress achieved to-date is 94.90% against planned progress of 100% as per revised programme of work
based on under process recommended EOT upto 30th March 2015. So far work for main bridge upto asphaltic
wearing course has been completed. Moreover barriers for all 19 No. spans on D/S and U/S side have been
completed. Although the 75 meters approach road adjoining Abutment B has been completed, but 75 meters
approach road adjoining Abutment A assigned by M/S SARCO to M/S HUK is still incomplete and work for
subgrade is under suspension due to dispute between both contractors. The approval of proposal for raising
height of barriers through fixation of pipe railing is still awaited from NHA. The contractor has been urged to
commence installation of expansion joints and complete all outstanding works at the earliest.
Opinion of Shorkot Bridge:-
1. The passage of water flow under the bridge is narrow.
2. When the flow of water in summer increase in the river, Due to this afflux of water increase and
stability of bridge disturbed.
3. As we know that when afflux of water increases water level also increases and flood like condition is
produced. Due to high level of water destruction of crops also occur.
4. The bank of approach roads is poorly constructed by materialand the height is low.
5. Water training arrangements lengths and widths on both sides of the river is too short and not be
able to control the flow water that it allow to pass easily under the bridge.
References:-
http://civildigital.com/selection-criteria-bridge-site/
• http://www.historyofbridges.com
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridge_types#
• http://civildigital.com/bridge-engineering-components-classification-bridges/
• http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/images/fig9_1.gif
• Book (Railway and Bridge Construction Engineering by B.L GUPTA)

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