Truss Bridge Research Paper

Truss Bridge Research Paper
Truss Bridges are a common style of bridges used in the United States and all around the world.
Some characteristics of truss bridge are joining a variety of relatively small structural members in a
series of interconnected triangles. The vertical columns might work on tension and compression, but
it depends on the dynamic loads that are applied and the complexity of the bridge. Many of the
Howe truss were usually located in the North West part of the U.S because of the supplies available
to them. The Howe truss was first introduced by William Howe in 1840 (Boom, Garrett. January 18,
2011.Garrett Bridges Howe Truss. www.garrettbridges.com).This style of bridge became very
popular and was considered the best design to use in railroad bridges back in the 1800s. The
lenticular truss is a unique design in which both the top ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ann. December 8, 2005.The Rise and Fall of Bowstring Arch Bridges in the USA 1850–
1890historicbridges).Rarely this type of bridge was used by photographers and artists for leisure
activities. The bowstring arch bridge is an exquisite and one of the finest works of architectural art
that existed during the late 1800s. The Pegram Bridge was created by George H. Pegram in 1885. It
is one of the most extremely rare truss bridges of all times with a unique arched portal. In this
bridge, the upper chords are all of equal length and the lower chords are longer than the
corresponding upper chord. Because of this difference, each panel is not square. To this day there is
not a lot of Pegram Truss bridges left standing which were a big contribution to history (Holth,
Nathan. May 2016. Chicago's Bridges. Retrieved from historicbridges.org). Only ten Pegram
bridges remain in the United States, and seven of them are in Idaho (K. Agggeliki. May 22, 2011.
Truss Bridge Design.
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Role Of Engineers During The Planning Process
1. Introduction
Peace Bridge is a cycle–footpath bridge across the River Foyle in Derry, Ireland. It connected the
Walled city centre and the Ebrington redevelopment site. The bridge opened to the public in 25 June
2011.
Peace Bridge won many excellence awards such as Structural Steel Design award, ICE North East
Region Robert Stephenson award and the Overall planning award by the Irish Planning Institute.
The government and the public have described the bridge as a sustainable infrastructure asset, which
provided the basic services, and allowed the local communities and societies to function more
effectively. More importantly, Peace Bridge became a landmark very quickly due to its iconic
structure, which attracts millions of visitors every year.
This essay will mainly focus on the roles of engineers during the planning process. The relation
between engineers and the associated Ecological, Economical, Political and regeneration aspects
will also be discussed.
2. Overview of Peace Bridge
Structure of the Bridge
The bridge is a self–anchored suspension bridge. It combined the reverse curvature of the deck,
inclined towers and suspension cables to balance the forces in the system. The total length of cable
used was 4.5 kilometers. The use of construction material was mainly steel, and the structure
weights 1000 tonnes. There is a 150mm gap at each end of the bridge to permit the expansion of
steel during the summer.
Size of the Bridge
The bridge obeys a S–shaped

The Golden Gate Bridge Essay
The Golden Gate Bridge
Since the dawn of time, man has had an inherent need to get to the other side. Rivers, canyons, and
impassable trails have always hindered the migration of man, leaving him the choice to continue no
further, or to "build a bridge and get over it." The earliest bridges were made of simple materials
such as stone, or even a fallen log. Regardless of the material, natural bridges allowed man to
explore the "other side." However, man has never been satisfied with what nature gives him. Over
time, man developed the ability to construct his own bridges in order to create a shortcut across an
otherwise impassable obstacle. The first man–made bridges consisted of wooden beams or stone
arches. With each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Golden Gate Bridge broke span records and set new safety standards in the bridge building
community. Although architects and engineers designed a safe structure, various improvements such
as a lighter deck and reinforced steel trusses have been added over the years. The Golden Gate
Bridge, in all its glory, is a true structural wonder for both its size and artistic design.
Although actual construction began in January of 1933, the idea for the Golden Gate Bridge began
back in 1872. At that time, railroad entrepreneur Charles Crocker envisioned bridging the gap across
the entrance to San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. The idea was deemed unfeasible at the
time and was put to rest until 1916, when James Wilkins, a newspaper editor, began to heavily
promote the idea of building a bridge across the Golden Gate Strait. This time the proposal caught
the attention of various bridge engineers in the area. The initial response was that the bridge would
be difficult to build and cost in excess of 100 million dollars. Joseph Baermann Strauss stepped in
with his proposal that, not only could the bridge be built, but construction would cost less than thirty
million dollars. He even believed that tolls would soon pay for the expenses. On June 28, 1921
Strauss submitted his plan to build the Golden Gate Bridge for twenty seven million dollars. While
the City of San Francisco needed the bridge to accommodate the rapid population boom, it lacked
the funds to

Truss Bridges Research Paper
Truss bridges have been around for a long time. I see truss bridges the most out of all the different
types of bridges and to me it seems like the most popular type of bridge. In addition there are thirty
different types of Truss bridges which means that there is a bigger variety of Truss Bridges instead
of just having one type. Truss bridges have triangular shaped beams that go all across the bridge.
The bridge also is above the roadway instead of under the roadway like the arch bridge. Truss
bridges could also stretch very far. The longest cantilever Truss bridge that goes is called Crescent
City Connection and it is 13,418 feet long with a width of 52 feet. There is also a really long Truss
bridge that is near Hoboken, the name of the bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge: The Williamsburg Bridge
Our next destination was one I couldn't wait to go to, the Williamsburg Bridge. I was excited
because I love seeing and learning about the architecture of a bridge and also being able to walk
over one is so amazing! "Construction on the bridge began in 1896 and opened it on December 19,
1903. When it was completed the Williamsburg Bridge set the record for the longest suspension
bridge in the world. It was also the first bridge to use steel instead of masonry towers, which
reduced the side of the foundations and cost much less than masonry" (ENY, 197). It was a little
longer than the Brooklyn Bridge, but what made it worse that day was the heat. It just felt like it
took us forever to get over the bridge for some reason. It was interesting

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Communication
Moved into communication styles outside of comfort zone Willing to learn but just wants the
information Generation X: Tech savvy Still wanting to pick up the phone Email is preferred
Generation Y/Millennials: Technologically superior Texting, instant messaging, Facebook and
Myspace Generation Z: Digital bond to the internet Texting, FaceTime, iMessage, Snapchat, Yik
Yak, Instagram, Pinterest, etc. Now that we know more about the strengths, obstacles, and
communication preferences of each generation, let's look at some effective strategies for capitalizing
on these strengths and overcoming these obstacles. Learn more about the communication differences
of each generation. Flip chart Markers 10 minutes IV. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Complete a communication profile with those you interact with (e.g., association newsletters). 6.
Adjust your expectations. Are there are any tips that you can think of that will help bridge the gaps?
Ask participants to reflect on positive ways their chapter, associations or civic groups approach
intergenerational communication. If they don't have an example, have them brainstorm a new idea
for promoting better communication in their group. Have them find a partner and share one idea.
After a few minutes, ask them to switch to another partner and share another idea. Participants will
gain a better understanding of how to bridge the communication gap. 10 minutes Suspension
Bridge: Create Your Own Action Plan for Your Next Event The deck of a suspension bridge is hung
by cables. These cables are hung from two towers on either side of the cables. The suspension cables
must be anchored at each end of the bridge. The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck–
level supports and onto connectors with anchors in the ground. Just as a suspension bridge is
anchored to the end of each bridge, we must do the same by anchoring ourselves to our
commitments for better communication and bridging the gaps among generations to promote
positive relationship building and connections. Take a few minutes to complete the Intergenerational
Communication Action Plan for an event you will be hold in the next few months. Distribute the

Bridge Erosion
As we know the most dangerous disaster of bridge which was on December 15, 1967 at around 5
p.m., the U.S. Expressway 35 Bridge interfacing Point Pleasant, West Virginia and Kanauga, Ohio
all of a sudden gave way into the Ohio River. At the season of disappointment, thirty–seven vehicles
were intersection the Bridge range, and thirty–one of those autos fell with the Bridge. Forty–six
people died with the clasping of the Bridge and nine were truly harmed. Alongside the various
fatalities and wounds, a noteworthy transportation course associating West Virginia and Ohio was
demolished, upsetting the lives of numerous and striking apprehension the country over. The
General Corporation and the American Bridge Company developed the Highway Bridge ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The St. Mary's Bridge, found upstream and comparable in outline to the Silver Bridge, was closed
down for review after the breakdown. President Lyndon B. Johnson requested an across the country
test to decide the wellbeing of the country's Bridges. In 1967 there were 1,800 Bridges in the United
States which were 40 years of age including 1,100 thruway Bridges intended for Model–T activity.
Numerous government authorities expected that different structures, worked around the some point
to handle Model–T activity, could confront the same destiny as the Silver Bridge.
Despite the fact that the breakdown of the Silver Bridge was a catastrophe, there were sure
perspectives to the disappointment. Bridge investigations are presently more standard and top to
bottom as a result of the Silver Bridge. Architects are currently more educated about consumption
exhaustion and anxiety erosion, which permits better quality structures to be planned and
constructed. With today's innovation, and additionally better outline systems and materials, there is
trust that a Silver Bridge calamity will never again

Analysis Of Eurasia 's First Contemporary Intercontinental...
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin (staubin@princeton.edu)
Crossing the Bosphorus: An Analysis of Eurasia's First Contemporary Intercontinental Bridge
I. Introduction
Given a global context of cities historically and very purposefully being situated along natural
bodies of water to take advantage of vast natural resources, it is no wonder that urban development,
industrialization, and localized population rise have increasingly implied the development of public
works in these metropolises. Among these works, infrastructures designed to facilitate transportation
across, rather than along, bodies of water such as rivers, straits, streams, etc., have proved
paramount for urban and economic growth and well–being, allowing an ever–growing workforce to
easily move both in and across cities' core and peripheries. Istanbul is one such city, where a
present–day metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants heavily occupies the banks of the
Bosphorus strait – a body of water that has both facilitated and complicated the city's development.
Figure 1: The Bosphorus Strait1
Crossing the Bosphorus has posed a challenge throughout the city's history, and the city has had a
long history. Through its incarnations as Byzantium, Constantinople, and Istanbul, the capital of
Turkey
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Reproduced from: Wikipedia. Bosphorus. Web.
Accessed 10 May 2016. .
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin

Rhetorical Analysis OfChina Could Trump The Brooklyn Bridge?
Thomas Friedman, born in 1953 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is currently an Op–Ed columnist for the
New York Times. He has been the paper's foreign affairs Op–Ed since 1995, after he had joined the
paper in 1981, became the Beirut bureau chief in 1982, Jerusalem Bureau chief in 1984, in
Washington as the diplomatic correspondent in 1989, and later the White House correspondent (The
New York Times). He is a leading columnist in foreign affairs, specifically dealing with the Middle
East and Asia (Encyclopædia Britannica). In Friedman's columns, he uses a wide variety of
rhetorical strategies to persuade the reader and convey his message. In his columns, he uses strong
and straightforward diction to show his position, compare and contrast, and appeal to emotion.
Reading Friedman's columns you get a strong sense of his opinion, as he makes it obvious through
his word choice. In his article titled "China Could Sell Trump the Brooklyn Bridge," he is not shy in
sharing his opinions on what he's writing about, being straight and to the point by flat out implying
that "Trump literally has no idea what he's doing," (China Could Sell Trump the Brooklyn Bridge).
By being frank on his opinion like he does, it shows the audience that Friedman has strong,
confident opinions and helps him persuade the audience of his message by making himself credible
to the reader. In his article titled "Folks, We're Home Alone," he again points out his opinions
directly and uses superlatives to reinforce

Golden Gate Bridge Parabola
IB Math Internal Assessment
Beijing No.55 International School
Name: Justine Tay
Class: 11(3)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Topic
Introduction
Images of Golden Gate Bridge
Types of formula to parabola:
Worked example
Worked example 2
Proof
Conclusion
Abstract:
The main focus and the finality of this Internal Assessment will be on the mathematical term,
parabola. Parabola is any point that has an equal curve distance to a fixed point and a straight line.
Occurs in many uses in the industry and faced in our daily lives.
Acknowledgement:
Sincere gratefulness for Ms. Zhang for being my Mathematics Internal Assessment supervisor.

Guidance and care through this essay report. Thankful.
Topic:
Proof ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suspension bridges are able to work efficiently because of their cables, which are interesting from a
mathematical perspective.
Since the bridge's deck spans a long distance, it must be very heavy in weight by its own, not to
mention all the weight of the heavy load of traffic that it must carry. Because of all this weight, this
results in two active forces: compression and tension. The cable's parabolic shape results in order for
it to effectively address these forces acting upon the bridge. For instance, the deck sags from all the
weight of the traffic because of compression forces, which travels upwards the cables. The cables
then transfer those compression forces downwards the vertical towers, down into the foundations
buried deep within the earth. However, the cables receive the brunt of the tension forces, as they are
supporting the bridge's weight and its load of traffic, being stretched by the anchors' ends

Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Groundbreaking Bridges
1. Introduction Isambard Kingdom Brunel was unequivocally one of the greatest engineers to have
ever lived in this country, or any other. He was recently voted as the second greatest Briton of all
time, second only to Winston Churchill, which is testament to the physical legacy he left behind.
Additionally, he was represented in the 2012 London Olympic opening ceremony which outlined the
industrial revolution and the forging of modern Britain. His influence in almost all branches of
engineering is vast, from shipping to the railway. This project highlights Brunel's civil engineering
work by examining some of the bridges that he built. Brunel's solutions were groundbreaking and
critics often questioned his designs. The Clifton Suspension Bridge had the longest span of any
bridge in the world when it was completed; the Maidenhead Bridge was both the largest spanning
brick arch bridge and the first to use a flattened arch form; and the Royal Albert Bridge was built
using lenticular iron trusses.
2. Historical Review Brunel was the son of French parents: Marc Brunel (a civil engineer) and
Sophia Kingdom. He was born in Portsmouth where his father worked as a practising engineer.
Brunel was taught by his father from a young age and as a result had a solid grasp of basic
engineering principals. He studied in France, attending one of the best secondary schools in Paris,
before serving an apprenticeship with a clockmaker. After this he returned to England and assisted
his

Why Do Bridges Collapse?
Bridges collapse because either their design or construction fail to meet contemporary industry
standards, or those standards are inadequate to ensure safety in the face of unexpected
circumstances. (Wallace, Jonathan).
Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the dead load, the live load, and the dynamic load.
Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency
to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is
made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal environmental
factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to
environmental factors that go beyond normal

Narrows Bridge Failure
Executive Summary
The report debates the Tacoma narrows bridge failure and the different theories of how it came
about, using information about what type of bridge it is and the forces acting on it before and during
the collapse. It also discusses ways in which the failure could have been avoided, from changes in
the design to modifications to the bridge after its construction.
(Blaschke 2015)
Introduction
Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened to the public on July 1st 1940 after being in construction for 2
years. The structure was built 5,939–foot–long with a span of 2800 feet in order to bridge the gap
between Tacoma and Gig Harbour in the state of Washington, USA. It became known as "Galloping
Gertie" due to the fact that the bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tension in the suspenders transfers to the cables which run horizontally between the two far–
flung anchorages, through which the tensional forces pass in to the ground and are dissipated.
(Bagga 2014).
Compression is the force pressing a material and compacting it and acts on the towers of a
suspension bridge, this force is created from the weight of the towers and the load on the bridge.
Compression forces will also act on the surface of the bridge deck as when a load is applied it will
have some flexibility and bend, it will then travel up the cables, ropes or chains to transfer the
compression forces to the towers. The towers then dissipate the compression directly into the earth.
(Bagga 2014).
Suspension bridges usually experience torsional forces during very windy conditions where there
are high wind speeds, this can create a twisting force causing the deck to rotate resulting in the
bridge experiencing shear stress. (Bagga

The Penang Second Brigde in Malaysia
The Penang Second Bridge is one of the longest in Malaysia and also in the South East Asia region.
It is also known as the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge which is named after the Sultan
of Kedah. The bridge connects from Batu Kawan on the mainland to Batu Maung on the Penang
Island. It has an overall length of 24km and a length over water (displacement) of 16.9km. It is
much longer when compared to the Penang First Bridge which only has an overall length of 13.5km.
The building of this bridge has cost the government for RM4.5billion.
The planning of building the second bridge to link the mainland to the island has been brought up
back in the year of 1995 by the 4th Prime Minister which is Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad and also
the 3rd Chief Minister of Penang, Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon. Later, Malaysian government unveiled
the plan to construct the bridge in August 2006. The project is implemented in the 9th Malaysian
Plan. It is the largest civil construction work carried out in Malaysia in the past 2 decades.
The construction of the bridge officially started in November 2008 after all the planning and
procedure done. The bridge is currently projected completed on February 2014. The bridge is built
under the cooperation between China and Malaysia. The project itself was funded by China through
the Export–Import Bank of China as Malaysia signed RM2.7bilion loan agreement in July 2007.
Besides that, Malaysia also cooperated with the contractor from China that is China

The Gold Bridge And The Bridge Collapse
Silver Bridge
4.1 Background
The Point Pleasant Bridge or so called the Silver Bridge was designed by the J.E. Greiner Company
and built by the Gallia County Ohio River Bridge Company to connect Point Pleasant, West Virginia
to Gallipolis, Ohio. It was designed as a two–lane eye–bar suspension type bridge, measuring 2,235
feet in total length, including the approaches. The bridge was the first eye–bar suspension bridge of
its type to be constructed in the United States. [26] Figure 4.1: The Bridge before collapse. [26]
During the early evening of December 15, 1967, the Silver Bridge collapsed during a period of
heavy traffic and 46 people were killed. Another nine people were injured. Of the 37 vehicles on the
bridge, 31 fell during the collapse. After some forty years of service, the Point Pleasant Bridge
collapsed without warning. [27] Figure 4.2: The Bridge after collapse. [26] The bridge was
constructed of carbon steel, which tends to crack. Many cracks were found throughout the bridge
among extensive corrosion. Upon investigation, it was found that the collapse was due to a defective
eye–bar that experienced a cleavage fracture in the lower part of its head which was resulted from
stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue. [26] Since the eye–bars were not designed to be redundant,
failure in one eye–bar would disrupt the continuity of the suspension system. This disruption is what
caused the bridge to collapse suddenly. The location of the flaw

Clifton Suspension Bridge Essay examples
Clifton Suspension Bridge
The Clifton Suspension Bridge is located in Bristol England, and spans the beautiful Avon gorge.
This bridge has become the symbol of Bristol much like the Eiffel tower has of Paris, and the Opera
house has of Sydney. The story of the Clifton Suspension Bridge began in 1754 with the dream of a
Bristol wine merchant who donated his life savings to build a bridge over the gorge. To decide on a
suitable design for the bridge a competition was held. Thomas Telford, the leading civil architect of
the time was the judge. Mr. Telford attempted to submit his own design; however the decision to
declare himself the winner was overruled and a second competition was held. This time, contrary to
the recommendation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the original design was narrower than the final structure; the increased width has an interesting
story. Apparently a local land owner wished to drive his carriage to Bristol without having to walk
or negotiate the steep roads on the sides of the gorge, so he convinced the engineers, and paid for the
necessary modifications to widen the design of the bridge. It is fortunate that he insisted on this
widening because the bridge as it was originally designed would have never been able to cater to
modern traffic demands. The bridge was finished in 1859 and opened to the public in 1864.
Before the bridge was built the slip way was the only way to cross the river without taking a long
detour. The slip way was crossed at high tide by rowing a boat across, and at low tide by crossing on
series gangplanks that were tied together. Both crossings were fairly dangerous and extremely
inconvenient and therefore a bridge was a very popular idea.
The Clifton Suspension bridge is world famous and one of the essential things to see in the West
Country. It is a beautiful piece of engineering that is lovely maintained by the bridge staff. The two
towers of the bridge span from Clifton to summerset, the Clifton tower is build on a solid rock
surface that acts as a foundation, however the summerset tower needed a massive brick buttress
before work on the tower could begin. The towers though similar are not identical. The towers are
similar in size, the main differences

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was also known as the Galloping...
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was also known as the Galloping Gertie, was one of the most famous
cause study of structure failure in the world. The idea for constructuring of the bridge came up in the
date back to 1889 with a Northern Pacific Railway proposal for a trestle. Then after a few yerars of
concreted and construction with the cost of over 6,400,000 dallors, the bridge was been build and
became the third longest and the most flexible suspension bridge in the world of its time of 1900s
with a toatl length of 1810m. It was designed as a twin suspension bridge which located between
Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula in United States. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened for traffic
on July 1, 1940. After being in service for 129 days, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior of this time, most bridge design were based on trusses, arches, and cantilevers to support
heavy freight trains. Automobiles were obviously much lighter. Suspension bridge design had been
envolving into producing bridges of maximum grace, lightness and flexibility which actually was
more suited for carrying lighter cars and not heavier train. Unfortunately, engineers did not fully
understand the response of the suspension bridge design to these poorly understand forces. The
second reson was due to the excitation of torsional mode. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built
with shallow plate girders instead of the deep stiffening trusses of railway bridges, in which trusses
allowed wind to pass through but plate girders, on the other hand, present an obstacle to the wind.
As a result of its design, it was proved that the bridge was too light and unstable. And causing
alloping Gertieaction which were driven by the wind were being experienced by the bridge.
During the morning of 7 November 1940, the wind with around 56.3 km/h (35 miles/h) excited
bridge`s transverse vibration mode to its maximum amplitude of vibration of 0.5 m within three
hours. Then the wind started increasing to 67.6 km/h (42 miles/h). One supporting cable at the mid–
span snapped causing unbalanced loading. The bridge response thus changed to a 0.2 Hz torsional

Brooklyn Bridge Research Paper
Adams 1
Dillon Adams
Mr. Lederman
Welding and Metal Fabrication II
4 January 2017 Brooklyn Bridge
John roebling was an immigrant from germany, john did not invent the suspension bridge but his
bridges made him famous in the 1800's. As a kid roebling dreamed of building bridges, he turned his
dreams into a reality. The Brooklyn Bridge was built over the East River linking Manhattan and
Brooklyn. The construction of the brooklyn bridge started in January 3, 1870 and was completed
May 24, 1883. The civil war delayed the construction of the bridge. At least two dozen people died,
including the bridges original designer After the civil war had came to an end the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
His bridges over the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh and over the Ohio River at Cincinnati were
considered remarkable achievements. Roebling began dreaming of spanning the East River between
New York and Brooklyn. The Civil War put the plans on hold. And Roebling was chosen as its chief
engineer. Just as work was begun on the bridge in the summer of 1869, tragedy struck. John
Roebling severely injured his foot in a horrible accident as he was surveying the spot where the
Brooklyn tower would be built. He died of lockjaw not long after, and his son Washington Roebling
who had distinguished himself as a Union officer in the Civil War, became chief engineer of the
bridge project."The contemplated work, when constructed in accordance with my design, will not
only be the greatest bridge in existence, but it will be the great engineering work of the continent
and of the age. Its most conspicuous feature – the great towers – will serve as landmarks to the
adjoining cities, and they will be entitled to be ranked as national monuments. As a great work of
art, and a successful specimen of advanced bridge engineering, the structure will forever testify to
the energy, enterprise, and wealth of that community which shall secure its erection." "Report" to the
New York Bridge Company,

Tex Wash Bridge Research Paper
The Tex Wash Bridge
The Tex Wash Bridge was built in 1967, listed as functionally obsolete in 2014, and failed do to
collapsing in July of 2015. After 2014 inspections were made and no flaws were detected so it was
left unchanged. In 1967, the construction crew had the task of spanning the Tex Wash to connect the
freeway between California and Arizona along the Chuckwalla Mountains. They decided the best,
and most cost effective, way of doing this is by channeling a dry riverbed and narrowing it where
the bridge was to stand. The columns of the bridge were to stand on their foundations which was
sitting on the soil and the banks of the bridges were given large rocks to protect their foundation
from being washed away (Kelman).
PICTURE OF BRIDGE IN 1967 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can be caused by several different events including the undercutting a slope, or wearing away
at the base of a hill from underground, because of stream erosion, or heavy or lengthy rainfall, rapid
snowmelts, quick changes in groundwater. Other causes are seismic activity from construction or
earthquakes or placing to much weight at the top of a hill. Some types of soil, such as clay or silt,
are more prone to landslides than others so you must always learn more about the local geology and
use geological mapping to detect slope hazards before building. There are multiple types of
landslides (ADD PICTURES OF EACH AND MOVE TEXT ACCORDINGLY) like a slide, parallel
movement along weak planes, a creep, slow movement of debris over a long period, a slump,
ground falling in on itself in some places and moving downhill, a topple, objects tumbling end over
end, a fall, falling objects possibly caused by a stream undercutting a bank or cliff, a flow, a mass
moving in a water like fashion downhill, or a torrent, which is a random rapid release of water and
other material (BC Geological Survey of the B.C. Ministry of

Suspension Bridge Research Paper
Have u ever been on a bridge before. Well I haven't but I'll am going to talk about four different
famous bridges and they are all suspension bridges. They are a lot of suspension bridges out in the
world and that you can't study all of them at once. Also you can go on the bridges if you wanted to
but if you wanted to you should go on one of these bridges I'll be talking about. Also all the bridges
are one of the most outstanding bridges then the rest and they stand out then all of the other shiny
gold and metal build sides and and the sparkling lights. The bridges I will be talking about is the
Golden Gate Bridge, and the second one is the Brooklyn Bridge, the George Washington Bridge,
and the last one is the Verrazano Narrows Bridge. The Golden gate bridge and also it is a suspension
bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the largest suspension bridges there are in the entire
world. Also the Golden Gate Bridge also as to get painted every single year to make it look like the
Golden Gate Bridge again. The Golden Gate Bridge was also located in San Francisco California.
The Golden Gate Bridges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was located in Staten Island, New York. Also the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was also a double
decker suspension bridge and that it had a underneath the bottom of the bridge was a bottom deck.
Verrazano Narrows Bridge was one of the largest span of the suspension bridges there was. Also
Verrazano Narrow Bridge was one of the best bridges there was and that it could hold a lot of weight
and it would look so amazing in the shiny light when the pretty blue light turned to the dark and
shabby light. Also it was opened on November 21, 1964 and then years later it had its 50th
anniversary but who knows how long it stands now these days. The last thing about this final
suspension bridge is that the bridge connected New York City boroughs of Staten Island and

Goodwill Bridge Case Study
The $23 million Goodwill Bridge gives a person on foot and bike a crossing over the Brisbane River
interfacing the Southbank Parklands to the Brisbane Botanical Gardens. The most unmistakable
component of the 470m long engineering composed extension is the 102m double curve arch
between the south bank of the waterway and the primary structure amidst the Brisbane River.
Foundation tasks are normally planned and built utilizing entrenched points of reference. The
Goodwill Bridge is an unordinary bit of framework in that the type of the structure was vigorously
impacted by a stylish and sculptural idea that was chosen by the customer by means of a building
configuration rivalry. Not at all like most foundation tasks, there were few if any points ... Show
These included the installation of a floating pipeline to deliver concrete to those structures located in
the river itself and floating the arch to the bridge site from its riverside fabrication site.
Circular segment manufactured the heap confines offsite at its Geebung industrial facility and
conveyed them to John Holland. The conveyance system was settled upon to meet John Holland's
development necessities and ARC's generation abilities. By both sides having a comprehension of
the site and production line conditions, the conveyance system had the capacity be adjusted to suit
changes to site action and project.
The inside structure obliged a sum of 68 tons of 30m long, 1500mm measurement fortifying pens.
These heaps are socketed 2m into the bedrock underneath the Brisbane River. The pre–assembled
strengthening pens must be built to tight resistances to guarantee the site lapping of the enclosures
continued easily and productively.
Notwithstanding the structure backings, ARC created 94 heaps extending from 360mm to 750mm in
distance across for the takes a shot at the Southbank end of the

Clifton Suspension Bridge Essay
My suspension bridge will be the Clifton Suspension Bridge, this bridges is located at Bristol,
England. This bridge was first opened in 1864,it is 212 metres long and has a width of 9.4 metres
this is why this bridge is so well acclaimed due to it age and its size. This bridge crosses the River
Avon. This bridge was originally meant to be made in 1831 but this was stopped by the Bristol riots,
after the Bristol riots the design was charged slightly because of new technologies to strengthen the
bridge. Avon Gorge came up with the idea to make the bridge in 1753 when he came up with an idea
to make a bridge over the Bristol river, made from stone and which was delayed because of
enhances in technology. deck is suspended by 81 matching ... Show more content on
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The deck was originally wooden planking, later covered with asphalt, which was renewed in 2009.[
The weight of the bridge, approximately 1,500 tons.
Truss bridge
This is a labelled diagram of this bridge.
The truss bridge I will focus on is Hampden Bridge, located in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.
Hampden Bridge is a wood Truss bridge that crosses the Murrumbidgee River in Wagga Wagga,
New South Wales. This bridge opened to the public on 11 November 1895 and it was closed in
October 1995 due to Wiradjuri Bridge opening. The bridge is 100.5 metres long, all of the 3 truss
spans 33.5 metres. Hampden Bridge is the first large overhead–braced truss bridge made by Percy
Allan. The bridge was originally designed to be a steel, but the tenders were too expensive. timber
was used as the alternative. The Hampden bridge replaced the Wagga Wagga bridge,this bridge was
made in 1892 and alos crossed the Murrumbidgee river. Percy Allan made the third of five standard
wooden truss bridges. there is a clear difference of development between the pre Allan era and the
post Allan era. Allan completely redesigned how timber truss bridges were made in NSW. He often
based his bridge design on the American Howe bridge although he exploited the much stronger
woods in Australia, to reduce the design its bare essentials, this is show in the differences between
the two bridges before Allan made his and Allan's bridges all around New South

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Essay
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
One of the most influential engineering discoveries in the past century was the ill–fated Tacoma
Narrows Bridge. "Galloping Gertie" as she was known to local residents, the massive Washington
state suspension bridge shook, rattled and rolled its way into the history books. Legendary in its
time, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge held many records and drew tourists from around the world in its
short life. However, the famous bridge is not known for its creative engineering or speedy
construction, unfortunately the bridge was destined to fail. That failure in turn changed the way
every building is constructed today as well as further man's understanding of physics and the forces
of nature. In this paper we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After years of deliberation, state officials decided that the time had come to create the Washington
Toll Authority in order to save the necessary funding to build a bridge to span the Tacoma Narrows.
In 1937 the project had begun, and officials sought a bridge designer to get their plan moving.
Leon Moisseiff was commissioned in 1937 to build a bridge that would rival the length of the
Brooklyn Bridge yet remain elegant and appealing to residents. He created a perfect design and the
project moved in search of contractors. From 1938 to 1940, continuous work constructed a
suspension bridge a mile–long. At the time, the Tacoma Narrows was the third largest bridge in the
world. The design was simple yet slender, with two 420 foot tall towers and a pair of suspension
cables supporting the road. The towers were reinforced carbon steel to support the lengthy bridge.
The concrete deck was 39–feet wide and 8–feet deep. The girders were made of carbon steel
anchored in giant blocks of concrete. The design was narrower, lighter and more flexible than any
other bridge in the world. The Seattle Toll Authority expected to Leon's design to handle 60,000
vehicles a day and increase travel to Olympic Peninsula.
The one mistake that caused this entire bridge to fail was a last minute change made by the
contractors early on in the build.

Suspension Bridge at Location D Essay
I think a suspension bridge would be the best type of bridge to build from location D. This is
because suspension bridges typically can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet long – location D
spans a distance of 4,200 feet across an ocean bay where long ships come and go. The other bridges
would not be adequate enough to connect Hebron Island with the mainland. For example, an arch
bridge cannot be connected numerous times in the ocean without structural support from the ground,
and can only span short distances usually less than 800 feet. A beam bridge would not be a suitable
option either because they typically can only span distances below 200 feet, and connecting many
beam bridges together would not work either, because long ships ... Show more content on
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Though sturdiness is a major advantage, a significant drawback to building a suspension bridge is
the costs. Steel is an expensive material to construct long, massive suspension bridges out of. Our
bridge will have to span a long distance of 4,200 feet and constructing a bridge of steel for such a
great distance will definitely be pricey. The costs of building a suspension bridge is very high and
they tend to be the most expensive type of bridge to build. In addition, over time, steal is a material
that can deteriorate quickly due to corrosion as stated by the Understanding Bridges video. Proper
inspections need to be conducted often to ensure the safety of the passengers traveling on the bridge.
When building the bridge, weather conditions are a major factor to take into consideration. For
example, when it is windy, a suspension bridge will sway from side to side or even bounce up and
down, making transportation dangerous for those traveling on the bridge. The Tacoma Narrows
Bridge is a very good example of this type of structural failure. It was built to withstand winds up to
120 mph but it collapsed in a wind of only 42 mph after oscillating back and forth repeatedly. Since
suspension bridges are susceptible to wind, it is always a challenge for engineers to keep the vertical
and lateral swayings within safe limits. Transporting the equipment to build a bridge above such a
huge mass of water

Goodwill Bridge Essay
The purpose of the project is to investigate the Construction Engineering infrastructure and process
involved with the designing and building of the Goodwill Bridge.
The Goodwill bridge is a bridge which spans across the Brisbane river carrying non–motorised
traffic such as cyclists and pedestrians. The purpose of the bridge was to create a shorter and more
convenient route of travel for residents wishing to travel between South Bank Parklands and
Gardens Point in the Brisbane CBD. Due to the Brisbane river being the separation of these
locations; the Goodwill bridge was a convenient, helpful solution. The bridge was first opened by
the Premier of Queensland on the 21st of October, 2001.
The construction of the Goodwill bridge involved skilled engineering analysis and design ... Show
The clearance below ranges between the lowest point of 11.4 metres and the highest point of 12.7
metres. The arch is 102 metres in length, 10 metres wide, and 15 metres high. The bridge has a total
weight of 360 long tons.
The Goodwill bridge' aesthetically pleasing figure was designed by skilled architects from Cox
Rayner and then passed on to the engineers at Ove Arup and Partners, to continue on with the
further design preparation before the structure was to be constructed. A large well known
construction company was in charge of the bridge construction, with the main contractor being John
Holland.. In charge of the project was project manager Jack Sullivan, from Amtec International
Construction Services.
Since the creation of the Goodwill bridge, the amount of traffic on the bridge daily has been
noticeably increasing. On an average week, over 40'000 people travel across the bridge due to its
convenience and easy accessibility. For the university students of QUT that catch the train in every
day to Southbank, it provides fast and easy travel to and from

Bridge Building: The Confederation Bridge In Canada
Bridge Building:
Beam Bridges:
A simple beam bridge that is flat across and supported at the two ends. A longer beam bridge can be
held up along the middle by piers standing in the river. The weight of the bridge itself, plus the load
that it carries, plus gravity are the downward forces are spread evenly across the length of the
bridge. The upwards forces that hold the bridge up come from the piers. The Confederation Bridge
in Canada is a famous beam bridge.
Arch Bridges:
A simple arch bridge reaches across the river in an arching shape rather than straight across the river.
Gravity, the weight of the bridge and all the weight creates a downwards force. But since the bridge
is curved the force becomes a downwards outward force. Rather than

Golden Gate Bridge Problem Statement
Introduction
This report takes an in depth look at the Golden Gate bridge of San Francisco. I identify the
problems and formulate the problem statement as well as discussing the role of the chief engineer.
The Golden Gate bridge was long on of the longest suspension bridges in the world and is a huge
feat of engineering.
Problem Statement
The main Problem
The problem in 1920's San Francisco was that there was a lot of ferry traffic to cross over from San
Francisco to Marin county. Thus the solution was to build a bridge. A bridge had to be built over the
Golden Gate. The Golden Gate has rough oceans and strong tidal currents making the challenge
even greater, but the biggest challenge was the length that the bridge would have to span over these
rough waters.
Geography of the area
It is key to understand the geography of the San Francisco Bay area to understand the need of a
bridge. At that time in the 1920's the city of San Francisco was separated from Marin County and
the only way to get to one or the other side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the four anchorages had to be constructed which would serve as a foundation for the towers
and anchorage for the cables of the bridge. The north tower was built onshore while the south tower
had to be built offshore in the ocean.
To build the south tower they used pilot bombs to blow up the bedrock on the seafloor to what they
desired. They then built a fender wall, or like the workers called it the "Giant Bathtub", and pumped
out the seawater. When this was done the workers constructed the south towers base and anchorages,
(Goldengate.org).
After the anchorages and bases of the towers were built the steel towers were erected. About six
hundred thousand rivets were used to connect the pieces of the towers. Once the towers were erected
the cables of the bridge were spanned and finally the roadway was laid. Construction finished 28
May

Wooden Truss Bridge
The most common types are the beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges,
cable–style, and the kind I am going to research is truss bridge.
Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest bridge; it is in china.
The first welded bridge was designed by polish engineer Stefan Bryla.
The longest suspension bridge in the world (from 2010) is the Akashi Kaikyo bridge in Kobe Japan.
Allan truss is based on the Howe truss. The first one was finished on 13 August 1894.
Bailey truss was made for the military, with many different styles. Baltimore truss was like the Pratt
truss but it has more bracing on the bottom to stop buckling.
Bollman truss had many independent tension elements that makes a strong bridge which is easy to
assemble.
Burr arch truss that is a combination of an arch and truss which gives a strong bridge. ... Show more
K truss has beams that form the letter k in each panel.
Long truss is like the Howe truss but made of wood and usually is a covered bridge.
Parker truss is like the pratt truss but has a polygonal upper chord.
If that chord has five segments it is called a camelback truss.
The pegram truss has chords that are wider at the bottom but the same length at the top.
Pratt truss has members and angels that slope downward to the center. Many different types that are
based on this are used for the railroads.
Vierendeel truss has rectangular members instead of triangular.
Warren truss has members joined only by angled cross–members. This forms equilateral truss. It is
light and strong and makes an economical truss.
The Quebec bridge is the world's longest cantilever bridge.
The longest continuous bridge is lake pontchartrain causeway in southern

The History of the Golden Gate Bridge Essay
Stretching across the San Francisco Bay stands the world famous Golden Gate Bridge. The bridge is
located in one of nature's most beautiful settings, spanning the mile–wide bay from Fort Point in San
Francisco to the Marin County Shore. Joseph Strauss, specializing in bridge building, was the leader
of the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge. The start of construction began on January 5, 1993
and, after four years, was completed on April 27, 1997. The bridge was needed to be built because
of the growing population after the California Gold Rush. The bridge was a difficult task for
engineers and is now an inspiration. The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the largest suspension
bridges and is well known around the world. The Golden Gate ... Show more content on
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He was most certainly familiar with the job.
In 1919, a study was begun to see if it would be possible to build a bridge across the Golden Gate.
Michael O'Shaughnessy was the San Francisco city engineer. He was in charge of the rebuilding of
the city after the devastating 1906 earthquake that destroyed much of the city. O'Shaughnessy knew
the need for the city to have bridges. Most said it could not be done and others said it could be done
but "it would cost about $100 million to build it" (Barter 23). O'Shaughnessy and Strauss, both
wanting the same thing, got together. After the two consulted, they figured the only way to bridge
the channel was to use a suspension bridge.
Once O'Shaughnessy and Strauss believed they could build the bridge, politics came into the
picture. In 1923, the California state legislature passes a bill that allowed the establishment of a
Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District. The district's job was to oversee the project and run the
bridge once it was built. Over the next few years, many people spoke up both for and against the
building of the bridge. The land on both ends of the bridge was owned by the U.S. military. Before
any plans could move forward, the military would have to approve the project and give the Bridge
District permission to use War Department land. An army colonel was appointed to hold hearings on
the matter and "for seven months, he listened to both

Milwaukee Art Museum
The Milwaukee Art Museum is a large modernistic building that is designed both for both beauty
and function. The museum as a whole is a piece of art. It features clean lines, impressive symmetry,
a clean color pallet, and many other aesthetically pleasing elements. These elements work together
to create a building that Milwaukee is proud of. It is positioned in a prime position on Wisconsin
Avenue, and is also rite on the lakefront. This placement makes the building viewable to museum
visitors, lakefront visitors, and commuters alike, making the structure an even more important part
of Milwaukee. The importance is highlighted through its impressive aesthetic. The beautiful
architecture features an elegant pedestrian bridge, a grand entrance, ... Show more content on
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It functions as a multipurpose space. Some of its uses are the grand entry to the museum, a
temporary exhibit space, a brunch area, an art fair space, and a wedding venue. No wonder it has so
many uses, with 90–foot glass ceilings and a magnificent view of the lake, it is truly a grand space
that extends beyond its walls. All of the glass lets in a magnificent amount of natural light. The lake
is framed with large arched windows, and the floors are beautiful white marble. The walls are
entirely white, and the ceiling is made of giant windows with white metal frames that slope up to a
point. This follows the overall clean and futuristic look of the museum, as it is an architectural
feature rarely seen in buildings today, and it is almost surreal when you look at it in person. The
windows themselves are not square, and their frames appear to be slanted at angles similar to the
unique tangents of the suspension bridge. All of the windows appear to be custom to their
placement, none exactly like the other. This contributes to the futuristic look of the building, making
it appear surreal from both inside and out. A feature of this room that is most noticeable from the
outside its front looks like the bow of a ship. This ties the museum to the lake. It looks as though it
could sail off in the night, a beautiful translucent vessel. Overall, Windhover Hall is an impressive
space that wows visitors. With it's high ceiling, beautiful floors, and interesting shape, it is a
memorable piece of the architecture. It is an important piece that rounds out the building, intensifies
its modern look, and makes the structure feel

How Does the Young’s Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare to...
How Does The Young's Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare To The Young's Modulus of the Cables
Supporting The Millennium Bridge ?
Visit: The Millennium Bridge
For our physics practical, we visited The Millennium Bridge a pedestrian footbridge located at the
heart of London that crosses the River Thames. It links the City and St Paul's Cathedral to the north
with the Globe Theatre and Tate Modern on Bankside. Construction of this infrastructure began in
the late 1998 by the engineering company Arup and it was launched on the 10 June 2000.
Structure of Bridge:
Structurally, the bridge is a composition of two key metals steel (2 x 1011 Nm–2) and aluminum.
These metals are common in bridges due to their properties of high strength and ... Show more
This feature was achieved by ensuring that the sag ratio remained low. The bridge has also become a
navigation site for many commercial and tourist traffic in the River Thames Waterways.
Problems Occurred:
Furthermore, when the millennium bridge opened within the first weekend around 100,000 people
had crossed the bridge. Due to such heavy traffic, this lead to something called resonance.
Resonance is when the input vibrations frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the
structure itself, causing large deflections to develop. The issue caused the bridge to undergo a
swaying movement; hence led to its closure. After extensive research and analysis, it was found that
the movement was caused by synchronized pedestrian footfall. To prevent this there were two
options taken into account the lateral stiffening and the damping; both were used in order to increase
the natural frequency of the structure so it did not match the footfall. In addition structures called
fluid–viscous dampers and tuned mass dampers were installed to control both horizontal and vertical
movements.
In Relation To Practical:
The visit influences our practical as we gain an understanding of how in the engineering industry
selection of materials is determined using indicators such as Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus is a
measure of stiffness that is independent of the particular sample of a substance. This indicator is
very vital as it determines the material's strength, toughness

How Architects Change The World
How Architects Change the World
"To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history, but to articulate it."– Daniel Libeskind
Mankind has built structures since the beginning of time and every structure which has been built
throughout history has a story behind it. The reasons for building these structures are many and
varied. The main reason for building a structure is out of necessity. Buildings such as the aqueducts
of Rome, Windsor Castle of Medieval Europe, and the Golden Gate Bridge, were built out of
necessity. Another reason for building a structure is an artistic expression or to express a sentiment,
such as the Statue of Liberty, the Gateway Arch, or the Eiffel Tower. A third reason for building a
structure is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without architects, none of us would be living in houses, none of us would have schools to go to,
and none of us would have bridges to cross water. One good example of a structure being built out
of necessity is the golden gate bridge.
The Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is a suspension bridge 4,200 feet long spanning the San
Francisco Bay. It opened in 1937 and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1964.
Joseph Strauss was the head engineer for the bridge, but it was ultimately designed by Leon
Moisseiff, who was also the championed designer of the Manhattan Bridge. The bridge cost over 35
million dollars and from it's opening through January 2014, over two billion vehicles have crossed
the bridge. The color of the Bridge is officially "international orange" picked by architect Irving
Morrow because it complements the natural scenery, and this orange makes this bridge one of the
most recognized bridge in the world.
In addition to being one of the most recognized bridge in the world, today the Golden Gate Bridge is
one of the most photographed and the most driven over bridge in the world. It's lasting impact is not
only it's usefulness but also the aesthetic appeal it adds to the California landscape as well as an
object of pride for Californians.
The Roman Aqueducts
Another architectural feat that was completed out of necessity was the Roman Aqueducts.
Aqueducts are a

Why Did Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse?
Why did the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse?
Introduction The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened on the 1st of July 1940, located in
the state of Washington, USA, crossing the Tacoma Narrows. It was designed by Leon Moisseiff and
Clark Eldridge, praised architects of their time. The bridge itself was highly speculated during the
design process and was believed to be one of the most advanced suspension bridges of its time.
Despite this, the bridge tragically collapsed on the morning of November 7th 1940, it stood for a
mere 4 months. The architects were not to fully blame though, the design was checked and approved
by the government and other experts in the field. Combined with the fact that no suspension bridge
had collapsed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other reasons are also relevant, for instance the bridge deck being very light and very narrow in
comparison to the rest of the bridge. After the incident, Leon Moisseiff was contacted, saying he was
"completely at a loss to explain the collapse." Although problems developed, his design concept was
structurally sound and was approved by many others, it was no worse to what any established
engineer of the time would have designed. But despite this, it impacted on his career awfully.
Conclusion Although many negatives derived from the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, it was an important
event in the world of engineering. It allowed for the start of research in wind effects on suspension
bridges and potentially prevented the building of many more suspension bridges would could have
easily have encountered the same problem. It was the start of a new era into bridge design, making
them safer and more economical. The new Tacoma Narrows bridge was built in 1950, with the
appropriate changes made and still stands today.
References

Clifton Suspension Bridge
Kaylie Griffin and I chose to build the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is
a suspension bridge located in Bristol, United Kingdom. A suspension bridge is a type of bridge
which the deck is supported by cables that hang vertically off larger cables or hangers. Suspension
bridges typically have two towers and are anchored to abutments at their ends.The towers help to
support much of the weight that crosses the bridge's deck, such as cars and people. The towers also
dissipate the load directly into the planet Earth. These features of a suspension bridge are why they
are strong therefore, one of the more popular designs for a bridge. When building our popsicle
bridge, we had to add x shaped joints and brackets to help our ... Show more content on
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After completing this simulation, our bridge only had one string (cable line) untied from the wire
(hanger). Nothing else was damaged therefore, everything was intact. During this test, our bridge
was exposed to torsion because it was twisting and being thrown around in the simulator. Our
modifications helped my bridge withstand the earthquake and hold a numerous amount of weight.
Our bridge was very strong and one of the top performers in the class although, it could have had
more trusses and modifications to make it even stronger. Our bridge weighed ⅞ lb. and it held 250
lb. therefore, it held 286 lb. for every 1 lb. As said before, we could have added more joints and
trusses to improve our bridge's performance. Compared to the rest of the White Group, our bridge
was the second strongest bridge. Our bridge also performed very similar to everyone else's in the
earthquake simulator. The heaviest bridge was the Brooklyn Bridge, which also happened to be the
strongest. The tallest bridge was the Ben Franklin Bridge, coming in at 13 inches. In the future, I
think walking bridges could be made from glass, able to be looking down on a river below you. Yes,
I think a computer can help fix faults and help for better design and performance of bridges. I
learned many things from this bridge project, some being, how to work as a team, patience, how
bridges work, and different things that help architects

Sunshine Skyway Bridge Essay
A bridge is a load bearing structure spanning a passage over a gap or barrier, such as a river or
roadway. Some examples of bridge types are; suspension bridge (George Washington Bridge
connecting New Jersey with New York City), truss arch bridge (Hurricane Deck Bridge in Hurricane
Deck, Missouri), and a cable–stayed bridge (The modern Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Saint
Petersburg). Another example is a cantilever bridge (the former Sunshine Skyway Bridge). Rarely
do these structures ever have catastrophic malfunctions, however, it does happen. The citizens of
Saint Petersburg, Florida who have lived here since 1980 remember the collapse of the old Sunshine
Skyway Bridge. On May 9, 1980, a large ship hit the Skyway in the fog and it collapsed, ... Show
If a bridge isn't built right, with the correct physics and design, it is not going to be a stable, safe
passage. The pillars on the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge weren't deep enough in the ground,
and they were not close enough together. As mentioned previously, this caused cracks in the bridge.
The cracks were repaired, and the pillars were installed deeper and actually strengthened the bridge.
However, these corrections proved to be inadequate when the Skyway was struck by the freight
ship. When looking at old pictures of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, it is very evident that the gaps
between the pillars were too wide. When the ship collided with the bridge, the stress load was too
much on the remaining pillars, and the bridge instantly collapsed, with a large piece of the roadway
actually left sitting on the very ship that had just hit it. The way the pillars were installed on the
Sunshine Skyway Bridge, caused pressure that placed so much torque, or twist, on the concrete
pillars. Once the pillars on the bridge started cracking, they bent the I–beam so much that when the
tanker hit the beam the bridge collapsed. Fearing for their own safety, due to questions about the
stability of the remaining bridge, rescuers were unable to search for survivors underneath the area of
the destroyed bridge. 36 people were killed in this tragic

Site Visit At Forth Replacement Crossing
Report on site visit at Forth Replacement Crossing
On
11/10/2016
By
Isabelle Kent
H00262757
Table of Content
1. Background.......................................................3
2. Introduction.......................................................3
3. Construction
3.1. Towers...................................................4
3.2. Cables...................................................4
3.3. Deck, surfacing and roadway......................5
3.4. Health & Safety.......................................5
3.5. Challenges.............................................6
4. Conclusion.......................................................7
5. References......................................................7 1. Background
Site location – Firth of Forth, Queensferry
Site area – 13.7 miles (22km)
Bridge length – 1.7miles (2.7km) including approach viaducts
Expected date of completion – May 2017
Project contractor – Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors
The building of the bridge and roads connecting to it has been contracted to Forth Crossing Bridge
Constructors (FCBC). This is a collaboration of four experienced civil engineering companies –
Hochtief solutions AG, Germany; Dragados, Spain; American Bridge, USA; and Morrison
Construction, Scotland.
Designers – Forth Crossing Design JV
The architects and designers for FCBC was a joint venture composed of Ramboll, Denmark;
SWECO, Netherlands; and Leonhardt, Andra & Partner, Germany.
Cost (as of Oct 2016) – £1.325 to £1.35 billion
2. Introduction

On 11th October 2016, we visited the Forth Replacement Crossing site as the project was nearing
completion. The site encompasses the building of the new Forth road bridge, as well as significant
improvements to the surrounding trunk road networks. The

An Installation Of A Structural Health Monitoring System
Early detection of such failures will definitely save many lives and decrease the number of injuries.
This can improve the public safety and provide more reliable economical feature. Eventually, the
increased awareness of the economic and social effects of such degradation especially under
extreme events intensifies the need for advanced SHM, damage detection, and damage localization
tools. Consequently, SHM systems are basically used to monitor the structures' behavior during the
events of vibrations or natural excitation (earthquakes, winds and live loading). Moreover, in 2002
some building design codes mandate that structures should have an installation of a structural health
monitoring system especially those located in high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following paragraphs discuss a review on SHM basically monitoring bridge performance. The
first example is the monitoring of the Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong
[10]. A large amount of sensors include temperature sensors, strain gauges, displacement,
anemometer, and accelerometers were installed on the bridge. These sensors were installed to
monitor the bridge dynamic response in terms of displacement, acceleration, wind, and temperature.
Approximately 320 channels of sensors were used in Tsing Ma Bridge [11].These sensors produced
about 65 M Bytes of data every hour in an attempt toward in–depth monitoring. This SHM system
was able to monitor the structural health of the bridge and provide reliable information for civil
engineers to plan accordingly for inspection visits.
Another example of SHM is the Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge located in Cape Girardeau,
Missouri. That long term SHM system included 84 accelerometers channels [12]. This system was
installed to evaluate the dynamic response of the bridge under seismic activities.
One of the eminent examples of infrastructure SHM is that of the Golden Gate Bridge in San
Francisco, California. The SHM system deployed 28 accelerometers where 12 of them were located
on the main span, 6 on the side span and 10 on the pier–lower

Understand The Difference Between A Hoist And A Crane
To understand the difference between a hoist and a crane, one needs to understand what each is.
Hoist
A hoist is the machine that does the lifting. It can move in a vertical direction and runs along the
bridge girder. A hoist can either be fixed to a single beam (single girder) or it can run on the top of
the trolley trucks in between two beams (double girder). The hoist lifts or lowers an openly
suspended (unguided) load. The hoist runs along the girder (the principal horizontal steel beam) with
the trolley in the x–direction. A trolley is a wheeled mechanism that the hoist suspends upon to
provide horizontal motion of the hoist along the girder. The girder is supported by the end trucks
(units consisting of the truck frame, wheels, bearings, axels, etc.). It can either run on the top of the
frame or under it.
Crane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crane uses a runway which is the rails, beams, brackets, and framework that it operates on. It
uses the pendant or radio to control the movement of the end trucks, trolley, and the hoisting motors
and it can either be movable or stand directly under the bridge panel. A festoon guides a set of power
supply cables connecting power from the runway conductors to the crane components.
Differences
The main difference between a hoist and a crane is that a hoist can move in one direction while the
crane can move in many directions using the hoist, trolley, or bridge. The hoist can either be
individual or submerged into a

Warren Truss Bridge Analysis
The bridge that I build in class was a Warren Truss. It turned out to be a decent little bridge. It
weighed 21.4 ounces so that put it on the lighter side of the bridges compared to the rest of the class.
It wasn't the lightest, but it was down with the smaller ones. It ended up holding right around thirty
pounds and I'd say that not too bad. I knew my bridge was going to be on the lighter side, but I was
okay with that because I knew that would maybe help me out in the long run by having a better
overall ratio. I didn't calculate what the ratio actually was, but I think I did alright considering what
my bridge weighed and how much it held. It's kind of crazy that a tiny bridge like that could hold 30
pounds. I'm sure I could have done a little

Truss Bridge Research Paper

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Truss Bridge Research Paper