Research

1. Sergimage

2. TTyyppeess ooff
ddaattaa
Sergimage

3. Sergimage
Parametric data
This are measured data, and parametric statistical
tests assume that the data are normally or nearly
normally distributed. It is both applied to both interval-and-
ratio-scaled data.
Nonparametric data
Data of this type are either counted (Nominal) or ranked
(ordinal).
Nonparametric tests, sometimes known as distribution-free
tests, do not rest on the more stringent assumption of
normally distributed populations. .

4. Sergimage
Levels of quantitative ddeessccrriippttiioonn
Level Scale Process Data treatment Some appropriate
tests
4 Ratio Measured equal
intervals
True zero
Ratio relationship Parametric
T-test
Analysis of variance
Analysis of covariance
Factor analysis
3 Interval Measured equal Pearson’s r
intervals no true zero
2 Ordinal Ranked in order
Nonparametric
Spearman’s rho (ƿ)
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
1 Nominal Classified and counted Chi square
Median
sign

5. DDeessccrriippttiivvee
Sergimage
aanndd
iinnffeerreennttiiaall
aannaallyyssiiss

6. Descriptive Analysis
Limits generalization to the
particular group of individuals
observed.
No conclusions are
extended beyond this group,
and any similarity to those
outside the group cannot be
assumed.
The data describe one
group and that group only.
Sergimage
.

7. Sergimage
Example of descriptive analysis
Descriptive research
 Deals with the relationships between variables, the
testing of hypothesis, and the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories that have
universal validity.
 They involve hypothesis formulation and testing
 They use logical methods of inductive-deductive
reasoning to arrive at generalization.
 They often employ methods or randomization so that
error may be estimated when population
characteristics are inferred from observations of
samples.
 The variables and procedures are described as
accurately and completely as possible so that the
study can be replicated by other researcher.s.

8. Sergimage
Inferential analysis
Always involves the process of sampling and the
selection of a small group assumed to be related to the
population from which it is drawn.
The small group is known as the sample , and the large
group is the population.
Drawing conclusions about populations based on
observations of samples is the purpose of inferential
analysis. .

9. Statistic:
Is a measure based on observations of the
characteristics of a sample/
A statistic computed from a sample may be
used to estimate a parameter, the
corresponding value in the population from
which the sample is selected.
Statistics are usually represented by
letters of our Roman alphabet such as X, S
and r.
Parameters are usually represented by
letters of the Greek such as μ, ƿ, σ
Sergimage
.

10. Statistic:
Is a measure based on observations of the
characteristics of a sample/
A statistic computed from a sample may be
used to estimate a parameter, the
corresponding value in the population from
which the sample is selected.
Statistics are usually represented by
letters of our Roman alphabet such as X, S
and r.
Parameters are usually represented by
letters of the Greek such as μ, ƿ, σ
Sergimage
.